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Zhu J, Liu Q, Wang Y, Zhu K, Guo J, Jin Y, Liu Y. Mangosteen extract reduces the bacterial load of eggshell and improves egg quality. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35857. [PMID: 39170416 PMCID: PMC11337060 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance accelerate the desire for antibiotic alternatives. Plant extracts have emerged as a promising and relatively unexplored area of research as potential substitutes. Herein, we investigated the prevalence and distribution patterns of bacteria on egg surfaces and evaluated the inhibitory effects of mangosteen extract on these surface bacteria. In addition, we examined the antioxidant activity and egg quality in improving the ability of mangosteen extract. The results showed that the predominant bacteria isolated from eggshells were Gram-positive, with Staphylococcus and Micrococcus as the dominant genera. Notably, mangosteen extract exhibited significant bactericidal activity, effectively inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria on the surface of chicken eggshells. Moreover, the supplementation of mangosteen extract in the feed of laying hens yielded a noteworthy improvement in egg quality, accompanied by positively shaped structure and function of microbial communities on the egg surface and in the feces. Collectively, our findings suggested that mangosteen extract was an effective alternative to traditional antibiotics, offering valuable insights for animal husbandry development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangpeng Guo
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yinji Jin
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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Kamal MAM, Kaoud HA, Salem HM, Alhotan RA, Hussein EO, Galik B, Saleh AA. Revolutionizing poultry hygiene: advanced electrostatic and cold fog disinfection strategies combat Mycoplasma gallisepticum in hatching eggs. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103732. [PMID: 38925079 PMCID: PMC11259725 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) due to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) contamination in hatching eggs poses a serious threat to poultry health and hatchability. Implementing effective sanitization methods while safeguarding the hatching potential of embryos is crucial. This study aimed to explore novel techniques for sanitizing hatching-fertile eggs to prevent and manage MG-associated CRD. The primary objective was to assess the efficacy of acidic electrochemically stimulated water (ECS), focusing on MG disinfection. Additionally, the study investigated 2 application methods, 1) electrostatic disinfection (ED) and 2) cold fog (CF) disinfection, to evaluate their bactericidal effects against MG-contaminated eggs. Deliberately infected MG strains were used for the experimental design, which compared the disinfection efficacy of ECS with its acidic properties. The comparison involved ED, which applies an electrostatic charge to water particles, and CF disinfection, a cold mist technique. Both methods aimed to target MG without compromising egg-hatching potential. The results indicated a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). However, both application methods demonstrated distinct bactericidal effects. Eggs treated with electrostatic disinfection showed a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in embryonic mortality during incubation (10%) compared to control untreated eggs (18%). Similarly, the CF method exhibited a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in embryonic mortality (13%). The ECS potential in reducing embryonic mortality within the pH range of 2.5 to 6.5 was noted. Both the ED and CF methods show promise for preventing MG-induced hatchery infection while maintaining egg-hatching potential. This study presents innovative techniques to control MG in hatching eggs, contributing to improved poultry health and reduced CRD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A M Kamal
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Egypt
| | - Hussein A Kaoud
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Rashed A Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Branislav Galik
- Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra 94976, Slovakia
| | - Ahmed Ali Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
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3
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Coulibaly F, Onbaşılar EE, Bakır B, Sarıçam İnce S. The effects of using UV light instead of formaldehyde in disinfection of hatching eggs on shell microbial load, embryo development, hatchability, and chick characteristics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2852-2862. [PMID: 37902059 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2276361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of using UV light instead of formaldehyde in disinfection of hatching eggs on the microbial load, shell and yolk compositions, embryo development, hatching results and chick characteristics. 552 hatching eggs were divided into formaldehyde fumigation and disinfection with UV groups. After disinfection, bacteriological growth was not observed in groups. While the difference between the groups in terms of hatching results was insignificant, it was determined that the incubation period in the UV group was shorter than that of formaldehyde group. On the hatching day, relative chick weight and weight of bursa Fabricus were found to be higher in the UV group . UV light can be used as an alternative to formaldehyde as disinfection of hatching eggs because it is easy to use and does not cause any negative effects on egg shell structure, embryo development, hatching results and chick characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantogoma Coulibaly
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esin Ebru Onbaşılar
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Buket Bakır
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Seyyide Sarıçam İnce
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Chaves-Hernández AJ, Barquero-Calvo E, Quesada-Vasquez D, Chacón-Díaz C. Comamonas testosteroni as the cause of mortality in embryonated chicken eggs of breeding broiler hens in Costa Rica. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:124-133. [PMID: 38126360 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2289587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mortality of chicken embryos and first-week chickens was reported in a commercial incubator company in Costa Rica. Six 1-day-old Cobb chickens and twenty-four embryonated chicken eggs were examined in the Laboratory of Avian Pathology and the Laboratory of Bacteriology of the National University of Costa Rica. Twelve dead-in-shell embryos showed maceration and were immersed in a putrid, turbid, slightly thick brown liquid. Additionally, the other 12 embryonated eggs had milky yellow-orange content. The livers of those embryos had congestion, haemorrhages and multifocal cream foci of necrosis. Granulocytic infiltration was observed in the bursa of Fabricius, myocardium, liver, lung and kidney. Livers and egg yolks from six embryonated chickens and all 1-day-old chickens were aseptically collected and cultured. In addition, tissues from six better conserved embryos and all 1-day-old chickens were fixed in buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Biochemical and molecular tests identified Comamonas testosteroni as the cause of the early, middle and late embryo mortality. As all the eggshells from the sampled embryonated eggs were dirty with soiled a fecal matter, contamination after manipulating the eggs was considered the source of infection. C. testosteroni is an environmental microorganism that has rarely been reported to cause human disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. testosteroni causing mortality in a hatchery. Cleaning and disinfection using ozone were implemented in the hatchery to eliminate the embryo mortality associated with C. testosteroni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida J Chaves-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Patología Aviar, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Elías Barquero-Calvo
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Dioney Quesada-Vasquez
- Laboratorio de Patología Aviar, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Chacón-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad Microbiología, Universidad Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Zai B, Comacho-Martinez V, Hasani M, Warriner LJ, Koutchma T, Keener K, Marcone M, Warriner K. Inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis on Hatchery and Table Eggs Using a Gas-phase Hydroxyl-Radical Process. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100189. [PMID: 37926290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Eggs represent a significant vehicle for Salmonella Enteritidis with the pathogen being transferred to chicks in the hatchery, or to consumers via table eggs. In the following, the efficacy of a gas-phase hydroxyl-radical process for decontaminating hatchery and table eggs was evaluated. Recovery of Salmonella was maximized through holding eggs in tryptic soy broth containing 20% w/v glycerol for 1 h prior to plating. By using this technique, it was possible to recover 63% of the theoretical Salmonella inoculated onto eggs. The continuous hydroxyl-radical reactor consisted of a bank of UV-C lamps (254 nm) that generated hydroxyl-radicals from the degradation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mist and ozone gas. The optimal treatment was defined as that which supports a 5 log CFU/egg reduction of Salmonella without negatively affecting egg quality or leaving H2O2 residues. A process of 2% v/v H2O2 delivered at 30 mL/min with a UV-C dose of 19 mJ/cm2 and ozone (20 ppm) with a total treatment time of 10s was selected. The egg quality metrics (Haugh value, yolk index, albumin pH, yolk pH) did not negatively differ over a 35-day shelf-life at 4 or 25℃ compared to washed eggs or nontreated controls. The cuticle layer of eggs remained intact following hydroxyl-radical treatment. Fertilized eggs (n = 61) treated with the hydroxyl-radicals exhibited the same hatchery rate (75%) as nontreated controls (71-79%) with no defects (unhealed navels or red hocks) being observed. The same hydroxyl-radical treatment could be applied to table eggs to support >5 log CFU/egg reduction of Salmonella and was compatible with egg washing regimes practiced in industry. In comparison, the egg washing process based on sodium hydroxide and chlorine supported a 2.76 ± 0.38 log CFU/egg reduction of Salmonella. The hydroxyl-radical treatment represents a preventative control step to reduce the carriage of Salmonella on hatchery and table eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Zai
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mahdiyeh Hasani
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tatiana Koutchma
- Guelph Food Research and Development Center, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Keener
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Massimo Marcone
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith Warriner
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Joseph J, Zhang L, Adhikari P, Evans JD, Ramachandran R. Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in Broiler Breeders: An Overview. Pathogens 2023; 12:1280. [PMID: 38003745 PMCID: PMC10674223 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry meat is one of the major animal protein sources necessary to meet the global protein demand. Sustainability in broiler production is the key to achieving its continuous supply, and broiler breeders play a critical role in maintaining this sustainability by providing good quality chicks. Colibacillosis, the disease caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry globally. Moreover, APEC causes an additional burden among broiler breeders, such as a decrease in egg production and mortality among these birds. There is vertical transmission of APEC to the broiler chicks through eggs, resulting in increased first-week mortality and subsequent horizontal transmission at the hatchery. In this regard, the vertical transmission of antibiotic resistance genes is another concern that needs attention. Controlling several diseases in broiler breeders would possibly reduce the first-week mortality in chicks, thereby maintaining the production level. For that, constant monitoring of the bacterial populations is critical. Moreover, amidst the increased antibiotic resistance pattern, more focus on alternative treatment strategies like vaccines, probiotics, and bacteriophages is necessary. Future research focusing on strategies to mitigate APEC in broiler breeders would be one of the finest solutions for sustainable broiler production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiddu Joseph
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (J.J.); (L.Z.); (P.A.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (J.J.); (L.Z.); (P.A.)
| | - Pratima Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (J.J.); (L.Z.); (P.A.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Evans
- Poultry Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Reshma Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (J.J.); (L.Z.); (P.A.)
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Shterzer N, Rothschild N, Sbehat Y, Dayan J, Eytan D, Uni Z, Mills E. Vertical transmission of gut bacteria in commercial chickens is limited. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:50. [PMID: 37817230 PMCID: PMC10566040 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of vertical transmission in chickens under commercial settings, where chicks are raised separately from adults, is unclear. To answer this question, the fecal microbiota of chicks hatched and grown separately was compared with their mothers' microbiota. Most amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) identified in hens were not detected at all in chicks up to two weeks of age by 16S rDNA sequencing, and those that were detected had a low incidence among the chicks. Nevertheless, a few ASVs that were common with the hens were highly prevalent among the chicks, implying that they were efficiently transmitted to chicks. These ASVs were culturable from the reproductive tract of hens and eggshells. Furthermore, interventions attempting to disrupt transmission resulted in a reduction in the prevalence of specific phylogenetic groups in chicks. To conclude, vertical transmission in commercial poultry grown separately from adults likely exists but is not efficient, possibly resulting in impairment of microbiota function. This implies that artificial exposure to adult bacterial strains might improve microbiota functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Shterzer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nir Rothschild
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yara Sbehat
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan Dayan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dor Eytan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zehava Uni
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erez Mills
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
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Oliveira GDS, McManus C, de Araújo MV, de Sousa DER, de Macêdo IL, de Castro MB, dos Santos VM. Sanitizing Hatching Eggs with Essential Oils: Avian and Microbiological Safety. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1890. [PMID: 37630450 PMCID: PMC10456749 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased meat and egg production leads to concomitant changes in poultry practices, including the indiscriminate use of formaldehyde to sanitize hatching eggs. Although this sanitizer aids in the increase in poultry production, its toxic potential for man and for avian embryos represents an obstacle to its long-term use. This review assesses whether essential oils fit into the context of hatching egg contamination, reviewing their antimicrobial efficiency, toxicity to poultry embryos and chicks, and their sanitizing effects on poultry production parameters. Studies have indicated that, because they are safer, most of the essential oils studied can be a potential substitute for formaldehyde for minimizing microbial exposure of hatching eggs and embryos. However, complementary studies on the microbiological profile of embryos and chicks hatched from eggs sanitized with essential oils need to be carried out and the economic feasibility of the candidate products should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel da Silva Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.d.S.O.)
| | - Concepta McManus
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.d.S.O.)
| | - Maria Viviane de Araújo
- Laboratory of Poultry Science, Federal Institute of Brasilia—Campus Planaltina, Brasilia 73380-900, Brazil
| | | | - Isabel Luana de Macêdo
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.d.S.O.)
| | - Marcio Botelho de Castro
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.d.S.O.)
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Costa BTA, Lopes TSB, Sousa LS, Barbosa HJS, Gonçalves TF, Franco CMA, Freitas Neto OCD, Lara LJC, Araújo ICS. Floor eggs: Hatchability, microbiological analysis, and effects of post-hatch use of ceftiofur on performance of broiler chicks. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:610-617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Effects of Sanitizers on Microbiological Control of Hatching Eggshells and Poultry Health during Embryogenesis and Early Stages after Hatching in the Last Decade. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202826. [PMID: 36290211 PMCID: PMC9597748 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Poultry systems, especially conventional comprehensive production systems to meet the global demand for eggs and meat, are constantly challenged by pathogens, requiring intense sanitary practices. Operations, including the sanitization of hatching eggs, can employ synthetic chemical sanitizers as well as natural plant extracts to minimize the microbial challenge. As the application of formaldehyde sanitizer in hatching eggs cannot be justified in terms of safety for embryonic and human health, studies are underway to assist the industry in adopting new alternative sanitizers. This review aims to evaluate the effects of different sanitizers on the microbiological quality of hatching eggshells and poultry health during embryogenesis and early stages after hatching. Abstract The sanitization of hatching eggs is the backbone of the hygienic–sanitary management of eggs on farms and extends to the hatchery. Poultry production gains depend on the benefits of sanitizers. Obtaining the maximum yield from incubation free of toxic sanitizers is a trend in poultry farming, closely following the concerns imposed through scientific research. The toxic characteristics of formaldehyde, the primary sanitizer for hatching eggs, are disappointing, but it is a cheap, practical and widely used antimicrobial. To overcome this shortcoming, multiple synthetic and natural chemical sanitizers have been, and continue to be, tested on hatching eggs. This review aims to evaluate the effects of different sanitizers on the microbiological quality of hatching eggshells and poultry health during embryogenesis and early stages after hatching.
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Oliveira GDS, McManus C, dos Santos VM. Garlic as active principle of sanitiser for hatching eggs. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2105275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. D. S. Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - C. McManus
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - V. M. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Poultry Science, Federal Institute of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Grudlewska-Buda K, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Kwiecińska-Piróg J, Gryń G, Skowron KJ, Korkus J, Gospodarek-Komkowka E, Bystroń J, Budzyńska A, Kruszewski S, Paluszak Z, Andrzejewska M, Wilk M, Skowron K. Effect of Radiant Catalytic Ionization and Ozonation on Salmonella spp. on Eggshells. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162452. [PMID: 36010451 PMCID: PMC9407475 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three Salmonella enterica strains were used in the study (serovars: S. enteritidis, S. typhimurim and S. virchow). This study evaluated the efficacy of radiant catalytic ionization (RCI) and ozonation against Salmonella spp. on eggshell (expressed as log CFU/egg). The egg surface was contaminated three different bacterial suspension (103 CFU/mL, 105 CFU/mL and 108 CFU/mL) with or without poultry manure. Experiments were conducted at 4 °C and 20 °C in three different time period: 30 min, 60 min and 120 min. Treatment with RCI reduced Salmonella numbers from 0.26 log CFU/egg in bacterial suspension 108 CFU/mL, 4 °C and 20 °C, with manure for 30 min to level decrease in bacteria number below the detection limit (BDL) in bacterial suspension 105 CFU/mL, 20 °C, with or without manure for 120 min. The populations of Salmonella spp. on eggs treated by ozonizer ranged from 0.20 log CFU/egg in bacteria suspension 108 CFU/mL, 20 °C, with manure for 30 min to 2.73 log CFU/egg in bacterial suspension 105 CFU/mL, 20 °C, with manure for 120 min. In all treatment conditions contamination with poultry manure decrease effectiveness the RCI and ozonation. In summary, RCI technology shows similar effectiveness to the ozonation, but it is safer for poultry plant workers and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Gryń
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute–National Research Institute, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Karolina Jadwiga Skowron
- Institute of Telecommunications and Computer Science, Jan and Jędrzej Śniadecki University of Technology in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jakub Korkus
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowka
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Bystroń
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Budzyńska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Stefan Kruszewski
- Biophysics Department, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Paluszak
- Department of Microbiology and Food Technology, Jan and Jędrzej Śniadecki University of Technology in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Andrzejewska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 95-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Monika Wilk
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Mohammadi-Aragh MK, Linhoss JE, Evans JD. Effects of various disinfectants on the bacterial load and microbiome of broiler hatching eggs using electrostatic spray. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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14
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Kulshreshtha G, D’Alba L, Dunn IC, Rehault-Godbert S, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Hincke MT. Properties, Genetics and Innate Immune Function of the Cuticle in Egg-Laying Species. Front Immunol 2022; 13:838525. [PMID: 35281050 PMCID: PMC8914949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.838525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleidoic eggs possess very efficient and orchestrated systems to protect the embryo from external microbes until hatch. The cuticle is a proteinaceous layer on the shell surface in many bird and some reptile species. An intact cuticle forms a pore plug to occlude respiratory pores and is an effective physical and chemical barrier against microbial penetration. The interior of the egg is assumed to be normally sterile, while the outer eggshell cuticle hosts microbes. The diversity of the eggshell microbiome is derived from both maternal microbiota and those of the nesting environment. The surface characteristics of the egg, outer moisture layer and the presence of antimicrobial molecules composing the cuticle dictate constituents of the microbial communities on the eggshell surface. The avian cuticle affects eggshell wettability, water vapor conductance and regulates ultraviolet reflectance in various ground-nesting species; moreover, its composition, thickness and degree of coverage are dependent on species, hen age, and physiological stressors. Studies in domestic avian species have demonstrated that changes in the cuticle affect the food safety of eggs with respect to the risk of contamination by bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Moreover, preventing contamination of internal egg components is crucial to optimize hatching success in bird species. In chickens there is moderate heritability (38%) of cuticle deposition with a potential for genetic improvement. However, much less is known about other bird or reptile cuticles. This review synthesizes current knowledge of eggshell cuticle and provides insight into its evolution in the clade reptilia. The origin, composition and regulation of the eggshell microbiome and the potential function of the cuticle as the first barrier of egg defense are discussed in detail. We evaluate how changes in the cuticle affect the food safety of table eggs and vertical transmission of pathogens in the production chain with respect to the risk of contamination. Thus, this review provides insight into the physiological and microbiological characteristics of eggshell cuticle in relation to its protective function (innate immunity) in egg-laying birds and reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Kulshreshtha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Liliana D’Alba
- Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ian C. Dunn
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Maxwell T. Hincke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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15
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Slightly acidic electrolyzed water as an alternative disinfection technique for hatching eggs. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101643. [PMID: 35016047 PMCID: PMC8749287 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemical disinfectants used for egg disinfection could result in toxic residue and endanger hatchability, chick quality, and pullet growth performance. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) is known as a novel disinfectant for egg sterilization due to its high efficiency and no residue. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of slightly acidic electrolyzed water and benzalkonium bromide solution (BBS) used in the disinfection channel was conducted to assess the microbial count, eggshell quality, and hatchability concomitantly. The results show that the sterilization efficiency of SAEW increased with an increase in available chlorine concentration (ACC), spraying volume, and sterilization duration. SAEW with an ACC of 150 mg/L and 10,000 mg/L benzalkonium bromide solution had the same sterilization rates of approximately 86.2% at a spraying volume of 0.5 mL/egg and sterilization duration of 180 s. Neither had significant effect on eggshell strength or thickness. The eggshell cuticle quality in the benzalkonium bromide group was significantly higher than the control group (no disinfection) and the 150 mg/L SAEW group. The embryo weight, relative embryo weight, hatchability, and embryonic mortality in the SAEW group had no significant differences of those in the benzalkonium bromide group. SAEW should be more popular because of its simple preparation, low cost, and no residue. Our results indicate SAEW is an alternative disinfectant for the sterilization of hatching eggs instead of conventional chemical disinfectants, such as benzalkonium bromide, and give a recommendation is using SAEW as a disinfectant with 150 mg/L ACC, 0.5 mL/egg spray volume, and disinfection for 180 s in the novel disinfection channel.
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16
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Oliveira GDS, dos Santos VM, McManus C. Propolis: effects on the sanitisation of hatching eggs. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2003173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. D. S. Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - V. M. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Poultry Science, Federal Institute of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - C. McManus
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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17
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Oliveira GDS, dos Santos VM, Nascimento ST. Essential oils as sanitisers for hatching eggs. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1959276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. D. S. Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - V. M. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Poultry Science, Federal Institute of Brasília - Campus Planaltina, Brasília, Brazil
| | - S. T. Nascimento
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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18
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Taşdemir AN, Onbaşılar EE, Yalçın S, Boyalı B, Aygören H, Tülek E, Sarıçam S, Akan M. Effects of oregano juice on eggshell microbial load, layer embryo development, hatching results, and growth at the first 2 weeks after hatch. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:404. [PMID: 34278537 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the factors affecting the hatching results and chick quality is the implementation of an appropriate disinfection program with effective disinfectants. This study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of oregano juice as a disinfection of hatching layer eggs as an alternative to formaldehyde. In the study, 1800 eggs collected from 48-week old Akbay white layer breeders were used. Eggs were divided into 3 equal disinfection groups (fumigation with formaldehyde, 50% oregano juice, and 100% oregano juice). In the study, the characteristics of the eggshell, microbial load, embryo development, egg weight loss, hatching results, chick weight and quality, and performance in the first 2 weeks were determined. No differences were observed among the disinfection groups in egg shell characteristics, microbial load in the shell, hatchability of fertile and set eggs, embryonic deaths, and body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio in female chicks. Egg weight loss was higher (P < 0.001) in the 50% oregano juice group (13.75%) compared to the formaldehyde fumigation group (12.11%). Chick quality score was found to be lower in the formaldehyde fumigation group (96.44) compared to the other two oregano juice groups (P < 0.001). The chicks hatched from the eggs in the formaldehyde fumigation group consumed more feed (119 g/week) in the first 2 weeks (P < 0.001). The use of 50% oregano juice in the disinfection of hatching eggs did not have any negative effects compared to the fumigation process with formaldehyde. Therefore, it is concluded that disinfection with 50% oregano juice was effective in reducing the microbial load in the egg shell as much as formaldehyde fumigation, and even it was superior in chick quality score.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E E Onbaşılar
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - S Yalçın
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Boyalı
- Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Aygören
- Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E Tülek
- Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Sarıçam
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Akan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Bekhet GM, Sayed AA. Oregano-oil antagonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced toxicity in pre- and post-hatch chick embryo. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1926258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gamal M. Bekhet
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdalla A. Sayed
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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20
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Cutts T, Kasloff S, Safronetz D, Krishnan J. Decontamination of common healthcare facility surfaces contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 using peracetic acid dry fogging. J Hosp Infect 2021; 109:82-87. [PMID: 33417989 PMCID: PMC7832754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for safe and effective surface decontamination methods, particularly in healthcare settings. AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of peracetic acid (PAA) dry fogging in decontaminating healthcare facility surfaces experimentally contaminated with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS Nine materials (stainless steel, latex painted wood, unsealed hardwood, melamine countertop, vinyl flooring, clear plastic, faux leather, computer keyboard button, and smartphone touch screen) were surface contaminated with >106 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) of SARS-CoV-2, and allowed to dry before exposing to PAA dry fogging. FINDINGS When fumigated with PAA dry fog for 1 h, no infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus was recovered from any of the experimentally inoculated surface types. By contrast, high titres of infectious virus were recovered from corresponding untreated drying controls of the same materials. CONCLUSION Standard surface decontamination processes, including sprays and wipes, are laborious and frequently cannot completely decontaminate sensitive electronic equipment. The ease of use, low cost, and overall effectiveness of a PAA dry fogging suggest that it should be considered for decontaminating healthcare settings, particularly intensive care units where severely ill SARS-CoV-2 patients are cared for.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cutts
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - S Kasloff
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - D Safronetz
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - J Krishnan
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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21
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Christensen H, Bachmeier J, Bisgaard M. New strategies to prevent and control avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Avian Pathol 2021; 50:370-381. [PMID: 33146543 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1845300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infections are associated with major economical losses and decreased animal welfare. In broiler production, APEC infections have traditionally been controlled by antibiotics, resulting in an increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli. Concerns have been raised that transfer of antibiotic-resistant APEC via the food chain may result in risks for extra-intestinal infection of humans related to zoonotic transfer and increased difficulties in the treatment of human infections caused APEC-related E. coli types. In this review, the risks associated with APEC are presented based on new knowledge on transmission, virulence and antibiotic resistance of APEC. A major new change in our understanding of APEC is the high degree of genuine vertical transfer of APEC from parents to offspring. A new strategy for controlling APEC, including control of antibiotic-resistant APEC, has to focus on limiting vertical transfer from parents to offspring, and subsequent horizontal transmission within and between flocks and farms, by using all-in-all-out production systems and implementing a high level of biosecurity. Vaccination and the use of competitive exclusion are important tools to be considered. A specific reduction of antibiotic-resistant APEC can be obtained by implementing culling strategies, only allowing the use of antibiotics in cases where animal welfare is threatened. Strategies to reduce APEC, including antibiotic-resistant APEC, need to be implemented in the whole production pyramid, but it has to start at the very top of the production pyramid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Pees M, Motola G, Hafez MH, Bachmeier J, Brüggemann-Schwarze S, Tebrün W. Use of electron irradiation versus formaldehyde fumigation as hatching egg disinfectants - efficacy and impact on hatchability and broiler performance. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2020; 48:406-413. [PMID: 33276412 DOI: 10.1055/a-1264-2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of low-energy electron irradiation for hatching egg disinfection was compared to formaldehyde fumigation. MATERIAL AND METHODS To assess the efficacy, eggshells were examined for bacteria before and after disinfection. During incubation, hatching and fattening of 1400 Ross 308 broilers per group candling data, hatching rate, mortality rate and body mass development were recorded to evaluate the impact on health and performance. Additionally, data from the slaughter house and histological evaluation of organ samples were included in the health screening. RESULTS Regarding the efficacy, irradiation and formaldehyde significantly reduced the number of bacteria compared to non-disinfected eggs. However, no significant difference was recorded between both treatments. The irradiated group performed better than the reference group concerning the number of infertile eggs, early and late dead embryos and fertile eggs. The performance during fattening was nearly identical in both groups, while mortality differed slightly between the irradiated group and the group treated with formaldehyde. Upon slaughter, there were minor variations concerning the distribution of findings between the groups, but the number of anomalies was not higher than reference values suggest. CONCLUSION In both groups no health problems were observed during rearing and the fattening performance met the targets of the manufacturer Aviagen for the used broiler line Ross 308. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lower-energy electron irradiation proves to be an efficient and well-tolerated hatching egg disinfection procedure. Further field trials are necessary to establish low-energy electron irradiation as an alternative to formaldehyde fumigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pees
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig
| | - Gerzon Motola
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Freie Universität Berlin
| | | | | | | | - Wiebke Tebrün
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig.,Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles & Ornamental Fish Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University
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23
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Guillén S, Marcén M, Álvarez I, Mañas P, Cebrián G. Stress resistance of emerging poultry-associated Salmonella serovars. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 335:108884. [PMID: 32979615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the on-farm prevalence of some poultry-related Salmonella serovars such as S. Kentucky, S. Heidelberg, S. Livingstone and S. Mbandaka has increased significantly, even replacing S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium as the most frequently isolated serovars in some production settings and countries. For this reason, the aim of this work was to determine the resistance to several stressing agents and food preservation technologies, in laboratory media and in egg products, of 4 strains of these emerging Salmonella serovars associated to poultry and poultry products and to make comparisons with 4 S. Enteritidis strains. First, the resistance to acid pH, hydrogen peroxide, NaCl, heat, HHP, PEF and UV of the 8 Salmonella strains studied was determined and compared in laboratory media. From this part of the study, it was concluded that variability in resistance to stress among the 8 studied strains varied depending on the investigated agent/technology. However, differences in resistance (2D-values) were always lower than 3.3-fold. Results obtained also indicated that the strains of the emerging serovars studied would display lower acid and NaCl resistance, higher heat resistance and similar oxidative, HHP, PEF and UV resistance than S. Enteritidis. Then, the resistance of these 8 strains was evaluated and compared in egg, egg products and poultry manure. For some agents -including osmotic stresses, UV and PEF- there was a very good correspondence between the results obtained in laboratory media and in real food matrices and poultry manure (r > 0.85; p < 0.01). A significant relationship was also found for acid and HHP resistance (p < 0.05) and a trend for heat resistance (p < 0.10). Therefore, in general terms, conclusions drawn from the study carried out in laboratory media - regarding intraspecific variability and the relative resistance of the different strains - might be extrapolated, although with caution, to real food scenarios. Results obtained in this investigation would help to better understand the physiology and ecology of Salmonella and to design better egg preservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guillén
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Marcén
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Álvarez
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Mañas
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cebrián
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
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24
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Tebrün W, Motola G, Hafez MH, Bachmeier J, Schmidt V, Renfert K, Reichelt C, Brüggemann-Schwarze S, Pees M. Preliminary study: Health and performance assessment in broiler chicks following application of six different hatching egg disinfection protocols. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232825. [PMID: 32407391 PMCID: PMC7224537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of a Germany-wide project that evaluates strategies for the reduction of multi-resistant bacteria along the poultry production chain, the impact of different hatching egg disinfectants on hatchability and health of the broiler chicks was evaluated. Animal trials were conducted with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL) producing Escherichia (E.) coli contaminated hatching eggs and six disinfection protocols that used formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, low-energy electron irradiation, peracetic acid and an essential oil preparation. Each protocol was tested on a group of 50 chicks. Equally sized positive and negative control groups were carried along for each trial. Hatchability, mortality and body weight were recorded as performance parameters. During necropsy of half of the animals in each group on day 7 and 14 respectively, macroscopic abnormalities, body weight, weights of liver and gut convolute were recorded and a range of tissue samples for histological examination were collected as part of the health assessment. A decrease in hatchability was recorded for spray application of essential oils. Body weight development was overall comparable, in several groups even superior, to the Ross308 performance objectives, but a reduced performance was seen in the hydrogen peroxide group. Histologically, lymphoid follicles were regularly seen in all sampled organs and no consistent differences were observed between contaminated and non-contaminated groups. Significances were infrequently and inconsistently seen. In conclusion, remarkable findings were a decrease in hatchability caused by the essential oils spray application and a reduced body weight development in the hydrogen peroxide group. Therefore, the essential oils preparation as spray application was deemed inappropriate in practice, while the application of hydrogen peroxide was considered in need of further research. The other trial results indicate that the tested hatching egg disinfectants present a possible alternative to formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Tebrün
- University Teaching Hospital, Department for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerzon Motola
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohamed Hafez Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Volker Schmidt
- University Teaching Hospital, Department for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin Renfert
- University Teaching Hospital, Department for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Reichelt
- University Teaching Hospital, Department for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Michael Pees
- University Teaching Hospital, Department for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
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25
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Patrzałek M, Kosecka-Strojek M, Lisowska-Łysiak K, Trela M, Kot M, Gawlak M, Liszka D, Sajewicz M, Tombarkiewicz B, Pawlak K, Międzobrodzki J, Lis MW. Preliminary evaluation of application of a 3-dimensional network structure of siloxanes Dergall preparation on chick embryo development and microbiological status of eggshells. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1581-1590. [PMID: 32111324 PMCID: PMC7587672 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial network structure of Dergall is based on substances nontoxic to humans and the environment which, when applied on solid surfaces, creates a coating that reduces bacterial cell adhesion. The bacteriostatic properties of siloxanes are based on a purely physical action mechanism which excludes development of drug-resistant microorganisms. The aims of the present study were to 1) evaluate a Dergall layer formed on the eggshell surface regarding the potential harmful effects on the chick embryo; 2) evaluate antimicrobial activity and estimate the prolongation time of Dergall's potential antimicrobial activity. Dergall at a concentration of 0.6% formed a layer on the eggshell surface. In vitro testing of the potential harmful effects of Dergall by means of a hen embryo test of the chorioallantoic membrane showed no irritation reaction at a concentration of 3% and lower. The hatchability of the groups sprayed with a Dergall water solution with a concentration of 0 to 5% was 89.1 to 93.8% for fertilized eggs (P > 0.05) but decreased to 63.7% (P < 0.05) in the group sprayed with a 6% concentration of the solution. This phenomenon was caused by embryo mortality in the first week of incubation. At the concentration of 0.6%, Dergall exhibited strong antibacterial properties against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhimurium. For Streptococcus pyogenes, the highest antibacterial activity of Dergall was reported in the concentrations of 100 and 50%. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, no antibacterial activity of Dergall was generally observed, but in vivo testing showed a strong decrease of all gram-negative bacteria growth. Moreover, a prolonged antimicrobial effect lasting until 3 D after disinfection was observed, which makes Dergall a safe and efficient disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Patrzałek
- Department of Research and Development, ICB Pharma Jaworzno, Jaworzno 43-603, Poland
| | - Maja Kosecka-Strojek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Klaudia Lisowska-Łysiak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Magdalena Trela
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow 30-054, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kot
- Department of Research and Development, ICB Pharma Jaworzno, Jaworzno 43-603, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gawlak
- The Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, The Research Centre of Quarantine, Invasive and Genetically Modified Organisms, Poznan 60-318, Poland
| | - Dawid Liszka
- Department of Research and Development, ICB Pharma Jaworzno, Jaworzno 43-603, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Sajewicz
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Barbara Tombarkiewicz
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow 30-054, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pawlak
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow 30-054, Poland
| | - Jacek Międzobrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Marcin W Lis
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow 30-054, Poland.
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26
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Oliveira GDS, Dos Santos VM, Nascimento ST, Rodrigues JC. Alternative sanitizers to paraformaldehyde for incubation of fertile eggs. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2001-2006. [PMID: 32241483 PMCID: PMC7587769 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate an ethanolic extract of propolis and clove essential oil as a substitute for paraformaldehyde for the sanitation of fertile eggs. In total, 1,800 hatching eggs (from 40-week-old CPK [Pesadão Vermelho] breeder hens) were randomly distributed among the treatments (grain alcohol, clove essential oil, ethanolic extract of propolis, and paraformaldehyde). Spraying was the application method for all treatments except for paraformaldehyde, for which fumigation was used. The experimental design was a randomized block design with 4 treatments. Analysis of the incubation parameters was based on 6 replications per treatment. The egg weight loss was lower in the eggs treated with ethanolic extract of propolis (8.59 ± 3.34%) than in the eggs treated with grain alcohol (13.40 ± 2.87%), clove essential oil (12.96 ± 3.33%), and paraformaldehyde (13.05 ± 3.24%). The hatchability of the fertile eggs (51.39 ± 5.81%) and the hatchability of the set eggs (44.74 ± 6.79%) were negatively affected by the application of ethanolic extract of propolis. Late mortality of eggs treated was higher than early mortality in the grain alcohol (12.14 ± 4.72%; 2.86 ± 3.30%), clove essential oil (4.60 ± 5.95%; 3.03 ± 3.50%), and ethanolic extract of propolis (36.63 ± 6.60%, 11.98 ± 4.30%) treatments. The eggs treated with clove essential oil (67.90 ± 1.87%), paraformaldehyde (67.80 ± 1.85%), or grain alcohol (67.50 ± 1.92%) presented chick yields as expected. However, due to the high yield of eggs treated with ethanolic extract of propolis (69.25 ± 1.68%), its application at the concentration used in the present research is not recommended. Clove essential oil, when sprayed on fertile eggs as a sanitizing agent, did not differ from paraformaldehyde in relation to hatchery performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel da S Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Vinícius M Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Poultry Science, Federal Institute of Brasília - Campus Planaltina, Brasília 73.380-900, DF, Brazil.
| | - Sheila T Nascimento
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Jullyana C Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Poultry Science, Federal Institute of Brasília - Campus Planaltina, Brasília 73.380-900, DF, Brazil
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