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Liu Y, Wang Y, Zheng SJ. Immune Evasion of Mycoplasma gallisepticum: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2824. [PMID: 38474071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is one of the smallest self-replicating organisms. It causes chronic respiratory disease, leading to significant economic losses in poultry industry. Following M. gallisepticum invasion, the pathogen can persist in the host owing to its immune evasion, resulting in long-term chronic infection. The strategies of immune evasion by mycoplasmas are very complex and recent research has unraveled these sophisticated mechanisms. The antigens of M. gallisepticum exhibit high-frequency changes in size and expression cycle, allowing them to evade the activation of the host humoral immune response. M. gallisepticum can invade non-phagocytic chicken cells and also regulate microRNAs to modulate cell proliferation, inflammation, and apoptosis in tracheal epithelial cells during the disease process. M. gallisepticum has been shown to transiently activate the inflammatory response and then inhibit it by suppressing key inflammatory mediators, avoiding being cleared. The regulation and activation of immune cells are important for host response against mycoplasma infection. However, M. gallisepticum has been shown to interfere with the functions of macrophages and lymphocytes, compromising their defense capabilities. In addition, the pathogen can cause immunological damage to organs by inducing an inflammatory response, cell apoptosis, and oxidative stress, leading to immunosuppression in the host. This review comprehensively summarizes these evasion tactics employed by M. gallisepticum, providing valuable insights into better prevention and control of mycoplasma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijun J Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Mugunthan SP, Kannan G, Chandra HM, Paital B. Infection, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development against Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020469. [PMID: 36851345 PMCID: PMC9967393 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma sp. comprises cell wall-less bacteria with reduced genome size and can infect mammals, reptiles, birds, and plants. Avian mycoplasmosis, particularly in chickens, is primarily caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae. It causes infection and pathology mainly in the respiratory, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems. MG is the most widely distributed pathogenic avian mycoplasma with a wide range of host susceptibility and virulence. MG is transmitted both by horizontal and vertical routes. MG infection induces innate, cellular, mucosal, and adaptive immune responses in the host. Macrophages aid in phagocytosis and clearance, and B and T cells play critical roles in the clearance and prevention of MG. The virulent factors of MG are adhesion proteins, lipoproteins, heat shock proteins, and antigenic variation proteins, all of which play pivotal roles in host cell entry and pathogenesis. Prevention of MG relies on farm and flock biosecurity, management strategies, early diagnosis, use of antimicrobials, and vaccination. This review summarizes the vital pathogenic mechanisms underlying MG infection and recapitulates the virulence factors of MG-host cell adhesion, antigenic variation, nutrient transport, and immune evasion. The review also highlights the limitations of current vaccines and the development of innovative future vaccines against MG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ganapathy Kannan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecology Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Harish Mani Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore 632115, India
- Correspondence: (H.M.C.); (B.P.)
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
- Correspondence: (H.M.C.); (B.P.)
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Fatideh FP, Esmaelizad M, Kargar M, Tebianian M, Kafilzadeh F. Designing of novel chimeric PvpA-pMGA protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, applicable for indirect ELISA. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:160. [DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is the primary agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens creating important economic losses in poultry industry. pMGA and pvpA genes encode major surface proteins in M. gallisepticum containing pathogenic, antigenic, and immune evasion characteristics. The objective of the present study was to design, express, and purify the recombinant chimeric PvpA-pMGA protein from M.gallisepticum for using in serological diagnostic test.
Methods
Antigenic regions of PvpA and pMGA proteins were predicted for designing chimeric pvpA-pMGA gene construct. The codon optimized sequence was cloned into the expression vector pET32a+ and transformed into the Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3). The pET32a-PvpA-pMGA recombinant plasmid was expressed and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. PvpA-pMGA recombinant protein (20μg and 50μg), ts-11 vaccine strain, and S6 strain that formulated by montanide adjuvant and two control groups (PBS and adjuvant) were injected subcutaneously to six groups of chickens.
Results
High yield of protein was purified amount 138 mg/L by affinity batch formation method. Indirect ELISA showed the levels of antibodies in rPvpA-pMGA was significantly higher than ts-11 and S6 groups (p<0.05). The results indicated that antigen-specific response was successfully elicited by the rpMGA-PvpA in chickens. The result of the ELISA with sera collected from ts-11 and S6 groups showed that indirect PvpA-pMGA-ELISA is appropriate candidate for detection of specific antibodies against M. gallisepticum with 100% sensitivity and specificity.
Conclusions
The rPvpA-pMGA is a highly candidate immunogenic protein which induced high amount of humoral immune response. Novel rPvpA-pMGA protein could be useful for evaluation of antibody level in vaccinated poultry flocks.
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Hein R, Koopman R, García M, Armour N, Dunn JR, Barbosa T, Martinez A. Review of Poultry Recombinant Vector Vaccines. Avian Dis 2021; 65:438-452. [PMID: 34699141 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.3.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The control of poultry diseases has relied heavily on the use of many live and inactivated vaccines. However, over the last 30 yr, recombinant DNA technology has been used to generate many novel poultry vaccines. Fowlpox virus and turkey herpesvirus are the two main vectors currently used to construct recombinant vaccines for poultry. With the use of these two vectors, more than 15 recombinant viral vector vaccines against Newcastle disease, infectious laryngotracheitis, infectious bursal disease, avian influenza, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum have been developed and are commercially available. This review focuses on current knowledge about the safety and efficacy of recombinant viral vectored vaccines and the mechanisms by which they facilitate the control of multiple diseases. Additionally, the development of new recombinant vaccines with novel vectors will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Hein
- Consultant Poultry Diseases Molecular Vaccine Technology Georgetown DE 19947,
| | - Rik Koopman
- MSD Animal Health/Intervet International BV, Boxmeer, 5831 AN Netherlands
| | - Maricarmen García
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Natalie Armour
- Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Pearl, MS 39208
| | - John R Dunn
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | - Algis Martinez
- Cobb-Vantress Global Veterinary Services, Siloam Springs, AR 72761
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Umar BN, Adamu J, Ahmad MT, Ahmad KH, Sada A, Orakpoghenor O. Fowlpox virus: an overview of its classification, morphology and genome, replication mechanisms, uses as vaccine vector and disease dynamics. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1959278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. N. Umar
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - J Adamu
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - M. T Ahmad
- Avian and Fish Health Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - K. H. Ahmad
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - A. Sada
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Central Diagnostic Unit, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - O. Orakpoghenor
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Feberwee A, de Wit S, Dijkman R. Clinical expression, epidemiology and monitoring of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae: an update. Avian Pathol 2021; 51:2-18. [PMID: 34142880 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1944605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are of clinical and economic importance for the global poultry industry. Many countries and integrations are involved in monitoring programs to control both mycoplasma species. This review provides an extensive historic overview of the last seven decades on the development of the knowledge regarding the factors that influence the clinical expression of the disease, the epidemiology and monitoring of both MG and MS. This includes the detection of new virulent strains, studies unravelling the transmission routes, survival characteristics and the role of other avian hosts. Also the role of molecular typing tests in unravelling epidemiology, and factors that complicate the interpretation of test results such as heterologous mycoplasma infections, use of heterologous oil-emulsion vaccines, use of antibiotic treatments, occurrence of MG and MS strains with low virulence, and last but not least the use of live and/or inactivated MG and MS vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sjaak de Wit
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
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Current status of vaccine research, development, and challenges of vaccines for Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4195-4202. [PMID: 32867963 PMCID: PMC7598112 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important avian pathogen that causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Surprisingly, the limited protection and adverse reactions caused by the vaccines, including live vaccines, bacterin-based (killed) vaccines, and recombinant viral vaccines is still a major concern. Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains vary in infectivity and virulence and infection may sometimes unapparent and goes undetected. Although extensive research has been carried out on the biology of this pathogen, information is lacking about the type of immune response that confers protection and selection of appropriate protective antigens and adjuvants. Regardless of numerous efforts focused on the development of safe and effective vaccine for the control of MG, the use of modern DNA vaccine technology selected in silico approaches for the use of conserved recombinant proteins may be a better choice for the preparation of novel effective vaccines. More research is needed to characterize and elucidate MG products modulating MG-host interactions. These products could be used as a reference for the preparation and development of vaccines to control MG infections in poultry flocks.
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Limsatanun A, Sasipreeyajan J, Pakpinyo S. Chitosan-adjuvanted Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin via intraocular administration enhances Mycoplasma gallisepticum protection in commercial layers. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1934-1940. [PMID: 29462425 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) causes respiratory signs and economic losses in the poultry industry. MG vaccination is one of the effective prevention and control measures that have been used around the world. Our previous study demonstrated that chitosan-adjuvanted MG bacterin could effectively reduce pathological lesions induced by MG and that chitosan could be used as an adjuvant in MG bacterin. The present study determining the efficacy of MG bacterins against the Thai MG strain was based on vaccine programs. Seven groups (25 layers/group) were received MG bacterins containing 0.5% chitosan or a commercial bacterin via intramuscular (IM) or intraocular (IO) route at 6 and 10 wk of age. Sham-negative and sham-positive controls were groups 1 and 2, respectively. Group 3: IM route of chitosan bacterin followed by IM route of chitosan bacterin; group 4: commercial bacterin via IM route followed by chitosan bacterin via IO route; group 5: commercial bacterin via IM route followed by commercial bacterin via IM route; group 6: chitosan bacterin via IM followed by chitosan bacterin via IO route; and group 7: chitosan bacterin via IO route followed by chitosan bacterin via IO route were determined. At 16 wk of age, all groups, excluding group 1, were challenged intratracheally with 0.1 mL containing Thai MG strain 107 colony-forming unit. At 17, 18, and 20 wk of age, 5 birds in each group were bled for serological testing and swabbed at the choanal cleft for the quantitative real-time PCR assay, the euthanized and necropsied. The results showed that birds vaccinated with a commercial intramuscular bacterin followed by an intraocularly chitosan adjuvant bacterin showed the best protection against the MG challenge. The study indicated that chitosan could be the effective mucosal adjuvant and increased the effectiveness of MG bacterin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Limsatanun
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - J Sasipreeyajan
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - S Pakpinyo
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Zhang D, Long Y, Li M, Gong J, Li X, Lin J, Meng J, Gao K, Zhao R, Jin T. Development and evaluation of novel recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine candidates for infectious bronchitis virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. Avian Pathol 2018; 47:213-222. [PMID: 29115156 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1403009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and mycoplasmosis caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) are two major respiratory diseases in chickens that have resulted in severe economic losses in the poultry industry. We constructed a recombinant adenovirus that simultaneously expresses the S1 spike glycoprotein of IBV and the TM-1 protein of MG (pBH-S1-TM-1-EGFP). For comparison, we constructed two recombinant adenoviruses (pBH-S1-EGFP and pBH-TM-1-EGFP) that express either the S1 spike glycoprotein or the TM-1 protein alone. The protective efficacy of these three vaccine constructs against challenge with IBV and/or MG was evaluated in specific pathogen free chickens. Groups of seven-day-old specific pathogen free chicks were immunized twice, two weeks apart, via the oculonasal route with the pBH-S1-TM-1-EGFP, pBH-S1-EGFP, or pBH-TM-1-EGFP vaccine candidates or the commercial attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccine strain H52 and MG vaccine strain F-36 (positive controls), and challenged with virulent IBV or MG two weeks later. Interestingly, by days 7 and 14 after the booster immunization, pBH-S1-TM-1-EGFP-induced antibody titre was significantly higher (P < 0.01) compared to attenuated commercial IBV vaccine; however, there was no significant difference between the pBH-S1-TM-1-EGFP and attenuated commercial MG vaccine groups (P > 0.05). The clinical signs, the gross, and histopathological lesions scores of the adenovirus vaccine constructs were not significantly different from that of the attenuated commercial IBV or MG vaccines (positive controls) (P > 0.05). These results demonstrate the potential of the bivalent pBH-S1-TM-1-EGFP adenovirus construct as a combination vaccine against IB and mycoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchao Zhang
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Tianjin Agriculture University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Long
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Tianjin Agriculture University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Tianjin Agriculture University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Gong
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Tianjin Agriculture University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Tianjin Agriculture University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lin
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Tianjin Agriculture University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Meng
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Tianjin Agriculture University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Keke Gao
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Tianjin Agriculture University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruili Zhao
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Tianjin Agriculture University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Tianming Jin
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Tianjin Agriculture University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
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Limsatanun A, Sasipreeyajan J, Pakpinyo S. The Efficacy of Chitosan-Adjuvanted,Mycoplasma gallisepticumBacterin in Chickens. Avian Dis 2016; 60:799-804. [DOI: 10.1637/11437-051716-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sánchez-Sampedro L, Perdiguero B, Mejías-Pérez E, García-Arriaza J, Di Pilato M, Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses 2015; 7:1726-803. [PMID: 25853483 PMCID: PMC4411676 DOI: 10.3390/v7041726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After Edward Jenner established human vaccination over 200 years ago, attenuated poxviruses became key players to contain the deadliest virus of its own family: Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. Cowpox virus (CPXV) and horsepox virus (HSPV) were extensively used to this end, passaged in cattle and humans until the appearance of vaccinia virus (VACV), which was used in the final campaigns aimed to eradicate the disease, an endeavor that was accomplished by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980. Ever since, naturally evolved strains used for vaccination were introduced into research laboratories where VACV and other poxviruses with improved safety profiles were generated. Recombinant DNA technology along with the DNA genome features of this virus family allowed the generation of vaccines against heterologous diseases, and the specific insertion and deletion of poxvirus genes generated an even broader spectrum of modified viruses with new properties that increase their immunogenicity and safety profile as vaccine vectors. In this review, we highlight the evolution of poxvirus vaccines, from first generation to the current status, pointing out how different vaccines have emerged and approaches that are being followed up in the development of more rational vaccines against a wide range of diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Poxviridae/isolation & purification
- Smallpox/prevention & control
- Smallpox Vaccine/history
- Smallpox Vaccine/immunology
- Smallpox Vaccine/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Attenuated/history
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/history
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sánchez-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
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Leigh S, Branton S, Evans J, Collier S. Impact of fowlpox-vectored Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine Vectormune FP MG on layer hen egg production and egg quality parameters. Poult Sci 2013; 92:3172-5. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ferguson-Noel N, Cookson K, Laibinis VA, Kleven SH. The Efficacy of Three Commercial Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccines in Laying Hens. Avian Dis 2012; 56:272-5. [DOI: 10.1637/9952-092711-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Ferguson-Noel NM, Laibinis VA, Kleven SH. Evaluation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum K-Strain as a Live Vaccine in Chickens. Avian Dis 2012; 56:44-50. [DOI: 10.1637/9833-061411-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Weli SC, Tryland M. Avipoxviruses: infection biology and their use as vaccine vectors. Virol J 2011; 8:49. [PMID: 21291547 PMCID: PMC3042955 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avipoxviruses (APVs) belong to the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily of the Poxviridae family. APVs are distributed worldwide and cause disease in domestic, pet and wild birds of many species. APVs are transmitted by aerosols and biting insects, particularly mosquitoes and arthropods and are usually named after the bird species from which they were originally isolated. The virus species Fowlpox virus (FWPV) causes disease in poultry and associated mortality is usually low, but in flocks under stress (other diseases, high production) mortality can reach up to 50%. APVs are also major players in viral vaccine vector development for diseases in human and veterinary medicine. Abortive infection in mammalian cells (no production of progeny viruses) and their ability to accommodate multiple gene inserts are some of the characteristics that make APVs promising vaccine vectors. Although abortive infection in mammalian cells conceivably represents a major vaccine bio-safety advantage, molecular mechanisms restricting APVs to certain hosts are not yet fully understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge relating to APVs, including classification, morphogenesis, host-virus interactions, diagnostics and disease, and also highlights the use of APVs as recombinant vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Weli
- National Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, N-0106 Oslo, Norway.
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