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Scanes CG, Pierzchała-Koziec K, Gajewska A. Effects of Restraint Stress on Circulating Corticosterone and Met Enkephalin in Chickens: Induction of Shifts in Insulin Secretion and Carbohydrate Metabolism. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:752. [PMID: 38473137 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of acute restraint stress in the presence or absence of naltrexone on the circulating concentrations of insulin, glucose, Met-enkephalin and corticosterone in 14-week-old chickens [design: 2 sex × 2 stress/non-stress × 2 +/- naltrexone]. In chickens (five male and five females per treatment) subjected to restraint for 30 min, there were increases in the plasma concentrations of corticosterone and Met-enkephalin. The plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose were also increased in the chickens during restraint. Moreover, there were increases in the plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose in the chickens. The patterns of expression of the proenkephalin gene (PENK) in both the anterior pituitary gland and the adrenal gland were very similar to that of plasma Met-enkephalin. There were relationships between the plasma concentrations of corticosterone, Met-enkephalin, insulin and glucose after 30 min of restraint. The effects of naltrexone treatment on both untreated and stressed chickens were also examined, with naltrexone attenuating the stress-induced increases in the plasma concentrations of corticosterone, Met-enkephalin and glucose but not in those of insulin. The present study demonstrates that stress increases insulin secretion in chickens but also induces insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Scanes
- Department of Biological Science, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Krystyna Pierzchała-Koziec
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Alina Gajewska
- Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jablonna, Poland
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Oluwagbenga EM, Fraley GS. Heat stress and poultry production: a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103141. [PMID: 37852055 PMCID: PMC10591017 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of global warming on poultry production has gained significant attention over the years. However, our current knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms through which heat stress (HS) resulting from global warming affects the welfare, behavior, immune response, production performance, and even transgenerational effects in poultry are still incomplete. Further research is needed to delve deeper into these mechanisms to gain a comprehensive understanding. Numerous studies have investigated various biomarkers of stress in poultry, aiming to identify reliable markers that can accurately assess the physiological status and well-being of birds. However, there is a significant amount of variation and inconsistency in the results reported across different studies. This inconsistency highlights the need for more standardized methods and assays and a clearer understanding of the factors that influence these biomarkers in poultry. This review article specifically focuses on 3 main aspects: 1) the neuroendocrine and behavioral responses of poultry to HS, 2) the biomarkers of HS and 3) the impact of HS on poultry production that have been studied in poultry. By examining the neuroendocrine and behavioral changes exhibited by poultry under HS, we aim to gain insights into the physiological impact of elevated temperatures in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G S Fraley
- Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA.
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3
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Mitin H, Zulkifli I, Che Jamri MH, Zamzuri NA, Samian NA, Hussein AN, Goh YM, Sazili AQ. Alleviation of Catching and Crating Stress by Dietary Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis in Pekin Ducks. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243479. [PMID: 36552400 PMCID: PMC9774105 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Catching and crating may elicit stress and fear reactions in poultry because the procedures involve human contact and exposure to a novel environment. This study determined the effects of dietary probiotic supplementation on physiological stress, underlying fear, and growth performance of Pekin ducks subjected to catching and 4 h of crating. The study used a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement; the main factors were diet (basal or basal + probiotic) and crating durations (0 or 4 h). From 1 to 21 days of age (doa), birds were fed a basal or basal + probiotic (CLOSTAT® (Bacillus subtilis) (Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA, USA), 1 g/kg) diet. At 21 doa, an equal number of ducklings from each dietary group were caught and crated for 4 h or left undisturbed in the home pens. Birds were examined for serum corticosterone (CORT), heat shock protein (HSP) 70, creatine kinase (CK), triglyceride (TG), glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHOL), and lactate (LAC) concentrations, heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (HLR), tonic immobility (TI) duration, open-field (OF) test, body weight (BW), and feed conversion ratios (FCR). Diet had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on CORT among the non-crated ducks. However, after catching and crating, birds fed the control diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher CORT than their probiotic-supplemented counterparts. Catching and crating significantly (p < 0.05) elevated HSP70, HLR, GLU, and CHOL but reduced TG in ducks. Birds fed the probiotic-supplemented diet showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower HSP70, HLR, TG, and CK than those fed the control diet. Probiotic-supplemented ducks showed reduced fear-related behaviours, including TI durations, ambulation latency, and body shaking. Diet had a negligible effect on body weights and FCR of ducks at 21 doa. In brief, catching and crating for 4 h augmented Pekin ducks’ physiological stress and fear reactions, and supplementing birds with probiotics was beneficial in ameliorating these detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Mitin
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Services, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya 62630, Malaysia
| | - Idrus Zulkifli
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9769-3401
| | - Muhammad Hazim Che Jamri
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Nur Athirah Zamzuri
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Nurain Aliah Samian
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Aimi Nabilah Hussein
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Yong Meng Goh
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Putra Infoport, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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Nazar FN, Estevez I. The immune-neuroendocrine system, a key aspect of poultry welfare and resilience. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101919. [PMID: 35704954 PMCID: PMC9201016 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing societal concern regarding the negative impact of intensive poultry production on animal welfare, human health, and on the environment. This is leading to the inclusion of animal welfare as an imperative aspect for sustainable production. Certain environmental factors may challenge domesticated birds, resulting in poor health and welfare status. Resilience is the capacity to rapidly return to prechallenge status after coping with environmental stressors, thus resilient individuals have better chances to maintain good health and welfare. Immune-neuroendocrine system, thoroughly characterized in the domestic bird species, is the physiological scaffold for stress coping and health maintenance, influencing resilience and linking animal welfare status to these vital responses. Modern domestic bird lines have undergone specific genetic selective pressures for fast-growing, or high egg-production, leading to a diversity of birds that differ in their coping capacities and resilience. Deepening the knowledge on pro/anti-inflammatory milieus, humoral/cell-mediated immune responses, hormonal regulations, intestinal microbial communities and mediators that define particular immune and neuroendocrine configurations will shed light on coping strategies at the individual and population level. The understanding of the profiles leading to differential coping and resilience potential will be highly relevant for improving bird health and welfare in a wider range of challenging scenarios and, therefore, crucial to scientifically tackle long term sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nicolas Nazar
- NEIKER, Arkaute Agrifood Campus, Departamento de Producción Animal, Vitoria-Gasteiz E-01080, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT, CONICET-UNC) and Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina
| | - Inma Estevez
- NEIKER, Arkaute Agrifood Campus, Departamento de Producción Animal, Vitoria-Gasteiz E-01080, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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Hamad B, Hadef L, Aggad H. Stress responses in camels subjected to different rest periods (0 and 12 h) at slaughterhouse. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106612. [PMID: 35850235 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of two different rest periods (R0: no rest time, and R12: 12 h of rest) on several stress indicators, including plasma and serum stress parameters, in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). This study involved 60 healthy male dromedary camels aged 5 years, from which blood samples were collected. Cortisol, glucose, urea, creatinine, the enzymatic activity of creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkalinephosphatase were analyzed. Data obtained indicated that rest time had a significant effect on cortisol, creatinine, creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant effect was found for glucose, urea, alanine aminotransferase, and alkalinephosphatase. The values of cortisol and creatinine showed a significant decrease at R12. In contrast, the enzymatic activity of creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase, significantly increased at R12. Additionally, several correlations between different studied parameters were documented, including for lactic dehydrogenase. The results obtained in this study suggest that rest time may influence welfare indicating parameters. In summary, a rest time of more than 12 h is recommended in order to allow camels to recover from the effects of pre-slaughter stress. Additionally, lactate dehydrogenase might be suitable to use as an indicator of stress in camels during the slaughter process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Hamad
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of El Oued, P.O. Box 789, El Oued 39000, Algeria; Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria.
| | - Leyla Hadef
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of El Oued, P.O. Box 789, El Oued 39000, Algeria; Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
| | - Hebib Aggad
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
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Tetel V, Tonissen S, Fraley GS. Research Note: Sex difference in changes in heterophil to lymphocyte ratios in response to acute exposure of both corticosterone and cortisol in the Pekin duck. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101914. [PMID: 35551001 PMCID: PMC9108750 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry scientists have utilized both direct and indirect measures of stress hormones for monitoring the state of avian welfare. For decades, it has been assumed that the mammalian and avian hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) function similarly to one another. However, there are considerable differences between the 2. Further, it has been assumed that the predominate glucocorticoid (GC) in birds was corticosterone, but recent studies have suggested that both corticosterone and cortisol are secreted. GC release is associated with an increase in blood heterophils due to increased migration from the lymph nodes and a decrease in lymphocytes due to marginalization. Both actions account for an increase in heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (HLR). The goal of this project was to determine the effect of each GC on HLR over time. To achieve this, we intramuscularly injected 2.0 mg/kg of corticosterone or cortisol, a lower dose cortisol treatment (0.5 mg/kg), or safflower oil as vehicle control. Blood was collected prior to intramuscular (IM) injections and blood collected 3 more times at every hour. Blood smears were also collected to assess HLR at the same four time points. HLR assays were completed by avian pathologists from an independent lab who were unaware of the treatments. Data were analyzed by 3-way repeated measures ANOVA with a P < 0.05 considered significant. We found significant sex (P < 0.001) x treatment (P < 0.001) x time (P < 0.001) effects with significant interactions (P = 0.0055). In hens, both GC resulted in significant increase in HLR at 1 h after injection compared to controls. In drakes, however, both GC showed a significant increase in HLR but not until 2 h after injection. The low dose cortisol had no significant effect on HLR in either sex. These data suggest that sex differences need to be considered when assessing duck welfare, and that cortisol may play a role in the HPA axis in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tetel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - S Tonissen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - G S Fraley
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Tetel V, Tonissen S, Fraley GS. Sex differences in serum glucocorticoid levels and heterophil:lymphocyte ratios in adult pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 317:113975. [PMID: 34995644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming more common for poultry scientists to utilize direct and indirect measures of stress hormones to monitor bird welfare. However, it has been clear that our understanding of the avian hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis (HPA) is insufficient as evidenced by the many conflicting reports regarding stress responses, such as transportation stress, in poultry. It has long been assumed that the poultry HPA functions similarly to that of mammals, but now we know that there are considerable differences in the avian HPA compared to mammals. Synthesis and release of glucocorticoids (GC) are stimulated by adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH); GC are synthesized from a common pathway that begins with cholesterol and pregnenolone. The synthesis of one of the glucocorticoids does not depend upon the synthesis of the other. The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that ACTH will stimulate both corticosterone and cortisol release in ducks. To test this hypothesis, we injected artificial ACTH (cosyntropin; 0.0625 mg/kg, 0.031 mg/kg, or 0.016 mg/kg or saline as control) intramuscularly into adult drakes and hens (N = 10/sex/dose). Both glucocorticoids (GC) were assayed in serum using previously verified ELISAs. Blood smears were also assessed for heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (HLR). Data were analyzed by repeated measures 3-way ANOVA with Fishers PLSD as an ad hoc test. We observed that both GC were secreted in significantly (p = 0.0002) different patterns in a dose-dependent manner compared to controls, and that there was a significant (p = 0.0001) sex difference in both GC compared to saline controls. Further, we observed that all doses of ACTH elicited a significant (p = 0.004) sex difference in the HLR response compared to controls, but no dose-dependent effects were noted. Our data suggest that ducks, at least, may utilize more than just corticosterone to maintain physiological homeostasis in response to stress. Further, the time course of the stressor to release GC and subsequent HLR response may be dependent upon sex. More detailed analyses of the HPA are necessary in all avian species to better understand stress responses as we utilize biological bases for welfare assessments and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tetel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - S Tonissen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - G S Fraley
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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Nwaigwe CU, Ihedioha JI, Shoyinka SV, Nwaigwe CO. Evaluation of the hematological and clinical biochemical markers of stress in broiler chickens. Vet World 2020; 13:2294-2300. [PMID: 33281369 PMCID: PMC7704311 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2294-2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Stress significantly affects health and productivity of animals. There is need for affordable and easy-to-assay markers of physiological stress in broilers. This study evaluated hematological and serum biochemical markers of physiologic stress in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: Thirty day-old broiler chickens were assigned to three groups of ten broilers each during the 56-day study. Group 1 broilers served as the control and were not exposed to any stressors; Group 2 broilers were stocked at the stress density of 50 kg BW m–2 from day 49 to 56 while Group 3 broilers had their feed withdrawn 36 h before blood collection on day 56. Blood samples were collected on day 49 (pre-stress sample) and day 56 (post-stress sample) from all the birds and subjected to hematological and serum biochemical analysis. Results: The parameters did not vary significantly (p>0.05) pre-stress. Post-stress, there were significant variations in the heterophil, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts and in the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio across the three groups. The concentrations of the plasma fibrinogen and serum albumins, sodium, and sodium to potassium ratio of the broilers varied significantly across the groups. Conclusion: Heterophil, eosinophil, and lymphocyte counts, the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, plasma fibrinogen, serum albumin, sodium, and sodium to potassium ratio are significant markers of physiological stress in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma U Nwaigwe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - John I Ihedioha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Shodeinde V Shoyinka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chukwuemeka O Nwaigwe
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Scanes CG, Hurst K, Thaxton Y, Archer GS, Johnson A. Effects of putative stressors and adrenocorticotropic hormone on plasma concentrations of corticosterone in market-weight male turkeys. Poult Sci 2019; 99:1156-1162. [PMID: 32036967 PMCID: PMC7587820 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is limited information on the effects of stress and/or physiological manipulation on plasma concentrations of corticosterone (CORT) in turkeys. Under basal conditions, there was evidence for episodic release of CORT in turkeys. The present studies determine the effects of handling, herding, herding, the administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin, and challenge with turkey adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on plasma concentrations of CORT in market-weight male turkeys. Plasma concentrations of CORT were increased after challenge with turkey ACTH, handling together with saline injection or herding (moving birds from one pen to another). There were no effects on plasma concentrations of CORT of the following putative stressors: handling per se, endotoxin challenge, or of placing in an inverted position on simulated shackles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G. Scanes
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA,Corresponding author:
| | | | - Yvonne Thaxton
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA
| | - Gregory S. Archer
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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