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Debruyn G, Geltmeyer J, Schoolaert E, Nicolaï MPJ, Xie W, Wynant M, Shawkey MD, De Clerck K, D'Alba L. Hydric Environment and Chemical Composition Shape Non-avian Reptile Eggshell Absorption. Integr Comp Biol 2024; 64:107-119. [PMID: 38755009 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The amniotic egg fulfils a critical role in reproduction by serving as an interface between the external environment and the embryo. Because non-avian reptiles are rarely incubated, they must be heated by, and absorb water from, the oviposition site for the developing embryo. The mechanisms by which they absorb sufficient, but not excess, water and how these mechanisms vary with local habitat is largely unknown, despite its significance to their evolution. Here, we first performed histology, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic vapor sorption experiments to elucidate the mechanisms of eggshell absorption for 56 reptile species. Then, we used phylogenetic comparative analysis to test the hypothesis that the absorptive capacity of reptile eggshells increases with aridity of the environment. We found that water absorption increases in the presence of a superficial mucopolysaccharide layer and decreases with increased calcium content. We found that eggs from arid environments have highly absorbent eggshells, but only in species with weakly calcified shells. Our results suggest that reptile eggshells have over evolutionary time tuned absorptive capacity to environmental moisture level. Since these eggs often must sustain conflicting constraints, they may serve as inspirations for new biomimetic materials, such as water filtering membranes or humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben Debruyn
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jozefien Geltmeyer
- Center for Textile Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Ghent, Tech Lane Science Park 701, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ella Schoolaert
- Center for Textile Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Ghent, Tech Lane Science Park 701, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michaël P J Nicolaï
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wanjie Xie
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Wynant
- Center for Textile Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Ghent, Tech Lane Science Park 701, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen De Clerck
- Center for Textile Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Ghent, Tech Lane Science Park 701, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liliana D'Alba
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Zujovic Z, Bowmaker GA. On the Structure and Role of Avian Eggshells: A 31P, 1H, and 13C Solid-State NMR Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15523-15529. [PMID: 38963614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The eggshell is a composite and highly ordered structure formed by biomineralization. Besides other functions, it has a vital and intricate role in the protection of an embryo from various potentially harsh environmental conditions. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) has been used for detailed structural investigations of the chicken, tinamou, and flamingo eggshell materials. 31P NMR spectra reveal that hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate in the ratio 3:2 represent major constituents of phosphate species in the eggshells. All three eggshells exhibit similar spectra, except for the line widths, which implies different structural order of phosphate species in the chicken, tinamou, and flamingo eggshells. 1H NMR spectra for these materials are comparable, differentiating overlapped peaks in three spectral regions at around 7, 4-5, and 1-2 ppm. These spectral regions have been attributed to protons from NH or CaHCO3, water, and possibly isolated monomeric water molecules or hydroxyl groups in calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite. 1H-13C CP MAS NMR revealed the presence of organic matter in the form of lipids and proteins. Two overlapped resonances in the carbonyl region at around 173 and 169 ppm are assigned to the carbonyls of the peptide bonds and the bicarbonate unit in calcite, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirmed the presence of structural units detected in the NMR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Zujovic
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12/5, 1100 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Graham A Bowmaker
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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3
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Saavedra LM, Bastías M, Mendoza P, Lagos NA, García-Herrera C, Ponce V, Alvarez F, Llanos-Rivera A. Environmental correlates of oyster farming in an upwelling system: Implication upon growth, biomass production, shell strength and organic composition. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 198:106489. [PMID: 38640688 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Comprehending the potential effects of environmental variability on bivalves aquaculture becomes crucial for its sustainability under climate change scenarios, specially in the Humboldt Current System (HCS) where upwelling intensification leading to frequent hypoxia and acidification is expected. In a year-long study, Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas) were monitored at two depths (1.5m, 6.5m) in a bay affected by coastal upwelling. Surface waters exhibited warmer, well-oxygenated conditions and higher chlorophyll-a concentrations, while at depth greater hypoxia and acidification events occur, especially during upwelling. Surface cultured oysters exhibited 60 % larger size and 35% greater weight due to faster growth rate during the initial month of cultivation. The condition index (CI) increases in surface oysters after 10 months, whereas those at the bottom maintain a lower index. Food availability, temperature, and oxygen, correlates with higher growth rates, while pH associates with morphometric variables, indicating that larger oysters tend to develop under higher pH. Increased upwelling generally raises CI, but bottom oysters face stressful conditions such as hypoxia and acidification, resulting in lower performance. However, they acclimate by changing the organic composition of their shells and making them stronger. This study suggests that under intensified upwelling scenario, oysters would grow slowly, resulting in smaller sizes and lower performance, but the challenges may be confronted through complex compensation mechanisms among biomass production and maintenance of the shell structure and function. This poses a significant challenge for the sustainability of the aquaculture industry, emphasizing the need for adaptive strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M Saavedra
- Department of Aquatic Systems and EULA Environmental Science Center, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Concepción, Chile.
| | - Manuel Bastías
- Oceanography department, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Science, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Paula Mendoza
- Department of Aquatic Systems and EULA Environmental Science Center, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio García-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biomecánica y Biomateriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vania Ponce
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabian Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Biomecánica y Biomateriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Llanos-Rivera
- Oceanography department, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Science, University of Concepción, Chile
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4
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Zhang Y, Pham HM, Tran SD. The Chicken Egg: An Advanced Material for Tissue Engineering. Biomolecules 2024; 14:439. [PMID: 38672456 PMCID: PMC11048217 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The chicken egg, an excellent natural source of proteins, has been an overlooked native biomaterial with remarkable physicochemical, structural, and biological properties. Recently, with significant advances in biomedical engineering, particularly in the development of 3D in vitro platforms, chicken egg materials have increasingly been investigated as biomaterials due to their distinct advantages such as their low cost, availability, easy handling, gelling ability, bioactivity, and provision of a developmentally stimulating environment for cells. In addition, the chicken egg and its by-products can improve tissue engraftment and stimulate angiogenesis, making it particularly attractive for wound healing and tissue engineering applications. Evidence suggests that the egg white (EW), egg yolk (EY), and eggshell membrane (ESM) are great biomaterial candidates for tissue engineering, as their protein composition resembles mammalian extracellular matrix proteins, ideal for cellular attachment, cellular differentiation, proliferation, and survivability. Moreover, eggshell (ES) is considered an excellent calcium resource for generating hydroxyapatite (HA), making it a promising biomaterial for bone regeneration. This review will provide researchers with a concise yet comprehensive understanding of the chicken egg structure, composition, and associated bioactive molecules in each component and introduce up-to-date tissue engineering applications of chicken eggs as biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Zhang
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (H.M.P.)
| | - Hieu M. Pham
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (H.M.P.)
- Department of Periodontology, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, 625 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (H.M.P.)
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Abdoli B, Khoshtaghaza MH, Ghomi H, Torshizi MAK, Mehdizadeh SA, Pishkar G, Dunn IC. Cold atmospheric pressure air plasma jet disinfection of table eggs: Inactivation of Salmonella enterica, cuticle integrity and egg quality. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 410:110474. [PMID: 37984215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Eggshell cuticles are first lines of defense against egg-associated pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE). Infections from eggs contaminated with this strain remain a significant risk. In addition, changes in the cuticle are closely related to changes in egg safety. The emerging non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma technology enables a high rate of microbial inactivation at near-ambient temperatures, making it ideal for food safety applications. This study examines the effects of a cold atmospheric pressure air plasma jet (CAAP-J) on eggshell cuticle and egg quality whilst inactivating SE. Shell eggs inoculated with SE (7 log10 cfu/egg) were used as the samples to test the decontamination performance of the device. The tests were conducted using an industrial CAAP-J with different power levels (600-800 W), exposure times (60-120 s), at a fixeddistance of 20 mm from the plasma jet and an air flow rate of 3600 L/h. It was found that the best results were obtained after 120 s at maximum plasma power (800 W). Subsequent to the implementation of this plasma procedure, it was determined that no viable cells could be detected. After CAAP-J treatment, the temperature remains below 50.5 °C, thereby minimizing the risk of altering egg quality. All specific measurements (egg white pH, yolk pH, yolk color, HU, and eggshell breaking strength) have shown that CAAP-J treatment has no negative effect on egg quality. No changes in eggshell cuticle quality after CAAP-J treatment was confirmed through scanning electron microscope (SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Abdoli
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Ghomi
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saman Abdanan Mehdizadeh
- Mechanics of Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Ian C Dunn
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom
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6
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Wang Z, Dunn IC, Wilson PW, Pertinez SP, Fulton JE, Arango J, Andersson B, Schmutz M, Wolc A. Genome wide association analysis of cuticle deposition in laying hens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102990. [PMID: 37598557 PMCID: PMC10458670 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cuticle is an invisible barrier that protects the internal egg contents from microorganisms entering through gas exchange pores. Eggs which have a good cuticle are least likely to be penetrated by microorganisms and improved cuticle cover should reduce vertical transmission of microorganisms and improve biosecurity. The aim was to carry out a genome wide association study for cuticle deposition in 3 independent populations of laying hens using tartrazine and lissamine green staining. Eggs from ∼8,000 hens represented 2 White Leghorn and 1 Rhode Island Red breed. Estimates of heritability using pedigree or genomic relationship matrices were in the 0.2 to 0.3 range. The results were breed specific. Across the populations, genomic regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 8 were identified as significantly associated with cuticle deposition. No single loci had a large effect. A comparison was made with genes differentially expressed in the shell gland when cuticle deposition was manipulated, however none were obvious candidates for cuticle deposition. The results support the polygenic nature of the trait and the information will help in the future to understand the genetic variance and what might control cuticle deposition and the microbiological safety of the egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Wang
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian C Dunn
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter W Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Poyatos Pertinez
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Wolc
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA, USA; Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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7
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Sokołowicz Z, Kačániová M, Dykiel M, Augustyńska-Prejsnar A, Topczewska J. Influence of Storage Packaging Type on the Microbiological and Sensory Quality of Free-Range Table Eggs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1899. [PMID: 37370410 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The studies aimed to assess the impact of packaging, storage time, and temperature on the microbiological quality as well as on the sensory quality and functional properties of chicken eggs. The study material consisted of eggs from laying hens kept under free-range conditions. The eggs packed in cardboard and plastic cartons were stored at 5 °C and 22 °C, respectively. The eggs were examined on the day of laying and on days 14 and 28 of storage. The microbiological quality of the shell and contents of the eggs and the foaming properties of the egg white stored in cardboard and plastic packaging as well as the sensory characteristics of the eggs stored in both types of packaging after hard-boiling were examined on all evaluation dates. The type of packaging in which the eggs were stored was shown to influence the microbiological quality of the egg contents. Eggs stored in plastic packaging, on days 14 and 28 of storage, contained more bacteria in egg contents than eggs stored in cardboard packaging (p < 0.05). The type of packaging in which the eggs were stored did not have an effect on the foaming properties of the egg white (p > 0.05) or on the sensory characteristics of the eggs after hard-boiling. Irrespective of the type of packaging, the foaming properties of the egg white and the sensory characteristics of the eggs after hard-boiling deteriorated with storage time. The effect of temperature on egg quality was found. Regardless of the type of packaging, eggs stored at 5 °C after hard-boiling had better yolk colour, smell, and texture than eggs stored at 22 °C (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Sokołowicz
- Department of Animal Production and Poultry Products Evaluation, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza Street 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Magdalena Dykiel
- Department of Food Production and Safety, State University of Applied Sciences in Krosno, Rynek 1, 38-400 Krosno, Poland
| | - Anna Augustyńska-Prejsnar
- Department of Animal Production and Poultry Products Evaluation, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza Street 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Topczewska
- Department of Animal Production and Poultry Products Evaluation, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza Street 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
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8
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A novel malachite green staining approach for evaluating the internal freshness of egg by detecting the quality of egg cuticle. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Varas O, Pulgar J, Duarte C, García-Herrera C, Abarca-Ortega A, Grenier C, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, Zapata J, Lagos NA, García-Huidobro MR, Aldana M. Parasitism by metacercariae modulates the morphological, organic and mechanical responses of the shell of an intertidal bivalve to environmental drivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154747. [PMID: 35337870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental variation alters biological interactions and their ecological and evolutionary consequences. In coastal systems, trematode parasites affect their hosts by disrupting their life-history traits. However, the effects of parasitism could be variable and dependent on the prevailing environmental conditions where the host-parasite interaction occurs. This study compared the effect of a trematode parasite in the family Renicolidae (metacercariae) on the body size and the shell organic and mechanical characteristics of the intertidal mussels Perumytilus purpuratus, inhabiting two environmentally contrasting localities in northern and central Chile (ca. 1600 km apart). Congruent with the environmental gradient along the Chilean coast, higher levels of temperature, salinity and pCO2, and a lower pH characterise the northern locality compared to that of central Chile. In the north, parasitised individuals showed lower body size and shell resistance than non-parasitised individuals, while in central Chile, the opposite pattern was observed. Protein level in the organic matter of the shell was lower in the parasitised hosts than in the non-parasitised ones regardless of the locality. However, an increase in polysaccharide levels was observed in the parasitised individuals from central Chile. These results evidence that body size and shell properties of P. purpuratus vary between local populations and that they respond differently when confronting the parasitism impacts. Considering that the parasite prevalence reaches around 50% in both populations, if parasitism is not included in the analysis, the true response of the host species would be masked by the effects of the parasite, skewing our understanding of how environmental variables will affect marine species. Considering parasitism and identifying its effects on host species faced with environmental drivers is essential to understand and accurately predict the ecological consequences of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Varas
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultas de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Pulgar
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultas de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultas de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio García-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biomecánica y Biomateriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Abarca-Ortega
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio de Biomecánica y Biomateriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Grenier
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Javier Zapata
- Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Roberto García-Huidobro
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marcela Aldana
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Sirri F, Zampiga M, Berardinelli A. Effects of genotype and age on eggshell cuticle coverage and color profile in modern laying hen strains. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101691. [PMID: 35114433 PMCID: PMC8814822 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of laying hen genotype and age on eggshell cuticle deposition. A total of 4,320 brown eggs were obtained from 3 modern hen strains (A, B, and C), currently used worldwide for commercial egg production, at different intervals of age (20–30, 40–50, and 60–70 wk). Four samplings of 120 randomly collected eggs were carried out for each genotype/interval of age. Eggs were individually weighed and cuticle blue staining was used to assess quality and degree of cuticle coverage. On each egg, the eggshell color profile was assessed before and after staining using the CIE L*a*b* system and these values were used to calculate ΔE*ab. A 4-point scale visual score (VS) system was also applied to estimate the degree of cuticle coverage after staining (0 = no coverage, 1 = partial coverage, 2 = total coverage - low degree, 3 = total coverage - high degree). The effects of genotype and age and their interaction on eggshell color attributes were assessed by means of factorial ANOVA, while omnibus Chi-Square and Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector algorithm were applied for the analysis of VS data. Overall, both genotype and age affected the eggshell color profile as well as the degree of cuticle coverage. Hen strain A showed better cuticle deposition in comparison with B and particularly C one, being ΔE*ab values significantly higher. The VS evaluation revealed that eggs with impaired cuticle coverage degree increased with the hen age (23, 34, and 37%, respectively for 20–30, 40–50, and 60–70 wk; P < 0.05). However, a significant interaction between genotype and age was observed: transition from early to late hen age resulted in a significantly different pattern of ΔE*ab changes in each genotype. The classification tree analysis confirmed that the hen genotype has a greater effect than the age on cuticle deposition. In conclusion, considering the importance of the cuticle in table egg production, these results highlight the crucial role exerted by the genotype on eggshell cuticle coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.
| | - M Zampiga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - A Berardinelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy; Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
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11
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Kulshreshtha G, D’Alba L, Dunn IC, Rehault-Godbert S, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Hincke MT. Properties, Genetics and Innate Immune Function of the Cuticle in Egg-Laying Species. Front Immunol 2022; 13:838525. [PMID: 35281050 PMCID: PMC8914949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.838525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleidoic eggs possess very efficient and orchestrated systems to protect the embryo from external microbes until hatch. The cuticle is a proteinaceous layer on the shell surface in many bird and some reptile species. An intact cuticle forms a pore plug to occlude respiratory pores and is an effective physical and chemical barrier against microbial penetration. The interior of the egg is assumed to be normally sterile, while the outer eggshell cuticle hosts microbes. The diversity of the eggshell microbiome is derived from both maternal microbiota and those of the nesting environment. The surface characteristics of the egg, outer moisture layer and the presence of antimicrobial molecules composing the cuticle dictate constituents of the microbial communities on the eggshell surface. The avian cuticle affects eggshell wettability, water vapor conductance and regulates ultraviolet reflectance in various ground-nesting species; moreover, its composition, thickness and degree of coverage are dependent on species, hen age, and physiological stressors. Studies in domestic avian species have demonstrated that changes in the cuticle affect the food safety of eggs with respect to the risk of contamination by bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Moreover, preventing contamination of internal egg components is crucial to optimize hatching success in bird species. In chickens there is moderate heritability (38%) of cuticle deposition with a potential for genetic improvement. However, much less is known about other bird or reptile cuticles. This review synthesizes current knowledge of eggshell cuticle and provides insight into its evolution in the clade reptilia. The origin, composition and regulation of the eggshell microbiome and the potential function of the cuticle as the first barrier of egg defense are discussed in detail. We evaluate how changes in the cuticle affect the food safety of table eggs and vertical transmission of pathogens in the production chain with respect to the risk of contamination. Thus, this review provides insight into the physiological and microbiological characteristics of eggshell cuticle in relation to its protective function (innate immunity) in egg-laying birds and reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Kulshreshtha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Liliana D’Alba
- Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ian C. Dunn
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Maxwell T. Hincke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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12
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Shi X, Li X, Li X, He Z, Chen X, Song J, Zeng L, Liang Q, Li J, Xu G, Zheng J. Antibacterial Properties of TMA against Escherichia coli and Effect of Temperature and Storage Duration on TMA Content, Lysozyme Activity and Content in Eggs. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040527. [PMID: 35206004 PMCID: PMC8870930 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on trimethylamine (TMA) in egg yolk have focused on how it impacts the flavor of eggs, but there has been little focus on its other functions. We designed an in vitro antibacterial test of TMA according to TMA concentrations that covered the TMA contents typically found in egg yolk. The change in TMA content in yolk was analyzed at different storage temperatures and for different storage durations. The known antibacterial components of eggs, including the cuticle quality of the eggshell and the lysozyme activity and content in egg white, were also assessed. The total bacterial count (TBC) of different parts of eggs were detected. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of TMA on Escherichia coli (E. coli) growth increased with increasing TMA concentration, and the yolk TMA content significantly increased with storage duration (p < 0.05). The cuticle quality and lysozyme content and activity significantly decreased with storage time and increasing temperature, accompanied by a significant increase in the TBC on the eggshell surface and in the egg white (p < 0.05). This work reveals a new role for trace TMA in yolks because it reduces the risk of bacterial colonization, especially when the antibacterial function of eggs is gradually weakened during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Xingzheng Li
- Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shenzhen 440307, China;
| | - Xianyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Zhaoxiang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Xia Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100094, China;
| | - Jianlou Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Lingsen Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Qianni Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Junying Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Guiyun Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-2741; Fax: +86-10-6273-1080
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13
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Wiemann J, Briggs DEG. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool in molecular paleobiology: An analytical response to Alleon et al. (https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000295). Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100070. [PMID: 34993976 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A recent article argued that signals from conventional Raman spectroscopy of organic materials are overwhelmed by edge filter and fluorescence artefacts. The article targeted a subset of Raman spectroscopic investigations of fossil and modern organisms and has implications for the utility of conventional Raman spectroscopy in comparative tissue analytics. The inferences were based on circular reasoning centered around the unconventional analysis of spectra from just two samples, one modern, and one fossil. We validated the disputed signals with in situ Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and through replication with different lasers, filters, and operators in independent laboratories. Our Raman system employs a holographic notch filter which is not affected by edge filter or other artefacts. Multiple lines of evidence confirm that conventional Raman spectra of fossils contain biologically and geologically meaningful information. Statistical analyses of large Raman and FT-IR spectral data sets reveal patterns in fossil composition and yield valuable insights into the history of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Wiemann
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.,Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of LA County, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Derek E G Briggs
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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The Use of the Dynamics of Changes in Table Eggs during Storage to Predict the Age of Eggs Based on Selected Quality Traits. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113192. [PMID: 34827924 PMCID: PMC8614337 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The freshness is the most important characteristic of table eggs. EU legislation does not provide clear guidelines how to store table eggs or how to elongate their shelf life. Changes occurring in eggs after laying are a natural consequence of the passage of time, and there is no method for precise determination of “age” in a randomly chosen egg. The dynamics of changes of individual quality features of the raw material during its extended storage period of up to 35 days were determined. For this purpose, the evaluation of quality traits was performed daily, and the data thus obtained made it possible to create a multivariate mathematical model which, after further statistical processing, makes it possible to determine with high certainty (above 95%) the age of an egg on the basis of its measurable traits, both non-destructive and destructive. The study allowed us to select easily measurable egg quality traits, whose values clearly change in time. The detailed data of daily variability and methods of data statistical analysis are not only of scientific importance, but are also a useful diagnostic tool in assessing the freshness of table eggs on the basis of their quality characteristics. Abstract The aim of the study was to determine daily changes in some egg quality parameters, indirectly reflecting egg freshness, and to assess the possibility of predicting time from laying using mathematical methods. The study material consisted of 365 table eggs of medium (M, ≥53 g and <63 g) and large (L, ≥63 g and <73 g) weight classes (commercial stock, cage system, brown-shelled eggs) collected on the same day. Eggs were numbered individually and placed on transport trays and stored (14 °C, 70% RH). Every day, for 35 days, egg quality characteristics were analyzed (10 eggs per group). The change of traits in time was analyzed on the basis of linear and polynomial regression equations, depending on the trait. Based on model fitting, eight traits were selected as those most affected by storage time: egg weight and specific weight, Haugh units, albumen weight, air cell depth, yolk index, albumen and yolk pH. These traits, excluding those related to the weight, were then used in a multiple linear regression model to predict egg age. All regression models presented in this study were characterized by high predictive efficiency, which was confirmed by comparison of the observed and estimated values.
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15
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Kulshreshtha G, Benavides-Reyes C, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Diep T, Hincke MT. Impact of Different Layer Housing Systems on Eggshell Cuticle Quality and Salmonella Adherence in Table Eggs. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112559. [PMID: 34828840 PMCID: PMC8625084 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial load on the eggshell surface is a key factor in predicting the bacterial penetration and contamination of the egg interior. The eggshell cuticle is the first line of defense against vertical penetration by microbial food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis. Egg producers are increasingly introducing alternative caging systems into their production chain as animal welfare concerns become of greater relevance to today’s consumer. Stress that is introduced by hen aggression and modified nesting behavior in furnished cages can alter the physiology of egg formation and affect the cuticle deposition/quality. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of caging systems (conventional, enriched, free-run, and free-range), on eggshell cuticle parameters and the eggshell bacterial load. The cuticle plug thickness and pore length were higher in the free-range eggs as compared to conventional eggs. The eggshells from alternative caging (enriched and free-range) had a higher total cuticle as compared to conventional cages. A reduction in bacterial cell counts was observed on eggshells that were obtained from free-range eggs as compared to the enriched systems. An inverse correlation between the contact angle and Salmonella adherence was observed. These results indicate that the housing systems of layer hens can modify the cuticle quality and thereby impact bacterial adherence and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Kulshreshtha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Cristina Benavides-Reyes
- Departamento de Mineralogia y Petrologia, Campus de Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain; (C.B.-R.); (A.B.R.-N.)
| | - Alejandro B. Rodriguez-Navarro
- Departamento de Mineralogia y Petrologia, Campus de Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain; (C.B.-R.); (A.B.R.-N.)
| | - Ty Diep
- Lyn Egg Production and Grading, Burnbrae Farms Limited, Lyn, ON K0E 1M0, Canada;
| | - Maxwell T. Hincke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-562-5800 (ext. 8193)
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16
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Do the differences in egg contamination, penetration, and resistance against microorganisms among the hen genotypes exist? ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the impact of genotype and storage conditions (temperature and time) on microbiological contamination and eggshell quality. There were four genotypes of laying hens used, Czech golden spotted (CGS), Greenleg Partridge (GP), White Leghorn (WL) and commercial hybrid (CH) hens were included. After collection, the eggs were divided equally into five groups regarding the storage time (0, 14, 28 days) and temperature (5 and 20 °C). The microbiological analysis included counting of colonies forming units (CFU) of Escherichia coli (EC), Enterococcus (ENT) and total number of microorganisms (TNM) on eggshell surface, eggshell membranes and in thin albumen. The analysis of eggshell quality included the determination of eggshell proportion (SP), thickness (ST), strength (SST), index (SI) and surface (SS). Moreover, egg weight (EW) and egg weight loss (EWL) were determined. The significant effect of genotype was found in contamination of eggshell by EC, ENT and TNM, eggshell membranes by TNM and albumen by EC (all P ≤ 0.05). The significantly lowest contamination of eggshell from EC was in eggs from the WL hens (4.42 log CFU/eggshell), while from ENT was in eggs from the CGS hens (1.22 log CFU/eggshell) and from the WL hens (1.40 log CFU/eggshell). The lowest incidence of TNM was also detected in eggs from the WL hens (5.03 log CFU/eggshell). Statistically the lowest contamination of eggshell membranes by TNM was found in eggs from the WL (0.12 log CFU/eggshell membranes) and CH hens (0.15 log CFU/eggshell membranes). Regarding the effect of genotype, the GP (not detected) and WL (not detected) hens was in eggs with statistically the lowest occurrence of EC bacteria in albumen. Regarding the EW and eggshell quality, all the parameters were significantly affected by the genotype (P ≤ 0.0001). Also EWL was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by genotype (after 14, 21 and 28 days of storage). There were found to be significant differences of microbial contamination of egg surface among observed hen genotypes. The penetration of selected microorganisms was also significant in contamination of eggshell membranes by TNM and in contamination of albumen by EC.
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17
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García-Huidobro MR, Poupin MJ, Urrutia C, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Grenier C, Vivanco JF, Ramajo L, Benjumeda I, Lagos NA, Lardies MA. An intrapopulational study of organic compounds and biomechanical properties of the shell of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica (P. P. King, 1832) at King George Island. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Cardoso MJ, Nicolau AI, Borda D, Nielsen L, Maia RL, Møretrø T, Ferreira V, Knøchel S, Langsrud S, Teixeira P. Salmonella in eggs: From shopping to consumption-A review providing an evidence-based analysis of risk factors. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2716-2741. [PMID: 33960652 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nontyphoidal salmonellae are among the most prevalent foodborne pathogens causing gastrointestinal infections worldwide. A high number of cases and outbreaks of salmonellosis are associated with the consumption of eggs and egg products, and several of these occur at the household level. The aim of the current study is to critically evaluate the current status of knowledge on Salmonella in eggs from a consumer's perspective, analyzing the hazard occurrence and the good practices that should be applied to reduce salmonellosis risk. Following a HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) based approach, some steps along the food journey were identified as Critical Consumer Handling (CCH)-steps in which consumers, through their behavior or choice, can significantly reduce the level of Salmonella in eggs and egg products. From shopping/collecting to consumption, each of these steps is discussed in this review to provide an evidence-based overview of risk factors of human salmonellosis related to egg consumption. The main message to consumers is to choose Salmonella-free eggs (those that some official entity or producer guarantees that does not contain Salmonella), when available, especially for dishes that are not fully heat treated. Second, as guaranteed Salmonella-free eggs are only available in a few countries, refrigerated storage from the point of collection and proper cooking will significantly reduce the risk of salmonellosis. This will require a revision of the actual recommendations/regulations, as not all ensure that eggs are maintained at temperatures that prevent growth of Salmonella from collection until the time of purchasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Cardoso
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anca Ioana Nicolau
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
| | - Daniela Borda
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
| | - Line Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rui Leandro Maia
- UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Vânia Ferreira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susanne Knøchel
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Paula Teixeira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
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Sheng X, Shu D, Li Y, Zhan Z, Yuan X, Liu S, Wu H, Bing S, Zang Y. Combined approach consisting of slightly acidic electrolyzed water and chitosan coating to improve the internal quality of eggs during storage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2355-2361. [PMID: 33006379 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) has been shown to offer a promising alternative for the inactivation of bacteria on egg surfaces, but the cuticle of the egg is damaged during this disinfection process. However, if SAEW disinfection is followed by chitosan (CS) coating treatment, this will construct a new membrane and prevent the loss of moisture and carbon dioxide through the damaged cuticle. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of SAEW disinfection followed by CS coating treatment for improving the internal quality of eggs during 6 weeks of storage at 25 °C. RESULTS Scanning electron microscopy revealed that SAEW-treated eggs had deeper and wider cracks than control eggs stored between 0 and 21 days. Moreover, the depth and width of the cracks in the uncoated eggs increased as storage time increased. However, the CS coating method was successfully used on SAEW-disinfected eggs to construct a barrier against the negative effects of shell damage. After 6 weeks of storage at 25 °C, the yolk index, albumen pH, Haugh unit value and weight loss value of the SAEW + CS group were 0.31%, 9.01%, 63.72% and 5.35%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A combination of SAEW and CS was more effective at maintaining internal egg quality than SAEW or CS treatments alone during storage. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health and Safety in Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dengqun Shu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health and Safety in Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health and Safety in Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhewen Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health and Safety in Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xingyun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health and Safety in Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Sanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health and Safety in Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongxiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health and Safety in Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi, China
| | - San Bing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health and Safety in Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yitian Zang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health and Safety in Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi, China
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Drabik K, Batkowska J, Próchniak T, Horecka B. Citric acid as a factor limiting changes in the quality of table eggs during their storage. Poult Sci 2021; 100:100995. [PMID: 33610892 PMCID: PMC7905472 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the potential use of citric acid as a modifier of quality changes in table eggs during their storage. About 780 table hen eggs were collected on the same day. They were numbered individually and placed on trays 30 pcs on each. Control group (CA0) consisted of eggs unmodified with any additional substances. In experimental groups CA10 and CA15, eggshells were sprayed with the aqueous solution of citric acid (10 and 15% concentration, respectively). At the start of the experiment, only quality traits of eggs from the control group were analyzed. The remaining eggs were stored at 14°C and 70% RH (typical storage conditions). Their quality was evaluated after 7, 14, 21, and 28 d. The depth of the air cell, egg weight and specific gravity, traits of shell (permeability, strength, weight, thickness, density), and egg content (pH of yolk and albumen, Haugh units, yolk weight and color) were evaluated each time. The use of citric acid decreased the severity of qualitative changes. Citric acid–treated eggs demonstrated smaller weight loss, shallower air cell, higher structural albumen, less-intensive water diffusion from albumen to yolk indicating the improved resistance of the vitelline membrane. Owing to the fact that citric acid is accepted and recognized as a safe food preservative is a relatively cheap and available substance, it seems that it can be used to inhibit quality changes in table eggs during their storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Drabik
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Batkowska
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Próchniak
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Horecka
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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21
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Behjatian Esfahani M, Moravej H, Ghaffarzadeh M, Nehzati Paghaleh GA. Comparison the Zn-Threonine, Zn-Methionine, and Zn Oxide on Performance, Egg Quality, Zn Bioavailability, and Zn Content in Egg and Excreta of Laying Hens. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:292-304. [PMID: 32367378 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementary zinc-threonine (Zn-Thr), zinc-methionine (Zn-Met), and zinc oxide (ZnO) on the laying performance, egg quality, Zn content in egg and excreta. One hundred and sixty hens (Hy-Line W36) were randomly divided into 10 treatments with 4 replications of 4 hens each. During the first 4 weeks, groups were fed a corn-soy basal diet without extra zinc (30.3 mg Zn/kg diet) to depletion storage zinc from the body and it was used as the control diet. During the ensuing 10 weeks from 36 to 45 weeks of age, 3 levels of 30, 60, and 90 mg Zn/kg were added to the diet by ZnO, Zn-Met, and Zn-Thr sources. Results showed that there were no significant differences between the experimental treatments in terms of egg weight, feed intake, eggshell weight, eggshell percentage, and albumen weight. In total experimental period, the supplementation of Zn-Met and Zn-Thr decreased feed conversion ratio and increased egg mass and egg production compared with ZnO 30 and 60 mg Zn/kg and control treatments (P < 0.05). The results showed that treatment effect on Zn content in egg and excreta was significant (P < 0.05). It is concluded that diets supplied with lower levels of organic Zn can maintain egg production performance, improve egg quality, enrich eggs, increase bioavailability, and reduce the negative effects of age on egg quality characteristics in laying hens compared with their oxide form.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Moravej
- College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ghaffarzadeh
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Po Box 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
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22
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García-Huidobro MR, Aldana M, Varas O, Pulgar J, García-Herrera C, Abarca-Ortega A, Grenier C, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, Lagos NA. Geographical variability and parasitism on body size, reproduction and shell characteristics of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 161:105060. [PMID: 33070932 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental variation may alter biological interactions and their ecological consequences. For instance, in marine ecosystems hosts and parasites are subject to environmental variability across latitudinal gradients, and their co-evolutionary dynamics may be the result of the interplay with local physical-chemical variables in seawater. Thus, assessing the environmental conditions required for a host in order to improve their survival is essential to understand the host-parasite interaction and dynamics. In this study, we evaluated the impact of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on the body size and reproduction of the intertidal keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa collected from three populations spanning ca. 1500 km along the latitudinal gradient of the Chilean coast. In addition, for the first time, we explore whether the effect of parasitism can be extended to changes in the organic composition and mechanical properties of the host shell. Our results show that parasitism prevalence and intensity, and body size of F. crassa increased in central Chile (ca. 33°S). Unlike body size, which was greater in parasitized limpets than in non-parasitized limpets at the three study sites, reproductive performance followed this trend only in central Chile populations, with no differences between parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected in the northern Chilean (ca. 23°S), and lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals from the south-central Chile (ca. 37°S). The organic composition of F. crassa shells showed significant differences between parasite conditions (e.g. polysaccharides and water decreased in parasitized limpets) and across sites (e.g. proteins levels increase in shell of parasitized limpets from central Chile, but decreased at south-central Chile). However, variability in shell mechanical properties (e.g. toughness and elastic module) do not showed significant differences across sites and parasitism condition. These results suggest the interplay of both parasitism and environmental fluctuations upon the reproductive performance and morphology of the host. In addition, our result highlight that the host may also trade-offs reproduction, growth and shell organic composition to maintain the shell functionality (e.g. protection for mechanical forces and durophagous predators).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roberto García-Huidobro
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marcela Aldana
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Varas
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Pulgar
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio García-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biomateriales y Biomecánica, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Abarca-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biomateriales y Biomecánica, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Grenier
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Nelson A Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
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23
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de Souza EJ, Neves NSDCS, Gomes RKDM, Santos Júnior SGD, Charamba LVC, Campos NF, Napoleão DC. Treatment of textile dyes using advanced oxidative and adsorptive processes individually and combined: study of the operational parameters, kinetic and adsorptive equilibrium. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:1327-1338. [PMID: 33079713 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidative processes (AOP) have been consolidated as an efficient treatment technique to degrade persistent contaminants. In addition to them, biosorption also emerges as a technique capable of removing both pollutants and intermediate products generated by other treatments such as AOP. Thus, this work evaluated the degradation and removal of the mixture of dyes Direct Red 23 and Direct Red 227 in aqueous solution (50 mg·L-1 of each). Preliminary tests showed that the photo-Fenton system under sunlight radiation was the most efficient, reaching a degradation ≥93%. For the adsorptive process using chicken eggshell, preliminary tests indicated that the ideal dosage of adsorbent was 8.0 g·L-1. For this process, a factorial design indicated the best working conditions, which demonstrated from the system adjusted well to the Elovich (kinetic) model and to the Freundlich and Sips models (equilibrium). When associating the two processes, AOP followed by adsorption achieved a total degradation/removal of ≈98% (for all λ) in a time of 60 min. Thus, the feasibility of the combined treatment is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuely José de Souza
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 1235 Professor Moraes do Rego Avenue, PC: 50740-52, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Naiana Santos da Cruz Santana Neves
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 1235 Professor Moraes do Rego Avenue, PC: 50740-52, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Rayssa Kelen de Mendonça Gomes
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 1235 Professor Moraes do Rego Avenue, PC: 50740-52, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Sérgio Gonzaga Dos Santos Júnior
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 1235 Professor Moraes do Rego Avenue, PC: 50740-52, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil E-mail:
| | | | - Natália Ferreira Campos
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 1235 Professor Moraes do Rego Avenue, PC: 50740-52, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Daniella Carla Napoleão
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 1235 Professor Moraes do Rego Avenue, PC: 50740-52, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil E-mail:
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24
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Li Q, Ren J, Wang K, Zheng J, Xu G, Ge C, Yang N, Sun C. The effect of breed and age on the gloss of chicken eggshells. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2494-2499. [PMID: 32359585 PMCID: PMC7597533 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of eggshell quality is important mainly in terms of production economy. Eggshell appearance is one of the most characteristics, influencing the purchasing behavior of consumers. Besides numerous eggshell appearance quality (color, shape, etc.), gloss is an important trait to reflect the eggshell appearance. In this study, 2 experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of breed and age on the gloss of eggshells. In experiment 1, we compared the eggshell gloss of 7 chicken breeds. In experiment 2, 105 Wanan (WA) chickens were raised, and 1 egg was collected from each individual at 26, 32, 40, and 50 wks of age. Eggshell gloss, color (L*, a*, b*), cuticle coverage (ΔE*ab), and thickness were measured. The results of experiment 1 showed that the average gloss values were highly variable among different breeds, and the highest was found in WA (gloss unit [GU] = 8.12), almost 2.5 folds as many as the lowest in Rhode Island Red (GU = 3.23). Also, the eggshell gloss of the local chicken breeds was significantly higher than the highly selected lines of egg-type chicken breeds (P < 0.001). In experiment 2, the results showed that gloss ranged from 9.08 GU to 12.12 GU with a variation of 28.38 to 39.71%. It fluctuated with the increasing age of hens and had the peak value at 26 wk. But, the correlation analysis between eggshell gloss and other eggshell quality traits were very low (-0.07 to 0.25). This study laid a foundation for improving the uniformity and intensity of eggshell gloss for breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junxiao Ren
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guiyun Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changrong Ge
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Congjiao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, Beijing 100193, China.
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25
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Medina-Gudiño J, Rivera-Garcia A, Santos-Ferro L, Ramirez-Orejel JC, Agredano-Moreno LT, Jimenez-Garcia LF, Paez-Esquiliano D, Martinez-Vidal S, Andrade-Esquivel E, Cano-Buendia JA. Analysis of Neutral Electrolyzed Water anti-bacterial activity on contaminated eggshells with Salmonella enterica or Escherichia coli. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 320:108538. [PMID: 32004824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neutral Electrolyzed Water (NEW) was tested in vitro and on artificially contaminated eggs against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica or Escherichia coli. The antibacterial effect was measured 30 s after treatment. NEW microbicide activity results were compared against 2% citric acid and 0.9% saline solutions. NEW caused an in vitro decrease in Salmonella titers by ˃5.56 Log10 CFU mL-1 and in artificially contaminated eggs by ˃1.45 Log10 CFU/egg. When it was tested against E. coli, it decreased in vitro bacterial titers by ˃3.28 Log10 CFU mL-1 and on artificially contaminated eggs by ˃6.39 Log10 CFU/egg. The 2% citric acid solution caused an in vitro decrease of 0.4 Log10 CFU mL-1 of Salmonella and E. coli and on eggs artificially contaminated with E. coli or Salmonella there was a decrease of 0.06 and 0.62 Log10 CFU/egg respectively. We evaluated egg cuticle integrity by scanning electron microscopy after treatments with evaluated solutions; the 2% citric acid solution caused damage to the cuticle and exposed eggshell pores and no interaction of NEW or NaCl with the cuticle was observed. NEW treatment showed a fast-bactericidal effect in vitro and table eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Medina-Gudiño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuidad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Andres Rivera-Garcia
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuidad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Liliana Santos-Ferro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuidad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Juan C Ramirez-Orejel
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuidad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Lourdes T Agredano-Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias, Department of Cell Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis F Jimenez-Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias, Department of Cell Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Paez-Esquiliano
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Phisiology and Pharmacology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuidad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Andrade-Esquivel
- Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 38010 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Jose A Cano-Buendia
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuidad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico.
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26
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Checa AG, Salas C, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, Grenier C, Lagos NA. Articulation and growth of skeletal elements in balanid barnacles (Balanidae, Balanomorpha, Cirripedia). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190458. [PMID: 31598290 PMCID: PMC6774972 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The morphology and ultrastructure of the shells of two balanid species have been examined, paying special attention to the three types of boundaries between plates: (i) radii-parietes, (ii) alae-sheaths, and (iii) parietes-basal plate. At the carinal surfaces of the radii and at the rostral surfaces of the alae, there are series of crenulations with dendritic edges. The crenulations of the radius margins interlock with less prominent features of the opposing paries margins, whereas the surfaces of the longitudinal abutments opposing the ala margins are particularly smooth. The primary septa of the parietes also develop dendritic edges, which abut the internal surfaces of the primary tubes of the base plates. In all cases, there are chitino-proteinaceous organic membranes between the abutting structures. Our observations indicate that the very edges of the crenulations and the primary septa are permanently in contact with the organic membranes. We conclude that, when a new growth increment is going to be produced, the edges of both the crenulations and the primary septa pull the viscoelastic organic membranes locally, with the consequent formation of viscous fingers. For the abutting edges to grow, calcium carbonate must diffuse across the organic membranes, but it is not clear how growth of the organic membranes themselves is accomplished, in the absence of any cellular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G. Checa
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Salas
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Christian Grenier
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Nelson A. Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
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Ostertag E, Scholz M, Klein J, Rebner K, Oelkrug D. Pigmentation of White, Brown, and Green Chicken Eggshells Analyzed by Reflectance, Transmittance, and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1084-1093. [PMID: 31406655 PMCID: PMC6682939 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the reflectance, transmittance and fluorescence spectra (λ=200-1200 nm) of four types of chicken eggshells (white, brown, light green, dark green) measured in situ without pretreatment and after ablation of 20-100 μm of the outer shell regions. The color pigment protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is embedded in the protein phase of all four shell types as highly fluorescent monomers, in the white and light green shells additionally as non-fluorescent dimers, and in the brown and dark green shells mainly as non-fluorescent poly-aggregates. The green shell colors are formed from an approximately equimolar mixture of PPIX and biliverdin. The axial distribution of protein and colorpigments were evaluated from the combined reflectances of both the outer and inner shell surfaces, as well as from the transmittances. For the data generation we used the radiative transfer model in the random walk and Kubelka-Munk approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Ostertag
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T)Reutlingen UniversityAlteburgstr. 15072762ReutlingenGermany
| | - Miriam Scholz
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T)Reutlingen UniversityAlteburgstr. 15072762ReutlingenGermany
| | - Julia Klein
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T)Reutlingen UniversityAlteburgstr. 15072762ReutlingenGermany
| | - Karsten Rebner
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T)Reutlingen UniversityAlteburgstr. 15072762ReutlingenGermany
| | - Dieter Oelkrug
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
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28
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Tomczyk Ł, Szablewski T, Stuper-Szablewska K, Nowaczewski S, Cegielska-Radziejewska R. The influence of the conditions of acquisition and storage of table eggs on changes in their quality and the presence of mycobiota and Fusarium mycotoxins. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2964-2971. [PMID: 30951601 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study showed that the hen housing system and egg storage conditions had significant influence on differences in the qualitative traits of eggs. The most rapid qualitative traits changes were observed in the eggs laid by the hens kept in the free-range and litter systems. After the first week of storage fungi were found on the eggshell surface but significant growth of fungi on the eggshell surface was noted after 3 wk, regardless of the storage conditions. Higher humidity during egg storage causes the dynamic development of fungi in the albumen. The principal component analysis proved the dependency between ergosterol and the trichothecene concentration in the albumen. Mycotoxins in the albumen indicate the presence of pathogenic species of microscopic fungi. The albumen of the eggs laid by the hens kept in cages had the lowest concentration of mycotoxins. The results of the study showed that the conditions of the henhouse environment significantly influenced the initial contamination of eggshells. Egg storage conditions, i.e., high air humidity, favor the development of fungi on the eggshell surface, affect the dynamics of fungal growth into the albumen and the production of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Tomczyk
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan 60-637, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szablewski
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan 60-637, Poland
| | | | - Sebastian Nowaczewski
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan 60-637, Poland
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29
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Rivera‐Garcia A, Santos‐Ferro L, Ramirez‐Orejel JC, Agredano‐Moreno LT, Jimenez‐Garcia LF, Paez‐Esquiliano D, Andrade‐Esquivel E, Cano‐Buendia JA. The effect of neutral electrolyzed water as a disinfectant of eggshells artificially contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:2252-2260. [PMID: 31367353 PMCID: PMC6657710 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) was tested as a disinfectant against Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of table eggs. Eggs were collected from a single Bovans White flock and were exposed to L. monocytogenes. Artificially contaminated eggs were divided into three different treatment groups: NEW, 2% citric acid solution (CAS), and saline solution (SS). To evaluate the bactericidal effect, the Mexican norm for antimicrobial activity determination protocol was performed. The observed bactericidal effect was compared against those obtained from CAS and SS. Bacterial cells present on the eggshells were quantified. NEW exhibited a significantly higher bactericidal effect than CAS when evaluated on the surfaces of chicken eggshells (6.11 log10CFU/ml reduction in vitro and a 2.18 log10 CFU/egg reduction on eggs vs. 1.06 log10CFU/ml in vitro reduction and 1.74 log10CFU/egg). Additionally, CAS was found to react with the carbonate egg shield, resulting in a loss of cuticle integrity. Mineral content of NEW-treated eggshells was similar to SS-treated eggshells; however, CAS-treated eggshells showed a significant decrease in phosphorous concentration compared to NEW treatment. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of NEW and CAS on the integrity of the L. monocytogenes wall using transmission electron microscopy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the effect of NEW against L. monocytogenes on eggshells. Our results show that NEW is a viable alternative solution for the disinfection of table eggs that does not affect the cuticle or shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Rivera‐Garcia
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM)Mexico CityMexico
| | - Liliana Santos‐Ferro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM)Mexico CityMexico
| | - Juan C. Ramirez‐Orejel
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Animal Nutrition and BiochemistryUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)Mexico CityMexico
| | - Lourdes T. Agredano‐Moreno
- Cell Nanobiology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology. Faculty of SciencesUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)Mexico CityMexico
| | - Luis F. Jimenez‐Garcia
- Cell Nanobiology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology. Faculty of SciencesUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)Mexico CityMexico
| | - David Paez‐Esquiliano
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)Mexico CityMexico
| | | | - Jose A. Cano‐Buendia
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM)Mexico CityMexico
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30
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Bain MM, Zheng J, Zigler M, Whenham N, Quinlan-Pluck F, Jones AC, Roberts M, Icken W, Olori VE, Dunn IC. Cuticle deposition improves the biosecurity of eggs through the laying cycle and can be measured on hatching eggs without compromising embryonic development. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1775-1784. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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31
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Chen X, Li X, Guo Y, Li W, Song J, Xu G, Yang N, Zheng J. Impact of cuticle quality and eggshell thickness on egg antibacterial efficiency. Poult Sci 2019; 98:940-948. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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32
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Park JA, Sohn SH. The Influence of Hen Aging on Eggshell Ultrastructure and Shell Mineral Components. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2018; 38:1080-1091. [PMID: 30479513 PMCID: PMC6238045 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.e41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The eggshell, which is a complex and highly ordered structure, is very important factor for food safety and egg marketing. This study investigated the changes in eggshell structure and shell components in relationship to hen age. For this study, we examined the histological change of the endometrium of the 30-, 60-, and 72-wk-old commercial layers, and analyzed the ultrastructure and ionic composition of their eggshells. The results showed that histological deformation, fibrosis, atrophy and elimination of micro-villi in the uterus endometrium were found through microscopic observation that was associated with increasing hen age. Concentration of blood-ion components such as Ca2+, Na+, K+, and Cl- ions did not change with age. Along with the results from the ultrastructure analysis of the eggshell, the palisade layer ratio and the density of mammillary knobs were significantly decreased in older hens. In addition, the type B mammillary knobs were frequently observed with increasing hen age. In the mineral element assay from the eggshell, Ca2+, S2-, and Co2+ significantly decreased with increasing hen age, whereas Na+, K+, and V2+ significantly increased. Therefore, the damages of endometrial tissue inhibit the processes of ion transmission and the crystallization of eggshell formation, resulting in a large and non-uniform mammillary knob formation. This means the conditions of endometrial cells affect the formation of the eggshell structure. In conclusion, hen aging causes the weakness of the eggshell and degrades the eggshell quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sea-Hwan Sohn
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National
University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725,
Korea
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33
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Kulshreshtha G, Rodriguez-Navarro A, Sanchez-Rodriguez E, Diep T, Hincke MT. Cuticle and pore plug properties in the table egg. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1382-1390. [PMID: 29340658 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food safety of table eggs is vital since many pathogens can contaminate the unfertilized egg, leading to increased risk of foodborne illness for consumers. The eggshell cuticle is the first line of defense to restrict the entry of egg-associated pathogens, such as Salmonella Enteritidis. The thickness and completeness of coverage of the cuticle layer are heritable traits that are strongly associated with egg resistance to bacterial penetration. The present study characterizes the chemical composition of the eggshell cuticle and structure of pore plugs from table eggs. Eggs collected from both brown and white egg laying Lohmann flocks (early, mid, and late lay) were either unwashed or washed. Pore plugs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and elemental composition was determined using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). SEM observations confirmed that the plug formed by the cuticle layer within the eggshell pore remains firmly lodged throughout the commercial washing process. The eggshell thickness and cuticle pore length visualized in brown eggs was significantly higher than in white eggs in hens of all ages. EDS analysis revealed that the pore inner surface was enriched in phosphorus and chemically different from the surrounding bulk eggshell mineral. Detailed assessment of the cuticle chemical composition was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Washing of eggs removed cuticle from the eggshell surface. There was a trend of lower cuticle coverage with increasing hen age for white eggs. A significant reduction in the amount of proteins and phosphates and polysaccharides was observed in the cuticle of brown unwashed eggs with hen age. In white unwashed eggs, amides and lipids decreased with hen age; by contrast, the amount of sulfate was highest at mid-lay. The results from our research will assist selective breeding programs that target cuticle integrity and pore plug stability to enhance egg resistance to pathogen penetration and improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kulshreshtha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - A Rodriguez-Navarro
- Lyn Egg Production and Grading, Burnbrae Farms Limited, Lyn, Ontario, Canada, K0E 1M0
| | - E Sanchez-Rodriguez
- Lyn Egg Production and Grading, Burnbrae Farms Limited, Lyn, Ontario, Canada, K0E 1M0
| | - T Diep
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M T Hincke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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Yang TR, Chen YH, Wiemann J, Spiering B, Sander PM. Fossil eggshell cuticle elucidates dinosaur nesting ecology. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5144. [PMID: 30002976 PMCID: PMC6037156 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticle layer consisting mainly of lipids and hydroxyapatite (HAp) atop the mineralized avian eggshell is a protective structure that prevents the egg from dehydration and microbial invasions. Previous ornithological studies have revealed that the cuticle layer is also involved in modulating the reflectance of eggshells in addition to pigments (protoporphyrin and biliverdin). Thus, the cuticle layer represents a crucial trait that delivers ecological signals. While present in most modern birds, direct evidence for cuticle preservation in stem birds and non-avian dinosaurs is yet missing. Here we present the first direct and chemical evidence for the preservation of the cuticle layer on dinosaur eggshells. We analyze several theropod eggshells from various localities, including oviraptorid Macroolithus yaotunensis eggshells from the Late Cretaceous deposits of Henan, Jiangxi, and Guangdong in China and alvarezsaurid Triprismatoolithus eggshell from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana, United States, with the scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The elemental analysis with EPMA shows high concentration of phosphorus at the boundary between the eggshell and sediment, representing the hydroxyapatitic cuticle layer (HAp). Depletion of phosphorus in sediment excludes the allochthonous origin of the phosphorus in these eggshells. The chemometric analysis of Raman spectra collected from fossil and extant eggs provides further supportive evidence for the cuticle preservation in oviraptorid and probable alvarezsaurid eggshells. In accordance with our previous discovery of pigments preserved in Cretaceous oviraptorid dinosaur eggshells, we validate the cuticle preservation on dinosaur eggshells through deep time and offer a yet unexplored resource for chemical studies targeting the evolution of dinosaur nesting ecology. Our study also suggests that the cuticle structure can be traced far back to maniraptoran dinosaurs and enhance their reproductive success in a warm and mesic habitat such as Montana and southern China during the Late Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ruei Yang
- Bereich Paläontologie, Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jasmina Wiemann
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Beate Spiering
- Bereich Mineralogie, Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - P. Martin Sander
- Bereich Paläontologie, Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Microbial diversity on commercial eggs as affected by the production system. A first approach using PGM. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 262:3-7. [PMID: 28950163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel DNA-based technique (PGM) has been employed for first time to analyse commercial eggs with the advantage of allowing an exhaustive identification of the microbiota present. Eggs from two different production systems, i.e. a free range system and a cage system, were analysed. Twenty-one and twenty-two phyla were identified on the surface of cage system and free range system eggs, respectively. In both cases, Firmicutes was the dominant phylum (representing around 50% of total phyla), being found families frequently reported to be present in the intestinal microbiota of chickens or hens, such as Clostridiaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Additionally, other phyla and families not previously described in association with eggshells could also be identified in this work. Most of the potential pathogenic genera associated with eggs (Salmonella, Clostridium, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus) showed higher incidence in eggs coming from cage systems than in eggs coming from free range systems, although the abundance of these genera were very low in both cases (<5% of total bacteria).
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D'Alba L, Torres R, Waterhouse GIN, Eliason C, Hauber ME, Shawkey MD. What Does the Eggshell Cuticle Do? A Functional Comparison of Avian Eggshell Cuticles. Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:588-599. [PMID: 28745930 DOI: 10.1086/693434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The avian eggshell is a highly ordered structure with several layers (mammillae, palisades, and vertical crystal layer) composed of calcium carbonate (∼96%) and minerals within an organic matrix. The cuticle is a noncalcified layer that covers the eggshells of most bird species. Eggshells are multifunctional structures that have evolved in response to diverse embryonic requirements and challenges, including protection from microbial infection, nest flooding, and exposure to solar radiation. However, experimental evidence for these functions across diverse taxa is currently limited. Here we investigated the effects of nanosphere cuticles on (1) bacterial attachment and transshell penetration, (2) eggshell wettability, (3) water vapor conductance, and (4) regulation of ultraviolet (UV) reflectance in seven ground-nesting bird species. We found considerable interspecific variation in ultrastructure and chemical composition of cuticles. Experimental removal of the cuticle confirmed that all nanospheres were highly effective at decreasing attachment of bacteria to shell surfaces and at preventing bacterial penetration. Cuticles also greatly decreased the amount of UV reflected by eggshells. In species with particularly small nanospheres, gas exchange was reduced by the presence of cuticle. Our results support the hypothesis that microbes and solar UV radiation can cause strong selection on bird eggs but also show that we need a greater understanding about the effects of specific nesting conditions (e.g., hydric and gaseous milieu) on embryo well-being and eggshell structure variation.
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Dominguez-Gasca N, Muñoz A, Rodriguez-Navarro AB. Quality assessment of chicken eggshell cuticle by infrared spectroscopy and staining techniques: a comparative study. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:517-522. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1342219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Dominguez-Gasca
- Departmento de Mineralogia y Petrologia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - A. Muñoz
- Departmento de Mineralogia y Petrologia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Poulsen LL, Thøfner I, Bisgaard M, Christensen JP, Olsen RH, Christensen H. Longitudinal study of transmission of Escherichia coli from broiler breeders to broilers. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:13-18. [PMID: 28757012 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is of major importance in industrial broiler production as the main cause of salpingitis and peritonitis in broiler breeders. Furthermore E. coli is the most common cause of first week mortality in broiler chickens. The aim of the present study was to investigate the transmission of E. coli, isolated from broiler breeders with salpingitis, to the progeny and the possibility of subsequent first week mortality. Four parent flocks were followed during the whole production period (20-60 weeks) by post mortem and bacteriological examination of randomly selected dead birds. Newly hatched chickens from each flock were swabbed in the cloaca on four occasions (parent age 30, 40, 50, 60 weeks) and E. coli was isolated. Causes of first week mortality were determined pathologically and bacteriologically. E. coli isolates from parents, newly hatched chickens and first week mortality were selected for Pulsed-Field-Gel-Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multi-Locus-Sequence-Typing (MLST) to determine their clonal relationships. E. coli was the main cause of both salpingitis in parents and first week mortality in broilers, and E. coli dominated the bacterial flora of the cloaca of newly hatched chickens. PFGE of E. coli showed identical band patterns in isolates from the three different sources indicating a transmission of E. coli from parent birds to chickens. In conclusion, E. coli isolated from salpingitis in broiler parents were found to be transmitted to broilers in which some sequence types contributed to the first week mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ladefoged Poulsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjlen 4, DK, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Ida Thøfner
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjlen 4, DK, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Peter Christensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjlen 4, DK, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rikke Heidemann Olsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjlen 4, DK, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Christensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjlen 4, DK, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Liu YC, Chen TH, Wu YC, Lee YC, Tan FJ. Effects of egg washing and storage temperature on the quality of eggshell cuticle and eggs. Food Chem 2016; 211:687-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ramajo L, Marbà N, Prado L, Peron S, Lardies MA, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Vargas CA, Lagos NA, Duarte CM. Biomineralization changes with food supply confer juvenile scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) resistance to ocean acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:2025-37. [PMID: 26644007 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Future ocean acidification (OA) will affect physiological traits of marine species, with calcifying species being particularly vulnerable. As OA entails high energy demands, particularly during the rapid juvenile growth phase, food supply may play a key role in the response of marine organisms to OA. We experimentally evaluated the role of food supply in modulating physiological responses and biomineralization processes in juveniles of the Chilean scallop, Argopecten purpuratus, that were exposed to control (pH ~ 8.0) and low pH (pH ~ 7.6) conditions using three food supply treatments (high, intermediate, and low). We found that pH and food levels had additive effects on the physiological response of the juvenile scallops. Metabolic rates, shell growth, net calcification, and ingestion rates increased significantly at low pH conditions, independent of food. These physiological responses increased significantly in organisms exposed to intermediate and high levels of food supply. Hence, food supply seems to play a major role modulating organismal response by providing the energetic means to bolster the physiological response of OA stress. On the contrary, the relative expression of chitin synthase, a functional molecule for biomineralization, increased significantly in scallops exposed to low food supply and low pH, which resulted in a thicker periostracum enriched with chitin polysaccharides. Under reduced food and low pH conditions, the adaptive organismal response was to trade-off growth for the expression of biomineralization molecules and altering of the organic composition of shell periostracum, suggesting that the future performance of these calcifiers will depend on the trajectories of both OA and food supply. Thus, incorporating a suite of traits and multiple stressors in future studies of the adaptive organismal response may provide key insights on OA impacts on marine calcifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ramajo
- Global Change Department, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC-UIB), C/ Miquel Marqués 21, 07190, Esporles, Islas Baleares, Spain
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejercito 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Núria Marbà
- Global Change Department, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC-UIB), C/ Miquel Marqués 21, 07190, Esporles, Islas Baleares, Spain
| | - Luis Prado
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejercito 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sophie Peron
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marco A Lardies
- Facultad de Artes Liberales and Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Avenida Diagonal Las Torres 2640, 7941169, Peñalolen, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Study of Multiple-drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Cristian A Vargas
- Center for the Study of Multiple-drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Funcionamiento de Ecosistema Acuáticos (LAFE), Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejercito 146, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Study of Multiple-drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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41
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Muñoz A, Dominguez-Gasca N, Jimenez-Lopez C, Rodriguez-Navarro AB. Importance of eggshell cuticle composition and maturity for avoiding trans-shell Salmonella contamination in chicken eggs. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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42
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Fecheyr-Lippens DC, Igic B, D'Alba L, Hanley D, Verdes A, Holford M, Waterhouse GIN, Grim T, Hauber ME, Shawkey MD. The cuticle modulates ultraviolet reflectance of avian eggshells. Biol Open 2015; 4:753-9. [PMID: 25964661 PMCID: PMC4571098 DOI: 10.1242/bio.012211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian eggshells are variedly coloured, yet only two pigments, biliverdin and protoporphyrin IX, are known to contribute to the dramatic diversity of their colours. By contrast, the contributions of structural or other chemical components of the eggshell are poorly understood. For example, unpigmented eggshells, which appear white to the human eye, vary in their ultraviolet (UV) reflectance, which may be detectable by birds. We investigated the proximate mechanisms for the variation in UV-reflectance of unpigmented bird eggshells using spectrophotometry, electron microscopy, chemical analyses, and experimental manipulations. We specifically tested how UV-reflectance is affected by the eggshell cuticle, the outermost layer of most avian eggshells. The chemical dissolution of the outer eggshell layers, including the cuticle, increased UV-reflectance for only eggshells that contained a cuticle. Our findings demonstrate that the outer eggshell layers, including the cuticle, absorb UV-light, probably because they contain higher levels of organic components and other chemicals, such as calcium phosphates, compared to the predominantly calcite-based eggshell matrix. These data highlight the need to examine factors other than the known pigments in studies of avian eggshell colour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Branislav Igic
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Liliana D'Alba
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Aida Verdes
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Mande Holford
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Tomas Grim
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Morsy MK, Sharoba AM, Khalaf HH, El-Tanahy HH, Cutter CN. Efficacy of Antimicrobial Pullulan-Based Coating to Improve Internal Quality and Shelf-Life of Chicken Eggs During Storage. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M1066-74. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed K. Morsy
- Dept. of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha Univ; Qaluobia Egypt
| | - Ashraf M. Sharoba
- Dept. of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha Univ; Qaluobia Egypt
| | - Hassan H. Khalaf
- Dept. of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha Univ; Qaluobia Egypt
| | | | - Catherine N. Cutter
- Dept. of Food Science, Pennsylvania State Univ. 202 Food Science Building, University Park; PA 16802 USA
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Webb ML, Spickler JL, Bourassa DV, Cox NA, Wilson JL, Buhr RJ. Recovery of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis from inoculated broiler hatching eggs using shell rinse and shell crush sampling methods. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2117-22. [PMID: 24931964 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-03992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the recovery of Salmonella from hatching eggs using 3 sampling methods (eggshell rinsing, eggshell crush following a previous rinse, and eggshell crush without previous rinse). Eggshells were drop-inoculated with approximately 10(1), 10(2), or 10(3) cfu/eggshell of Salmonella Enteritidis and allowed to dry at room temperature for 1 or 24 h. For the shell rinse groups, each inoculated egg was rinsed with buffered peptone water. These rinsed eggs were used for the shell crush with previous rinse groups, and each egg was aseptically cracked, the contents discarded, and the eggshell and membranes crushed with buffered peptone water. This same crush procedure was used for the shell crush without previous shell rinse eggs. The recovery of Salmonella 1 h after inoculation for shell rinse sampled eggs was 16% positive at 10(1), 49% at 10(2), and 93% at 10(3) cfu/eggshell challenge. For the shell crush with previous shell rinse, sampled egg recovery was 0% positive at 10(1), 3% at 10(2), and 17% at 10(3) cfu/eggshell. For the shell crush, sampled eggs had recovery of 23% positive at 10(1), 69% at 10(2), and 96% at 10(3) cfu/eggshell challenge. The recovery of Salmonella 24 h after inoculation for the shell rinse eggs was 3% positive at 10(1), 12% at 10(2), and 22% at 10(3) cfu/eggshell challenge; recovery for shell crush with previous shell rinse sampling was 2% positive at 10(1), 8% at 10(2), and 5% at 10(3) cfu/eggshell challenge; and for the shell crush sampling recovery was 2% at 10(1), 32% at 10(2), and 42% at 10(3) cfu/eggshell challenge. Eggshell crush was a more sensitive (∼10 percentage points) sampling method than eggshell rinse at both 1 and 24 h, but both methods were equally optimal when the inoculum was at 10(3) and samples were collected after 1 h. Waiting 24 h after inoculation to sample significantly lowered the recovery for both the shell rinse and shell crush sampling methods by ∼40 percentage points.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Webb
- Biology Department, Claflin University, Orangeburg, SC 29115 Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605
| | - J L Spickler
- Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605 Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - D V Bourassa
- Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605
| | - N A Cox
- Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605
| | - J L Wilson
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - R J Buhr
- Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605
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