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Yang C, Dong B, Chen A, Jiang Y, Bai H, Chen G, Chang G, Wang Z. Metagenomic insights into the relationship between intestinal flora and residual feed intake of meat ducks. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103836. [PMID: 38776859 PMCID: PMC11141266 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we sought to determine the effects of intestinal flora on the feed efficiency of meat ducks by evaluating the correlation between intestinal flora and residual feed intake. The F2 generation of Cherry Valley ducks × Runzhou Crested White ducks was used as the study subjects, and feed consumption being recorded from d 21 to 42. RFI was calculated based on growth performance, and 20 low RFI and 20 high RFI ducks were randomly selected to characterize the effect of RFI on growth performance. To analyze the intestinal flora affecting RFI, 16s rDNA sequencing was performed on the contents of 5 intestinal segments from the HR and LR groups, and macrogenomic sequencing was performed on the cecal contents. Feed intake, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and residual feed intake were lower in low RFI. Analysis of the intestinal flora revealed the cecum to be more highly enriched in the carbohydrate metabolism pathway and less enriched with potentially pathogenic taxa than the other assessed intestinal regions. Further analysis of the cecal microbiota identified nine significantly differentially enriched intestinal flora. In this study, we accordingly identified a basis for the mechanisms underlying the effects of the intestinal flora on meat duck feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bingqiang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guobin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Pechrkong T, Incharoen T, Hwanhlem N, Kaewkong W, Subsoontorn P, Tartrakoon W, Numthuam S, Jiménez G, Charoensook R. Effect of Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112 T supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune-related gene expression, and gut microbiome in Barbary ducks. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102991. [PMID: 37611452 PMCID: PMC10466923 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112T supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune-related gene expression, and the cecal microbiota of meat ducks. A total of 150 one-day-old male Barbary ducks were divided into 3 groups with 5 replicates (n = 10 ducks per replicate) by completely randomized design and offered diets supplemented with the commercial product Toyocerin (containing 1 × 109B. toyonensis BCT-7112T viable spores/g product) at the levels of 0, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg (0, 500, or 1,000 ppm), respectively, for 8 wk. The results showed that although ducks in the 500 ppm B. toyonensis BCT-7112T group displayed numerically better values (e.g., weight gain and feed conversion ratio) than those in the control group, the growth performance of ducks fed diets supplemented with B. toyonensis BCT-7112T did not differ significantly from that of the control group (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in the intestinal mucosal morphology of ducks across the experimental groups (P > 0.05). However, ducks in the 500 ppm B. toyonensis BCT-7112T group showed a trend of greater values, for example, villus height per crypt depth of duodenum (P = 0.16) and ileum (P = 0.12) compared with those in the control group. The relative expression of immune-related genes, for example, interferon (IFN) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the meat duck spleen was significantly lower in both B. toyonensis BCT-7112T groups at 14 d and 35 d than in the control group (P < 0.05). Beta diversity analysis of the cecal microbiota of ducks in either the 500 ppm or the 1,000 ppm B. toyonensis BCT-7112T group showed to have higher diversity than that in the control group, where at the phylum level, Bacteroidetes was the most abundant, followed by Firmicutes, and at the genus level, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Ruminococcaceae were the top 3 most abundant genera. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that 500 ppm supplementation with B. toyonensis BCT-7112T in duck diets can reduce proinflammatory cytokine gene expression, improve immunological function, and increase the variety of microbial communities in the ceca of meat-type ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitima Pechrkong
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Tossaporn Incharoen
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Noraphat Hwanhlem
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Worasak Kaewkong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Pakpoom Subsoontorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Wandee Tartrakoon
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Sonthaya Numthuam
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | - Rangsun Charoensook
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand.
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Xue J, Fang C, Mu R, Zhuo R, Xiao Y, Qing Y, Tang J, Fang R. Potential Mechanism and Effects of Different Selenium Sources and Different Effective Microorganism Supplementation Levels on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Muscle Fiber Characteristics of Three-Yellow Chickens. Front Nutr 2022; 9:869540. [PMID: 35495956 PMCID: PMC9051370 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.869540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A trial was conducted to investigate the effects of different Se sources, including sodium selenite (S-Se) and selenium yeast (Y-Se) and different effective microorganism (EM) addition levels on growth performance, meat quality, and muscle fiber characteristics of three-yellow chickens and its potential mechanism. A total of 400 birds were randomly distributed into 4 groups (S-Se, S-Se + EM, Y-Se, and Y-Se + EM groups) consisting of a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The main factors were the source of Se (ISe = inorganic Se: 0.2 mg/kg S-Se; OSe = organic Se: 0.2 mg/kg Y-Se) and the level of EM (HEMB = high EM: 0.5% EM; ZEMB = low EM: 0% EM). Each treatment had 5 replicates and each replicate consisted of 20 broiler chickens. The trial lasted for 70 days. The results showed that, in breast muscle, the broiler chickens fed OSe source decreased the pH24h, drip loss, shear force, perimeter, cross-sectional area, and diameter, but increased the a24h* and density compared with the broiler chickens fed ISe source (p < 0.05); broiler chickens supplied with HEMB level decreased the cross-sectional area and diameter, but increased the pH24h, a24h,* and density compared with the broiler chickens supplied with ZEMB level (p < 0.05). In thigh muscle, OSe source and HEMB level also could improve the meat quality and change muscle fiber characteristics of broiler chickens (p < 0.05). Meat quality was correlated with the muscle fiber characteristics (p < 0.05). OSe source and HEMB level could regulate the expression levels of muscle fiber-relative genes in the breast and thigh muscles (p < 0.05). In conclusion, OSe source and HEMB level could improve the meat quality of the breast and thigh muscles of three-yellow chickens by changing the muscle fiber characteristics, and they changed the muscle fiber characteristics by regulating the expression levels of muscle fiber-relative genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjing Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Chengkun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Mu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Yiqing Qing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaxi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Rejun Fang
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Ji F, Gu L, Rong G, Hu C, Sun W, Wang D, Peng W, Lin D, Liu Q, Wu H, Dai H, Zhou H, Xu T. Using Extract From the Stems and Leaves of Yizhi (Alpiniae oxyphyllae) as Feed Additive Increases Meat Quality and Intestinal Health in Ducks. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:793698. [PMID: 35174238 PMCID: PMC8841826 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.793698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yizhi (Alpiniae Oxyphyllae, A. oxyphylla) has been widely used as an important traditional Chinese medicinal herb for centuries. Existing studies have shown that A. oxyphylla has numerous benefits in human and animal health. We hypothesized that extract from the stems and leaves of A. oxyphylla (AOE) as a feed additive may have positive effects on animal health and products. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of AOE as a feed additive on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology, microbial composition, and meat quality in Jiaji ducks. A total of 240 Jiaji ducks of 42 days old (1675.8 ± 44.2 g, male: female ratio = 1:1) were blocked based on body weight and randomly allocated into four dietary treatments with three replicates that each had 20 duck individuals. The dietary treatments included: basal diet, control group (CK); basal diet supplementation with 30 mg/kg (Y1), 80 mg/kg (Y2), and 130 mg/kg (Y3) AOE, respectively, and lasted for 49 days. The results showed that average daily feed intake from day 42 to day 60 was decreased with the increasing level of AOE (P < 0.05). Compared with the CK group, the groups with AOE supplementation decreased serum LDL-C level (P < 0.05), the addition of 30 mg/kg AOE increased total amino acids, essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, nonessential amino acids, and umami taste amino acids (P < 0.05), but decreased selenium and zinc concentrations in breast muscle (P < 0.05). In addition, the supplementation of 30 or 130 mg/kg AOE significantly increased jejunal villus height (P < 0.05) and tended to increase the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum (P = 0.092) compared to the CK group. Moreover, the addition of 30 mg/kg AOE showed a higher abundance of genus unclassified Bacteroidales and genus unclassified Ruminococcaceae than the CK group (P < 0.05). Therefore, dietary supplementation with 30 mg/kg AOE increased meat nutrition profile and flavor through promoting amino acid contents in breast muscle, as well as maintained intestine integrity and modulated the microbial composition. In conclusion, AOE as an antibiotic alternative displayed potential in maintaining intestinal health and improving meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Ji
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Lihong Gu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Guang Rong
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Chengjun Hu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Weiping Sun
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Dingfa Wang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Weiqi Peng
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Dajie Lin
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Quanwei Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Hongzhi Wu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Haofu Dai
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Haofu Dai
| | - Hanlin Zhou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hanlin Zhou
| | - Tieshan Xu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Tieshan Xu
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Sun H, Du X, Zeng T, Ruan S, Li G, Tao Z, Xu W, Lu L. Effects of Compound Probiotics on Cecal Microbiome and Metabolome of Shaoxing Duck. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:813598. [PMID: 35087506 PMCID: PMC8787150 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.813598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of compound probiotics on intestinal microflora and metabolome of Shaoxing ducks. A total of 640 1-day-old Shaoxing ducks were randomly divided into two treatments with eight replicates and forty ducks for each replicate. The ducks were fed basal diet (Ctrl) and basal diet supplemented with 0.15% compound probiotics (MixP). The experiment lasted for 85 days. The results showed that the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Bacteroides in MixP was higher than that in Ctrl (P < 0.05). However, the abundance of Firmicutes and Oscillospira and Desulfovibrio in MixP was lower than that in Ctrl (P < 0.05). Concentrations of 71 metabolites differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the MixP and the Ctrl groups; for example, Pyridoxal (Vitamin B6), L-Arginine, and Betaine aldehyde were up-regulated (P < 0.05), and 7-oxocholesterol, 3-hydroxy-L-kynureni-ne, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were down-regulated (P < 0.05). KEGG was enriched in 15 metabolic pathways. The pathways of Vitamin B6 metabolism, Vascular smooth muscle contraction, Vitamin digestion and absorption, and Protein digestion and absorption were influenced by compound probiotics supplementation. Thus, supplementation of compound probiotics improved cecal heath through shifts in the cecal microbiome and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxue Sun
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xizhong Du
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenggang Ruan
- Shaoxing Xianheng Shao Duck Breeding Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, China
| | - Guoqin Li
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Tao
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases with and without type-2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 33:e548-e554. [PMID: 33795579 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not very well described but gut microbiota composition is mentioned as a risk factor. The present study aimed to characterize the differences of dominant gut microbiota phyla among people with NAFLD as compared to T2DM and control groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS The major bacterial phylum of gut microbiota including Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and total bacteria of 15 NAFLD patients with T2DM, 15 NAFLD patients without T2DM, 15 patients with T2DM, and 20 healthy control subjects were assessed by a quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS NAFLD patients with T2DM had significantly higher BMI, triglyceride level, and total cholesterol level were compared with controls (Pv < 0.05). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla were significantly low in NAFLD patients with T2DM (Firmicutes, 2.55 ± 2.25, Pv 0/0002 and Bacteroidetes, 1.55 ± 2.29, Pv 0/0007), while the content of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria was high in NAFLD patients with T2DM group and there were no significant differences between phyla with NAFLD patients with T2DM group (Pv > 0.05). Furthermore, Firmicutes copy number was lower in the separate groups of NAFLD and T2DM as compared to the healthy controls (Pv < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study performed gut microbiota for the first time among NAFLD and TDM patients separately and together. This investigation indicated that NAFLD patients with T2DM have a different gut composition in comparison to NAFLD, T2DM alone, which could be associated with disease development.
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Fan S, Zhang K, Lv A, Ma Y, Fang X, Zhang J. Characteristics of the intestinal microbiota and metabolism in infants with extrauterine growth restriction. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:1259-1270. [PMID: 34189084 PMCID: PMC8193004 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants with extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) experience significant postnatal growth restriction in the first week after birth, which indicates a failure of energy absorption. This study aimed to determine the different intestinal microbial species and metabolites between infants with EUGR and those without EUGR. METHODS A total of 73 infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit were enrolled and divided into the EUGR group (n=50) and the non-EUGR group (n=23). Fecal samples were collected during hospitalization. Bacterial species and their relative abundance were identified with metagenome sequencing. The metabolites in the feces and blood were identified with a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based non-targeted metabolome. RESULTS The intestinal microbiota of the EUGR group contained less Bacteroides vulgatus, Dorea unclassified, Lachnospiraceae bacterium 1_1_57FAA, and Roseburia unclassified compared to that of the non-EUGR group. More importantly, the intestinal microbiota of the EUGR group contained Streptococcus mitis_oralis_pneumoniae, while that of the non-EUGR group did not. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) prediction and a correlation analysis identified that the majority of different microbial species higher in the non-EUGR group were related to metabolism. The results of the non-targeted metabolome revealed that several metabolites in the feces and blood were much higher in either group, and some of which were related to the different microbial species. CONCLUSIONS This study identified several different intestinal microbial species and metabolites in the patients' feces and blood, which may provide evidence to identify the biomarkers of infants with EUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Anping Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Xu E, Yang H, Ren M, Wang Y, Xiao M, Tang Q, Zhu M, Xiao Y. Identification of Enterotype and Its Effects on Intestinal Butyrate Production in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030730. [PMID: 33800148 PMCID: PMC7999521 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Enterotype (ET) is defined based on different gut microbial community composition. It has been considered as a critical factor strongly associated with the porcine feed efficiency and growth characteristic. However, little is known about whether the ET clustering depends on the pig breeds and the effects of the different enterotypes on the butyrate metabolism in pigs. Therefore, we studied Jinhua pig’s enterotype by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing, and then analyzed the interaction between enterotype and butyrate production. Results showed that we identified three ETs driven by discriminative genera dominated by Lactobacillus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, and Bacteroides, respectively. Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate production and butyrate-producing bacteria were observed among ETs. These findings present a first overview of the enterotypes clustering in Jinhua pigs and provide new insights into the relationship between the different ETs and intestinal butyrate production. Abstract Gut microbiota is thought to play a crucial role in nutrient digestion for pigs, especially in processing indigestible polysaccharides in the diets to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). However, the link between microbiota community structure and phenotypic performances are poorly understood. In the present study, the fecal samples of 105 Jinhua pigs at 105 days of age were clustered into three enterotypes (ETs, ET1, ET2, and ET3) that are subpopulations of distinct bacterial community composition by using 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. The α-diversity indices (the OTU number and Shannon index) were significantly different among the ETs (p < 0.001). At the genus level, the ET1 group was over-represented by Lactobacillus (17.49%) and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (11.78%), the ET2 group was over-represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (17.49%) and Bifidobacterium (11.78%), and the ET3 group was over-represented by Bacteroides (18.17%). Significant differences in the fecal contents of butyrate were observed among ETs, with the highest level detected in ET3 and the lowest in ET2 (p < 0.05). Consistently, more copies of the terminal genes for butyrate synthesis, butyrate kinase (Buk) and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): acetate CoA transferase (But) were detected by qPCR in the fecal samples of the ET3 group as compared to other two groups (p < 0.05). In addition, of the two genes, But was demonstrated to be more relevant to the butyrate content (R = 0.7464) than Buk (R = 0.4905) by correlation analysis. In addition, based on the taxonomic analysis, we found that Faecalibacterium was the most relevant butyrate-producing genera with fecal butyrate contents in Jinhua pigs, followed by Butyricicoccus, Eubacterium, Butyricimonas, Blautia, and Anaerostipes, all of which showed significantly higher richness in ET3 than as compared to ET1 and ET2 (p < 0.05). Collectively, this work presents a first overview of the enterotypes clustering in Jinhua pigs and will help to unravel the functional implications of ETs for the pig’s phenotypic performance and nutrient metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.X.); (M.R.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (Q.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
| | - Minmin Ren
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.X.); (M.R.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (Q.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yuanxia Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.X.); (M.R.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (Q.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.X.); (M.R.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (Q.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Qingsong Tang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.X.); (M.R.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (Q.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Min Zhu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.X.); (M.R.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (Q.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-8640-4015; Fax: +86-571-8640-1834
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Knudsen C, Arroyo J, Even M, Cauquil L, Pascal G, Fernandez X, Lavigne F, Davail S, Combes S, Ricaud K. The intestinal microbial composition in Greylag geese differs with steatosis induction mode: spontaneous or induced by overfeeding. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:6. [PMID: 33499980 PMCID: PMC7934468 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Relationships between microbial composition and steatosis are being extensively studied in mammals, and causal relations have been evidenced. In migratory birds the liver can transiently store lipids during pre-migratory and migratory phases, but little is known about the implications of the digestive microbiota in those mechanisms. The Landaise greylag goose (Anser anser) is a good model to study steatosis in migratory birds as it is domesticated, but is still, from a genetic point of view, close to its wild migratory ancestor. It also has a great ingestion capacity and a good predisposition for hepatic steatosis, whether spontaneous or induced by conventional overfeeding. The conventional (overfeeding) and alternative (spontaneous steatosis induction) systems differ considerably in duration and feed intake level and previous studies have shown that aptitudes to spontaneous steatosis are very variable. The present study thus aimed to address two issues: (i) evaluate whether microbial composition differs with steatosis-inducing mode; (ii) elucidate whether a digestive microbial signature could be associated with variable aptitudes to spontaneous liver steatosis. Results Performances, biochemical composition of the livers and microbiota differed considerably in response to steatosis stimulation. We namely identified the genus Romboutsia to be overrepresented in birds developing a spontaneous steatosis in comparison to those submitted to conventional overfeeding while the genera Ralstonia, Variovorax and Sphingomonas were underrepresented only in birds that did not develop a spontaneous steatosis compared to conventionally overfed ones, birds developing a spontaneous steatosis having intermediate values. Secondly, no overall differences in microbial composition were evidenced in association with variable aptitudes to spontaneous steatosis, although one OTU, belonging to the Lactobacillus genus, was overrepresented in birds having developed a spontaneous steatosis compared to those that had not. Conclusions Our study is the first to evaluate the intestinal microbial composition in association with steatosis, whether spontaneous or induced by overfeeding, in geese. Steatosis induction modes were associated with distinct digestive microbial compositions. However, unlike what can be observed in mammals, no clear microbial signature associated with spontaneous steatosis level was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Knudsen
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326, Castanet Tolosan, France.
| | - Julien Arroyo
- ASSELDOR, Station d'expérimentation appliquée et de démonstration sur l'oie et le canard, La Tour de Glane, 24420, Coulaures, France
| | - Maxime Even
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur- Nivelle, 64310, Pau, France
| | - Laurent Cauquil
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Géraldine Pascal
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Xavier Fernandez
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Franck Lavigne
- ASSELDOR, Station d'expérimentation appliquée et de démonstration sur l'oie et le canard, La Tour de Glane, 24420, Coulaures, France
| | - Stéphane Davail
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur- Nivelle, 64310, Pau, France
| | - Sylvie Combes
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Karine Ricaud
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur- Nivelle, 64310, Pau, France
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10
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Du X, Xiang Y, Lou F, Tu P, Zhang X, Hu X, Lyu W, Xiao Y. Microbial Community and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Mapping in the Intestinal Tract of Quail. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061006. [PMID: 32526858 PMCID: PMC7341218 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Quail is an economically important type of poultry, valued for its high meat quality and abundant egg nutrition. It is also an important laboratory research animal, widely used in developmental biology and toxicology tests. Since the gut microbiota plays a vital role in the host’s growth and health, we investigated the microbiota inhabiting the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colorectum of quail in the present study, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were evaluated using gas chromatography. We found that the microbiota in the cecum was different from other intestinal sections and the enriched inhabitants of SCFA-producing bacterial genera made cecum the core locations of SCFA production in quail. The results of this study will provide fundamental data for further quail microbiology and functional studies. Abstract Quail is raised throughout China for egg and meat production. To deeply understand the gastrointestinal microbial composition and metabolites of quail, the present study characterized the microbiota inhabiting five intestinal locations of eight-week-old quail using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR, and evaluated the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in each individual location using gas chromatography. The results showed that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Deferribacteres were the five most abundant phyla in the intestinal tract of quail. Firmicutes was largely dominant (>95%) in the small intestine, whereas Bacteroidetes increased significantly in the cecum (19.19%) and colorectum (8.09%). At the genus level, Lactobacillus was predominant in almost all sections (>50%) except in the cecum (7.26%), where Megamonas, Faecalibacterium, and Bacteroides were dominant. qPCR data indicated that the population sizes of both the total bacteria and proportions of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Bacteroides group increased going from the proximal toward the distal end of the intestine in quail. The SCFA-producing bacterial genera Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Alistipes, Blautia, Parabacteroides, and Clostridium were of higher richness in the cecum and colorectum, where, accordingly, more SCFAs were produced. These findings will be helpful for the future study of quail microbiology, as well as its relationship with productive performance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhong Du
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321011, China; (X.D.); (Y.X.); (F.L.); (P.T.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Yun Xiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321011, China; (X.D.); (Y.X.); (F.L.); (P.T.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Fangfang Lou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321011, China; (X.D.); (Y.X.); (F.L.); (P.T.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Pingguang Tu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321011, China; (X.D.); (Y.X.); (F.L.); (P.T.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321011, China; (X.D.); (Y.X.); (F.L.); (P.T.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Xujin Hu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321011, China; (X.D.); (Y.X.); (F.L.); (P.T.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-86404015; Fax: +86-571-86401834
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11
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Al Azad S, Moazzem Hossain K, Rahman SMM, Al Mazid MF, Barai P, Gazi MS. In ovo inoculation of duck embryos with different strains of Bacillus cereus to analyse their synergistic post-hatch anti-allergic potentialities. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:992-999. [PMID: 32364675 PMCID: PMC7738716 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacteria with few strains reported to be used as probiotics for animals and birds in recent times if the doses are formulated properly. OBJECTIVES To analyse the synergistic anti-allergic potentiality of different Bacillus cereus strains on experimental in ovo and in vitro duck model, as probiotic immune stimulant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different strains of Bacillus cereus from 29 isolates were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing from the milk samples of buffalo breeds of South Asia. The probiotic properties were tested in aspects of gram staining, catalase test, coagulase, test, bile salt tolerance, pH tolerance and phenol tolerance test. MIC50 and MIC90 levels were profiled using nine different antibiotics, and antimicrobial activity against eight different enteric pathogens was assessed. Finally, the test strains of Bacillus cereus (Colony Forming Unit [CFU] 30X1011 ) were combined-infused at different concentrations in embryonated duck eggs to assess the post-hatch anti-allergic effects against histamine-induced allergic reaction and their immunoglobulin E (IgE) level was tested. RESULTS Molecular identification confirmed the test strains as B. cereus HKS 1-1, B. cereus LOCK 1,002 and B. cereus BF2, which were all motile, spore-forming, catalase-positive and rod-shaped. All were 0.3% bile salt, 0.4% phenol and pH tolerant. Two-way ANOVA test P values revealed that B. cereus BF2 was statistically significant (p < .0014) in bile salt tolerance test. B. cereus HKS 1-1 was significant in phenol and pH tolerance at p < .0002 and p < .0489, respectively. Besides, the test strains showed antibiotic sensitivity and antimicrobial activity to different enteric pathogens. In vivo model referred the test strains as effective in partial allergy reduction at same CFU but at different concentrations with p < .0001 among the groups. CONCLUSION The isolated and characterized strains of B. cereus showed partial immune-stimulating potentiality against experimentally induced allergic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salauddin Al Azad
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Khondoker Moazzem Hossain
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Faysal Al Mazid
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Pallob Barai
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shamim Gazi
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
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12
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Yang H, Lyu W, Lu L, Shi X, Li N, Wang W, Xiao Y. Biogeography of microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract of duck. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4016-4027. [PMID: 32731989 PMCID: PMC7597935 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that domestic ducks are valuable protein sources for humans. The gastrointestinal ecosystem contains enormous and complicated microbes that have a profound effect on the nutrition, immunity, health, and production of domestic ducks. To deeply understand the gastrointestinal microbial composition of domestic ducks, we investigated the microbiomes of 7 different gastrointestinal locations (proventriculus, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and rectum) and the short-chain fatty acids in 15 healthy muscovy ducks based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, qPCR, and gas chromatography. As a result, 1 029 735 sequences were identified into 35 phyla and 359 genera. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the major phyla, with Bacteroidetes being most abundant in the cecum. The population of the total bacteria and the representatives of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Bacteroides groups increased from the proximal to the distal part of the GIT. Bacteroides was the most dominant group in the cecum. Acetate, propionate, and butytrate, as well as gene copies of butyryl-CoA including acetate-CoA transferase and butyrate kinase, were significantly higher in cecum than in other sections. Isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate were only found in the cecum. The differences of microbial composition and the short-chain fatty acids of their metabolites among these 7 intestinal locations might be correlated with differences in gut function. All these results provide a reference for the duck gastrointestinal microbiome and a foundation for understanding the types of bacteria that promote health and enhance growth performance and decrease instances of disease in duck breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xingfen Shi
- Zhejiang Institute of Veterinary Drug and Feed Control, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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13
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Zhao Y, Li X, Sun S, Chen L, Jin J, Liu S, Song X, Wu C, Lu L. Protective role of dryland rearing on netting floors against mortality through gut microbiota-associated immune performance in Shaoxing ducks. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4530-4538. [PMID: 31111923 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dryland rearing on netting floors (DRNF) is a new rearing method for ducks, which could prevent duck excreta from polluting water bodies. However, the influence of DRNF on duck production and immune performance remains poorly understood. In this study, 2,280 Shaoxing ducks, an egg-type breed of Sheldrake in China, were chosen and randomly divided into 2 groups to investigate the effects of DRNF on duck farming. During the experimental laying rates, feed-egg ratios, and mortality rates of the 2 groups were calculated and recorded. Serum immune parameters, including thymus index, spleen index, levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), were determined. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used to analyze the variability of gut microbiota in the duck ileum and cecum. The results showed that DRNF significantly reduced the mortality rate of the ducks and increased the thymus index (P < 0.05), compared to the control. No other significant differences were detected in productional and immune indices (P > 0.05). The 16S rRNA sequencing results revealed differentially enriched microbial compositions in the ileum and cecum, which might be responsible for the improved immune function of Shaoxing ducks. For example, an increase in Lactobacillaceae (family), Anaerotruncus (genus), Saccharibacteria (phylum), Flavobacteriaceae (family), and a reduction in Anaerobiospirillum (genus), Lachnospiraceae (family), Blautia (genus) was revealed in the DRNF ducks. In conclusion, DRNF could alter gut microflora, enhance duck immune system, and reduce mortality in Shaoxing ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Xiuhong Li
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Siwei Sun
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Junjie Jin
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Suzhen Liu
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Xianzhang Song
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Chunqin Wu
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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14
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Kraimi N, Dawkins M, Gebhardt-Henrich SG, Velge P, Rychlik I, Volf J, Creach P, Smith A, Colles F, Leterrier C. Influence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on behavior and welfare in farm animals: A review. Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112658. [PMID: 31430443 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a pivotal role of the gut microbiota (GUT-M) in key physiological functions in vertebrates. Many studies discuss functional implications of the GUT-M not only on immunity, growth, metabolism, but also on brain development and behavior. However, while the influence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) on behavior is documented in rodents and humans, data on farm animals are scarce. This review will first report the well-known influence of the MGBA on behavior in rodent and human and then describe its influence on emotion, memory, social and feeding behaviors in farm animals. This corpus of experiments suggests that a better understanding of the effects of the MGBA on behavior could have large implications in various fields of animal production. Specifically, animal welfare and health could be improved by selection, nutrition and management processes that take into account the role of the GUT-M in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjis Kraimi
- INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, UMR 85, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Marian Dawkins
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, OX1 3PS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philippe Velge
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno 62100, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Volf
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno 62100, Czech Republic
| | | | - Adrian Smith
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, OX1 3PS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Colles
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, OX1 3PS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Leterrier
- INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, UMR 85, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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15
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He J, He Y, Pan D, Cao J, Sun Y, Zeng X. Associations of Gut Microbiota With Heat Stress-Induced Changes of Growth, Fat Deposition, Intestinal Morphology, and Antioxidant Capacity in Ducks. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:903. [PMID: 31105682 PMCID: PMC6498187 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has revealed the dysbiosis of gut/fecal microbiota induced by heat stress (HS) in mammals and poultry. However, the effects of HS on microbiota communities in different intestinal segments of Cherry-Valley ducks (a widely used meat-type breed) and their potential associations with growth performances, fat deposition, intestinal morphology, and antioxidant capacity have not been well evaluated yet. In this study, room temperature (RT) of 25°C was considered as control, and RT at 32°C for 8 h per day was set as the HS treatment. After 3 weeks, the intestinal contents of jejunum, ileum, and cecum were harvested to investigate the microbiota composition variations by 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. And the weight gain, adipose indices, intestinal morphology, and a certain number of serum biochemical parameters were also measured and analyzed. The results showed the microbial species at different levels differentially enriched in duck jejunum and cecum under HS, while no significant data were observed in ileum. HS also caused the intestinal morphological changes (villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth) and the reductions of growth speed (daily gain), levels of serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol, and antioxidant activity (higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lower total antioxidant). The higher abdominal fat content and serum glucose level were also observed in HS ducks. The Spearman correlation analysis indicated that in jejunum the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were associated with average daily gain, feed/gain, serum TG and MDA levels, and villus height/crypt depth (P < 0.05). The phylum Firmicutes and genus Acinetobacter were significantly associated with fat deposition and serum glucose level (P < 0.05). The genus Lactobacillus was positively associated with serum total antioxidant (P < 0.05), while some other microbial species were found negatively associated, including order Pseudomonadales, genera Acinetobacter, and unidentified_Mitochondria. However, no significant correlations were observed in cecum. These findings imply the potential roles of duck gut microbiota in the intestinal injuries, fat deposition, and reductions of growth speed and antioxidant capacity caused by HS, although the molecular mechanisms requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuxin He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinxuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yangying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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16
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Ricaud K, Even M, Lavigne F, Davail S, Arroyo J. Evolution of intestinal microbiota and body compartments during spontaneous hyperphagia in the Greylag goose. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1390-1402. [PMID: 30285149 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the effects of spontaneous hyperphagia on the evolution of intestinal microbiota and body compartments in old goose. From October 25th to November 26th, 5-yr-old breeding Greylag Landaise geese (106 males and 106 females) were fed with grass during 1 mo (G period). From November 26th (0 d) the birds had ad libitum access to pellets (AMEn: 10.5 MJ/kg, CP: 18.9 g/kg; spontaneous fattening (SF) period). Some birds were killed at -31 d (n = 24; 50/50 sex ratio), 0 d (n = 48), 14 (n = 46), 22 d (n = 46), and 70 d (n = 48) after the start of G period to measure body traits. For microbial analysis, 10 of the samples per sex at 0 d, 14 d, and 70 d were selected to be representative of body traits. Between 0 and 22 d, liver weight increased from 98 g to 194 g in males and from 89 g to 199 g in females (P < 0.001). Liver weight decreased between 22 and 70 d from 194 to 174 g in males and from 199 to 163 g in females (P < 0.001). Irrespective of the diet (G or SF period) and the sex of the bird, the two major phyla were Proteobacteria (49%) and Firmicutes (48%). Bacteroidetes represented around 3.0% of the sequences. At order level, Firmicutes were dominated by Clostridiales (33% of total sequences) and Lactobacillales (13% of total sequences) and Proteobacteria were dominated by Campylobacteriales (34% of total sequences). Finally, Bacteroidetes were dominated by Bacteroidales. SF and sex did not change the microbial diversity but sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis allowed us to highlight discriminant operational taxonomic unit between experimental groups. In conclusion, our result showed that changes in the body compartments of old geese during spontaneous hyperphagia depend on the sex of the birds, but not so much in gut microbial composition. Further investigations are necessary to understand the functional microbiota and highlight the role of gut microbiota in hepatic steatosis induced with hyperphagia in geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ricaud
- INRA, Univ Pau and Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419 Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France
| | - M Even
- INRA, Univ Pau and Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419 Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France.,ASSELDOR, Station d'expérimentation appliquée et de démonstration sur l'oie et le canard, La Tour de Glane, F-24420 Coulaures, France
| | - F Lavigne
- ASSELDOR, Station d'expérimentation appliquée et de démonstration sur l'oie et le canard, La Tour de Glane, F-24420 Coulaures, France
| | - S Davail
- INRA, Univ Pau and Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419 Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France
| | - J Arroyo
- ASSELDOR, Station d'expérimentation appliquée et de démonstration sur l'oie et le canard, La Tour de Glane, F-24420 Coulaures, France
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Chen X, Liu X, Du Y, Wang B, Zhao N, Geng Z. Green forage and fattening duration differentially modulate cecal microbiome of Wanxi white geese. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204210. [PMID: 30252869 PMCID: PMC6155509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbial ecology is responsible for fatty acid metabolism in ruminants. The cecal microbiota composition of geese and their adaptation to fiber inclusion and feeding timeswere investigated in this study. A total of 116 Wanxi white geese were randomly selected at 70 days old. Eight geese were subjected to cecal sampling at 70 d of age, and the remaining 108 geese were divided into four groups with three replicates each (9 geese in each replicate). The geese in the four groups were fed 0, 15, 30, and 45% green forage (relative to dry matter), respectively. Three birds from each replicate were selected for cecal sampling at 80, 90, and 100 days old. All samples were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing using the Illumina Ion Personal Genome Machine platform. Bacterial abundance was analyzed using two-way ANOVA analysis, and the relationship between the relative abundance of bacteria (phylum level) and fatty acids was analyzed using acanonical correspondence analysis. Cecal microbiota in geese were mainly composed of Bacteroidetes (68.46%), Firmicutes (20.04%), and Proteobacteria (7.89%). Dietary treatments had no significant effect on the α-diversity indices of the cecal bacterial community (P > 0.05), but a numerical increase occurred with increased fattening duration and green forage inclusion. The Selenomonadales order (P = 0.024), Negativicutes class (P = 0.026), and Megamonas (P = 0.012) and Oscillospira (P = 0.042) genera were affected by green forageinclusion level, and microflora abundance was mainly influenced by the fattening duration. Bacteria phyla were mostly set along the line of linolenic acid and oleic acid. Finally, Bacteroidales might be an intestinal promoter that improves unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Xue Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Yeye Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
- Department of Primary Education, Tongcheng Teachers College, Tongcheng, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
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Ricaud K, Rey M, Plagnes-Juan E, Larroquet L, Even M, Quillet E, Skiba-Cassy S, Panserat S. Composition of Intestinal Microbiota in Two Lines of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Divergently Selected for Muscle Fat Content. Open Microbiol J 2018; 12:308-320. [PMID: 30288186 PMCID: PMC6142665 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801812010308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, studies suggest that gut microbiota contributes to the development of obesity in mammals. In rainbow trout, little is known about the role of intestinal microbiota in host physiology. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the link between intestinal microbiota and adiposity, by high-throughput 16S RNA gene based illumina Miseq sequencing in two rainbow trout lines divergently selected for muscle lipid content. Fish from these two lines of rainbow trout are known to have a differing lipid metabolism. Methods Samples from the two lines (L for lean and F for fat) were collected from Midgut (M) and Hindgut (H) in juvenile fish (18 months) to compare intestinal microbiota diversity. Results Whatever the lines and intestinal localisation, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria are the dominant phyla in the bacterial community of rainbow trout (at least 97%). The results indicate that richness and diversity indexes as well as bacterial composition are comparable between all groups even though 6 specific OTUs were identified in the intestinal microbiota of fish from the fat line and 2 OTUs were specific to the microbiota of fish from the lean line. Our work contributes to a better understanding in microbial diversity in intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout. Conclusion Altogether, our study indicates that no major modification of the intestinal microbiota is induced by selection for muscle lipid content and associated metabolic changes. Finally, we identified members of core microbiota in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Ricaud
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France
| | - Mickael Rey
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France
| | - Elisabeth Plagnes-Juan
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France
| | - Laurence Larroquet
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France
| | - Maxime Even
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- UMR 1313 INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, F-64310, France
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19
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Even M, Davail S, Rey M, Tavernier A, Houssier M, Bernadet MD, Gontier K, Pascal G, Ricaud K. Probiotics Strains Modulate Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism in Mule Ducks. Open Microbiol J 2018; 12:71-93. [PMID: 29755604 PMCID: PMC5925865 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801812010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Livestock production should respond to societal, environmental and economic changes. Since 2006 and the ban on antibiotics as growth factors in European Union, the use of probiotics has become widespread and has demonstrated the effect of intestinal microbiota on the performance of farm animals. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with Lactobacillus salivarius (as a probiotics strain or combined with other strains) on zootechnical performance, metabolic and immune gene expression and intestinal microbiota diversity in mule ducks using high-throughput sequencing and real-time PCR. Method: The mule ducks were reared for 79 days and overfed for 12 days with or without probiotics. Samples were collected at 14 (starting period) and 91 days (end of overfeeding period), 3 hours post feeding. Results: Irrespective of digestive content, age, level of feed intake or supplementation with probiotics, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in the bacterial community in mule ducks. At 14 days, both the ileal and cecal samples were dominated by Firmicutes (in particular the Clostridiales order). Overfeeding induced a shift between Clostridiales and Lactobacillales in the ileal samples whereas in the cecal samples, the relative abundance of Firmicutes decreased. Overfeeding also induced hepatic over-expression of Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) and of the lipid transporter gene Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 (FABP4). This increase in lipid metabolism genes is associated with a decrease in inflammatory response. Conclusion: Finally, probiotic supplementation had only a slight impact on gene expression and microbiota diversity, both at 14 days and after overfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Even
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France.,UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
| | - Stéphane Davail
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France.,UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
| | - Mikael Rey
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France
| | - Annabelle Tavernier
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France.,UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
| | - Marianne Houssier
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France.,UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
| | - Marie Dominique Bernadet
- UEPFG INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine, (Unité Expérimentale Palmipèdes à Foie Gras), Domaine d'Artiguères 1076, route de Haut Mauco, F-40280 Benquet, France
| | - Karine Gontier
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France.,UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
| | - Géraldine Pascal
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Karine Ricaud
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France.,UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
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20
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Tang J, Fang Q, Lu M, Shao R, Shen J, Lu L, Niu D. The Effect of Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate on Fatty Liver and the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota in Overfed Landes Geese. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Tang
- Zhejiang University, China; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Q Fang
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - M Lu
- Kaier Environmental Technology Co., Ltd. of Hangzhou, China
| | - R Shao
- Rongyao goose industry Co., Ltd of Changxing, China
| | - J Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - L Lu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - D Niu
- Zhejiang University, China
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21
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Macdonald SE, Nolan MJ, Harman K, Boulton K, Hume DA, Tomley FM, Stabler RA, Blake DP. Effects of Eimeria tenella infection on chicken caecal microbiome diversity, exploring variation associated with severity of pathology. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184890. [PMID: 28934262 PMCID: PMC5608234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria species cause the intestinal disease coccidiosis, most notably in poultry. While the direct impact of coccidiosis on animal health and welfare is clear, its influence on the enteric microbiota and by-stander effects on chicken health and production remains largely unknown, with the possible exception of Clostridium perfringens (necrotic enteritis). This study evaluated the composition and structure of the caecal microbiome in the presence or absence of a defined Eimeria tenella challenge infection in Cobb500 broiler chickens using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The severity of clinical coccidiosis in individual chickens was quantified by caecal lesion scoring and microbial changes associated with different lesion scores identified. Following E. tenella infection the diversity of taxa within the caecal microbiome remained largely stable. However, infection induced significant changes in the abundance of some microbial taxa. The greatest changes were detected in birds displaying severe caecal pathology; taxa belonging to the order Enterobacteriaceae were increased, while taxa from Bacillales and Lactobacillales were decreased with the changes correlated with lesion severity. Significantly different profiles were also detected in infected birds which remained asymptomatic (lesion score 0), with taxa belonging to the genera Bacteroides decreased and Lactobacillus increased. Many differential taxa from the order Clostridiales were identified, with some increasing and others decreasing in abundance in Eimeria-infected animals. The results support the view that caecal microbiome dysbiosis associated with Eimeria infection contributes to disease pathology, and could be a target for intervention to mitigate the impact of coccidiosis on poultry productivity and welfare. This work highlights that E. tenella infection has a significant impact on the abundance of some caecal bacteria with notable differences detected between lesion score categories emphasising the importance of accounting for differences in caecal lesions when investigating the relationship between E. tenella and the poultry intestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Macdonald
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SEM); (DPB)
| | - Matthew J. Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley Harman
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Boulton
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M. Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Stabler
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P. Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SEM); (DPB)
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