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Rahman MM, Grice ID, Ulett GC, Wei MQ. Advances in Bacterial Lysate Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases and Cancer. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:4312908. [PMID: 38962577 PMCID: PMC11221958 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4312908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Antigenic cell fragments, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and other immunostimulants in bacterial lysates or extracts may induce local and systemic immune responses in specific and nonspecific paradigms. Based on current knowledge, this review aimed to determine whether bacterial lysate has comparable functions in infectious diseases and cancer treatment. In infectious diseases, including respiratory and urinary tract infections, immune system activation by bacterial lysate can identify and combat pathogens. Commercially available bacterial lysates, including OM-85, Ismigen, Lantigen B, and LW 50020, were effective in children and adults in treating respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rhinitis, and rhinosinusitis with varying degrees of success. Moreover, OM-89, Uromune, Urovac, Urivac, and ExPEC4V showed therapeutic benefits in controlling urinary tract infections in adults, especially women. Bacterial lysate-based therapeutics are safe, well-tolerated, and have few side effects, making them a good alternative for infectious disease management. Furthermore, a nonspecific immunomodulation by bacterial lysates may stimulate innate immunity, benefiting cancer treatment. "Coley's vaccine" has been used to treat sarcomas, carcinomas, lymphomas, melanomas, and myelomas with varying outcomes. Later, several similar bacterial lysate-based therapeutics have been developed to treat cancers, including bladder cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and myeloma; among them, BCG for in situ bladder cancer is well-known. Proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α, may activate bacterial antigen-specific adaptive responses that could restore tumor antigen recognition and response by tumor-specific type 1 helper cells and cytotoxic T cells; therefore, bacterial lysates are worth investigating as a vaccination adjuvants or add-on therapies for several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mijanur Rahman
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesGriffith University, Gold Coast 4222, QLD, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith University, Gold Coast 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - I. Darren Grice
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesGriffith University, Gold Coast 4222, QLD, Australia
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith University, Gold Coast 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesGriffith University, Gold Coast 4222, QLD, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith University, Gold Coast 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Ming Q. Wei
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesGriffith University, Gold Coast 4222, QLD, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith University, Gold Coast 4222, QLD, Australia
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Bashir B, Alam S, Khandale N, Birla D, Vishwas S, Pandey NK, Gupta G, Paudel KR, Dureja H, Kumar P, Singh TG, Kuppusamy G, Zacconi FC, Pinto TDJA, Dhanasekaran M, Gulati M, Dua K, Singh SK. Opening avenues for treatment of neurodegenerative disease using post-biotics: Breakthroughs and bottlenecks in clinical translation. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102236. [PMID: 38369026 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated the significant involvement of the gut microbiome in both human physiology and pathology. Additionally, therapeutic interventions based on microbiome approaches have been employed to enhance overall health and address various diseases including aging and neurodegenerative disease (ND). Researchers have explored potential links between these areas, investigating the potential pathogenic or therapeutic effects of intestinal microbiota in diseases. This article provides a summary of established interactions between the gut microbiome and ND. Post-biotic is believed to mediate its neuroprotection by elevating the level of dopamine and reducing the level of α-synuclein in substantia nigra, protecting the loss of dopaminergic neurons, reducing the aggregation of NFT, reducing the deposition of amyloid β peptide plagues and ameliorating motor deficits. Moreover, mediates its neuroprotective activity by inhibiting the inflammatory response (decreasing the expression of TNFα, iNOS expression, free radical formation, overexpression of HIF-1α), apoptosis (i.e. active caspase-3, TNF-α, maintains the level of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio) and promoting BDNF secretion. It is also reported to have good antioxidant activity. This review offers an overview of the latest findings from both preclinical and clinical trials concerning the use of post-biotics in ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Bashir
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Shahbaz Alam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Nikhil Khandale
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Devendra Birla
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Narendra Kumar Pandey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur 302017, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Centre of Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Punjab, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, India
| | - Flavia C Zacconi
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Terezinha de Jesus Andreoli Pinto
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Professor Lineu Prestes Street, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Iloba I, McGarry SV, Yu L, Cruickshank D, Jensen GS. Differential Immune-Modulating Activities of Cell Walls and Secreted Metabolites from Probiotic Bacillus coagulans JBI-YZ6.3 under Normal versus Inflamed Culture Conditions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2564. [PMID: 37894222 PMCID: PMC10609156 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spore-forming probiotic bacteria, including Bacillus coagulans, are resilient and produce a variety of beneficial metabolites. We evaluated the immune-modulating effects of the novel probiotic strain Bacillus coagulans JBI-YZ6.3, where the germinated spores, metabolite fraction, and cell wall fraction were tested in parallel using human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures under both normal and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflamed culture conditions. The expression of CD25 and CD69 activation markers was evaluated via flow cytometry. Supernatants were tested for cytokines, interferons, chemokines, and growth factors using Luminex arrays. The germinated spores were highly immunogenic; both the cell wall and metabolite fractions contributed significantly. Under normal culture conditions, increased levels of immune activation were observed as increased expressions of CD25 and CD69 relative to natural killer cells, suggesting an increased ability to attack virus-infected target cells. On monocytes, a complex effect was observed, where the expression of CD25 increased under normal conditions but decreased under inflamed conditions. This, in combination with increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) and decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production under inflamed conditions, points to anti-inflammatory effects. The production of the stem cell-related growth factor granulocyte colony-stimulating Factor (G-CSF) was enhanced. Further research is warranted to characterize the composition of the postbiotic metabolite fraction and document the characteristics of immunomodulating agents secreted by this probiotic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi Iloba
- NIS Labs, 1437 Esplanade, Klamath Falls, OR 97601, USA;
| | - Sage V. McGarry
- NIS Labs, 807 St. George St., Port Dover, ON N0A 1N0, Canada; (S.V.M.); (L.Y.); (D.C.)
| | - Liu Yu
- NIS Labs, 807 St. George St., Port Dover, ON N0A 1N0, Canada; (S.V.M.); (L.Y.); (D.C.)
| | - Dina Cruickshank
- NIS Labs, 807 St. George St., Port Dover, ON N0A 1N0, Canada; (S.V.M.); (L.Y.); (D.C.)
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Rebolledo L, Rodríguez-Vigil C, Carmen L, Llorente E, Guallar M, Villoria J, Vicente E. Bacterial immunotherapy is highly effective in reducing recurrent upper respiratory tract infections in children: a prospective observational study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:4519-4530. [PMID: 37254001 PMCID: PMC10477114 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Whilst immunotherapy is an appealing option as it could reduce the burden of recurrent pediatric respiratory tract infections (RTI), there is limited evidence on its effectiveness and more research was requested in order to better understand this therapeutic modality. METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study involving 57 subjects to assess the safety and effectiveness a 3-month regimen of either typified or patient-specific bacterial lysates could have in reducing the number of RTIs in children aged 0 to 11 years with histories of recurrent episodes. RESULTS After a 6-month follow-up, the number of RTIs and school absenteeism dropped sharply and significantly, from an adjusted mean (standard error) of 0.6 (0.04) episodes/month to 0.1 (0.03) episodes/month (74.7% reduction, P < 0.001), and from an adjusted mean score of 4.6 (1.06) points to 0.0 (0.01) points over 10 (99.5% reduction, P < 0.001), respectively. There was also a significant decrease in the severity of symptoms. No adverse reactions were observed. CONCLUSION The use of the study product is associated with a decreased risk of recurrent RTIs in children, with a very favorable safety profile that warrants further investigation in randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rebolledo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, San Jorge Hospital, Avenida de Martínez de Velasco 36, 22004, Huesca, Spain
- School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Calle de Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Vigil
- Child and Adolescent Oncohematology Unit and Department of Pediatrics, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo de Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Luis Carmen
- Child Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo de Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Eva Llorente
- Child Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo de Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Saragossa, Spain
| | - María Guallar
- Child Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo de Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Jesús Villoria
- Department of Design and Biometrics, Medicxact, S.L., Plaza de La Ermita 4, 28430, Alpedrete, Spain
| | - Eugenio Vicente
- School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Calle de Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Saragossa, Spain.
- Child and Adolescent Oncohematology Unit and Department of Pediatrics, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo de Isabel La Católica 1-3, 50009, Saragossa, Spain.
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Feizi H, Plotnikov A, Rezaee MA, Ganbarov K, Kamounah FS, Nikitin S, Kadkhoda H, Gholizadeh P, Pagliano P, Kafil HS. Postbiotics versus probiotics in early-onset colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3573-3582. [PMID: 36250549 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2132464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics and postbiotics mechanisms of action and applications in early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) prevention and treatment have significant importance but are a matter of debate and controversy. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to define the probiotics concept, advantages and limitations in comparison to postbiotics, and proposed mechanisms of anti-tumor action in EOCRC prevention and treatment of postbiotics. Biotics (probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics) could confer the health benefit by affecting the host gut microbiota directly and indirectly. The main mechanisms of action of probiotics in exerting anticancer features include immune system regulation, inhibition of cancer cell propagation, gut dysbiosis restoration, anticancer agents' production, gut barrier function renovation, and cancer-promoting agents' reduction. Postbiotics are suggested to have different mechanisms of action to restore eubiosis against EOCRC, including modulation of gut microbiota composition, gut microbial metabolites regulation, and intestinal barrier function improvement via different features such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative properties. A better understanding of postbiotics challenges and mechanism of action in therapeutic applications will allow us to sketch accurate trials in order to use postbiotics as bio-therapeutics in EOCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Feizi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Andrey Plotnikov
- Institute for Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | | | - Khudaverdi Ganbarov
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Fadhil S Kamounah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergei Nikitin
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Hiva Kadkhoda
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pourya Gholizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Nica V, Popp RA, Crișan TO, Joosten LAB. The future clinical implications of trained immunity. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:1125-1134. [PMID: 36062825 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2120470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trained Immunity (TI) refers to the long-term modulation of the innate immune response, based on previous interactions with microbes, microbial ligands or endogenous substances. Through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming, monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils develop an enhanced capacity to mount innate immune responses to subsequent stimuli and this is persistent due to alterations at the myeloid progenitor compartment. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this article is to review the current understanding of the TI process and discuss about its potential clinical implications in the near future. We address the evidence of TI involvement in various diseases, the currently developed new therapy, and discuss how TI may lead to new clinical tools to improve existing standards of care. EXPERT OPINION The state of art in this domain has made considerable progress, linking TI-related mechanisms in multiple immune-mediated pathologies, starting with infections to autoimmune disorders and cancers. As a relatively new area of immunology, it has seen fast progress with many of its applications ready to be investigated in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Nica
- Department of Medical Genetics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Pasteur nr. 6, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu A Popp
- Department of Medical Genetics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Pasteur nr. 6, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tania O Crișan
- Department of Medical Genetics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Pasteur nr. 6, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Medical Genetics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Pasteur nr. 6, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kaczynska A, Klosinska M, Janeczek K, Zarobkiewicz M, Emeryk A. Promising Immunomodulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysates in Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907149. [PMID: 35812388 PMCID: PMC9257936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of an escalating prevalence of allergic disorders, it is crucial to fully comprehend their pathophysiology and etiology. Such knowledge would play a pivotal role in the search for new therapeutic approaches concerning not only diseases’ symptoms, but also their underlying causes. The hygiene hypothesis indicates a high correlation between limited exposure to pathogens in early childhood and the risk of developing allergic disorders. Bearing in mind the significance of respiratory and digestive systems’ mucous membrane’s first-line exposure to pathogens as well as its implications on the host’s immune response, a therapy targeted at aforesaid membranes could guarantee promising and extensive treatment outcomes. Recent years yielded valuable information about bacterial lysates (BLs) known for having immunomodulatory properties. They consist of antigen mixtures obtained through lysis of bacteria which are the most common etiologic agents of respiratory tract infections. They interact with dendritic cells located in the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract by toll-like receptors. The dendritic cells present acquired antigens resulting in innate immune response development on the release of chemokines, both stimulating monocytes and NK cells maturation and promoting polymorphonuclear neutrophil migration. Moreover, they influence the adaptive immune system by stimulating an increase of specific antibodies against administered bacterial antigens. The significance of BLs includes not only an anti-inflammatory effect on local infections but also restoration of Th1/Th2 balance, as demonstrated mainly in animal models. They decrease Th2-related cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-13) and increase Th1-related cytokine levels (IFN-γ). The reestablishment of the balance of the immune response leads to lowering atopic reactions incidence which, in addition to reduced risk of inflammation, provides the alleviation and improvement of clinical manifestations of allergic disorders. In this review, we hereby describe mechanisms of BLs action, considering their significant immunomodulatory role in innate immunity. The correlation between local, innate, and adaptive immune responses and their impact on the clinical course of allergic disorders are discussed as well. To conclude our review, we present up-to-date literature regarding the outcomes of BLs implemented in atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma prevention and treatment, especially in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kaczynska
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Children Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Martyna Klosinska
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Children Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Janeczek
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Children Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Kamil Janeczek,
| | - Michał Zarobkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Emeryk
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Children Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Lee YK, Haam JH, Suh E, Cho SH, Kim YS. A Case-Control Study on the Changes in Natural Killer Cell Activity following Administration of Polyvalent Mechanical Bacterial Lysate in Korean Adults with Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infection. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113014. [PMID: 35683402 PMCID: PMC9181696 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyvalent mechanical bacterial lysate (PMBL) is used for the treatment and prevention of recurrent respiratory tract infections. Although PMBL is an immunostimulant, it remains unknown whether treatment with PMBL influences natural killer cell activity (NKA). Hence, this case-control study compared the changes in IFN-γ levels (surrogate index for NKA) following PMBL treatment or time passing between the PMBL-treated group and controls. The treatment group included adults who had a PMBL prescription for three months against recurrent respiratory tract infection from an outpatient clinic, while the control group had healthy adults visiting the health promotion center for periodic health check-ups. The control group (N = 506) showed no change in IFN-γ levels, while the treatment group (N = 301) showed a significant increase in mean from 462.8 to 749.3 pg/mL after PMBL treatment. In the subgroup with IFN-γ <500 pg/mL, IFN-γ levels significantly increased in both groups. However, the change in the treatment group (287 ± 822 pg/mL) was greater than that in the control group (58 ± 809 pg/mL), and the interaction between the visit and case/control was significant (p = 0.030) in a generalized estimating equation model. In conclusion, NKA increased in the subjects with recurrent respiratory tract infections with PMBL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kyong Lee
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Korea; (Y.K.L.); (J.-H.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Ji-Hee Haam
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Korea; (Y.K.L.); (J.-H.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Eunkyung Suh
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Korea; (Y.K.L.); (J.-H.H.); (E.S.)
| | | | - Young-Sang Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Antunes KH, Cassão G, Santos LD, Borges SG, Poppe J, Gonçalves JB, Nunes EDS, Recacho GF, Sousa VB, Da Silva GS, Mansur D, Stein RT, Pasquali C, De Souza APD. Airway Administration of Bacterial Lysate OM-85 Protects Mice Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867022. [PMID: 35603159 PMCID: PMC9118194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a seasonal pathogen responsible for the highest percentage of viral bronchiolitis in pediatric patients. There are currently no vaccine available and therapeutic methods to mitigate the severity of RSV bronchiolitis are limited. OM-85, an oral standardized bacterial lysate isolated from human respiratory strains and widely used to prevent recurrent infections and/or exacerbations in populations at risk, has been shown to be effective and safe in children and adults. Here, we demonstrate that airway administration of OM-85 in Balb/c mice prior to infection prevents RSV-induced disease, resulting in inhibition of viral replication associated with less perivascular and peribronchial inflammation in the lungs. These protective effects are dose and time-dependent with complete protection using 1mg dose of OM-85 only four times intranasally. Mechanistic insights using this topical route in the airways revealed increased alveolar macrophages, a selective set of tolerogenic DCs, Treg and Th1 expansion in the lung, even in the absence of infection, contributing to a better Th1/Th2 balance and preventing ILC2 recruitment in the airways and associated inflammatory sequelae. OM-85 preventive treatment also improved antiviral response by increasing IFNβ and its responsive genes in the lung. In vitro, OM-85 protects against RSV infection in a type I interferon pathway. Our animal model data suggest that intranasal use of OM-85 should be considered as a potential prophylactic product to prevent RSV bronchiolitis once human studies confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krist Helen Antunes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gisele Cassão
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Duarte Santos
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sofia Giacomet Borges
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana Poppe
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Budelon Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduarda da Silva Nunes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Fernando Recacho
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vitória Barbosa Sousa
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Souza Da Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Mansur
- Laboratory of Imunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Renato T Stein
- Department of Pediatrics, São Lucas Hospital PUCRS, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Duarte De Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Cheudjeu A. The SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibition Mechanisms of Serine Protease Inhibitors, OM-85, Heparin and Soluble HS Might Be Linked to HS Attachment Sites. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061947. [PMID: 35335311 PMCID: PMC8954261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article discusses the importance of D-xylose for fighting viruses (especially SARS-CoV-2) that use core proteins as receptors at the cell surface, by providing additional supporting facts that these viruses probably bind at HS/CS attachment sites (i.e., the hydroxyl groups of Ser/Thr residues of the core proteins intended to receive the D-xylose molecules to initiate the HS/CS chains). Essentially, the additional supporting facts, are: some anterior studies on the binding sites of exogenous heparin and soluble HS on the core proteins, the inhibition of the viral entry by pre-incubation of cells with heparin, and additionally, corroborating studies about the mechanism leading to type 2 diabetes during viral infection. We then discuss the mechanism by which serine protease inhibitors inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry. The biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and heparin (Hep) is initiated not only by D-xylose derived from uridine diphosphate (UDP)-xylose, but also bioactive D-xylose molecules, even in situations where cells were previously treated with GAG inhibitors. This property of D-xylose shown by previous anterior studies helped in the explanation of the mechanism leading to type 2 diabetes during SARS-CoV-2 infection. This explanation is completed here by a preliminary estimation of xyloside GAGs (HS/CS/DS/Hep) in the body, and with other previous studies helping to corroborate the mechanism by which the D-xylose exhibits its antiglycaemic properties and the mechanism leading to type 2 diabetes during SARS-CoV-2 infection. This paper also discusses the confirmatory studies of regarding the correlation between D-xylose and COVID-19 severity.
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Bozzetti V, Senger S. Organoid technologies for the study of intestinal microbiota–host interactions. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:290-303. [PMID: 35232671 PMCID: PMC8957533 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Postbiotics have recently emerged as critical effectors of the activity of probiotics and, because of their safety profile, they are considered potential therapeutics for the treatment of fragile patients. Here, we present recent studies on probiotics and postbiotics in the context of novel discovery tools, such as organoids and organoid-based platforms, and nontransformed preclinical models, that can be generated from intestinal stem cells. The implementation of organoid-related techniques is the next gold standard for unraveling the effect of microbial communities on homeostasis, inflammation, idiopathic diseases, and cancer in the gut. We also summarize recent studies on biotics in organoid-based models and offer our perspective on future directions.
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Pivniouk V, Pivniouk O, DeVries A, Uhrlaub JL, Michael A, Pivniouk D, VanLinden SR, Conway MY, Hahn S, Malone SP, Ezeh P, Churko JM, Anderson D, Kraft M, Nikolich-Zugich J, Vercelli D. The OM-85 bacterial lysate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection of epithelial cells by downregulating SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:923-933.e6. [PMID: 34902435 PMCID: PMC8660661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Treatments for coronavirus disease 2019, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are urgently needed but remain limited. SARS-CoV-2 infects cells through interactions of its spike (S) protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) on host cells. Multiple cells and organs are targeted, particularly airway epithelial cells. OM-85, a standardized lysate of human airway bacteria with strong immunomodulating properties and an impeccable safety profile, is widely used to prevent recurrent respiratory infections. We found that airway OM-85 administration inhibits Ace2 and Tmprss2 transcription in the mouse lung, suggesting that OM-85 might hinder SARS-CoV-2/host cell interactions. Objectives We sought to investigate whether and how OM-85 treatment protects nonhuman primate and human epithelial cells against SARS-CoV-2. Methods ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA and protein expression, cell binding of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein, cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 S protein–pseudotyped lentiviral particles, and SARS-CoV-2 cell infection were measured in kidney, lung, and intestinal epithelial cell lines, primary human bronchial epithelial cells, and ACE2-transfected HEK293T cells treated with OM-85 in vitro. Results OM-85 significantly downregulated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 transcription and surface ACE2 protein expression in epithelial cell lines and primary bronchial epithelial cells. OM-85 also strongly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein binding to, SARS-CoV-2 S protein–pseudotyped lentivirus entry into, and SARS-CoV-2 infection of epithelial cells. These effects of OM-85 appeared to depend on SARS-CoV-2 receptor downregulation. Conclusions OM-85 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 epithelial cell infection in vitro by downregulating SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression. Further studies are warranted to assess whether OM-85 may prevent and/or reduce the severity of coronavirus disease 2019.
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Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics on Mitigation of Depression Symptoms: Modulation of the Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071000. [PMID: 34356624 PMCID: PMC8301955 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain–gut–microbiome axis is a bidirectional communication pathway between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system. The growing interest in the gut microbiota and mechanisms of its interaction with the brain has contributed to the considerable attention given to the potential use of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics in the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders. This review discusses the up-to-date findings in preclinical and clinical trials regarding the use of pro-, pre- and postbiotics in depressive disorders. Studies in rodent models of depression show that some of them inhibit inflammation, decrease corticosterone level and change the level of neurometabolites, which consequently lead to mitigation of the symptoms of depression. Moreover, certain clinical studies have indicated improvement in mood as well as changes in biochemical parameters in patients suffering from depressive disorders.
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Ferrara F, Rial A, Suárez N, Chabalgoity JA. Polyvalent Bacterial Lysate Protects Against Pneumonia Independently of Neutrophils, IL-17A or Caspase-1 Activation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:562244. [PMID: 33981296 PMCID: PMC8108696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.562244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvalent bacterial lysates have been in use for decades for prevention and treatment of respiratory infections with reported clinical benefits. However, besides claims of broad immune activation, the mode of action is still a matter of debate. The lysates, formulated with the main bacterial species involved in respiratory infections, are commonly prepared by chemical or mechanical disruption of bacterial cells, what is believed influences the biological activity of the product. Here, we prepared two polyvalent lysates with the same composition but different method of bacterial cell disruption and evaluated their biological activity in a comparative fashion. We found that both bacterial lysates induce NF-kB activation in a MyD88 dependent manner, suggesting they work as TLR agonists. Further, we found that a single intranasal dose of any of the two lysates, is sufficient to protect against pneumococcal pneumonia, suggesting that they exert similar biological activity. We have previously shown that protection against pneumococcal pneumonia can also be induced by prior S. pneumoniae sub lethal infection or therapeutic treatment with a TLR5 agonist. Protection in those cases depends on neutrophil recruitment to the lungs, and can be associated with increased local expression of IL-17A. Here, we show that bacterial lysates exert protection against pneumococcal pneumonia independently of neutrophils, IL-17A or Caspase-1/11 activation, suggesting the existence of redundant mechanisms of protection. Trypsin-treated lysates afford protection to the same extent, suggesting that just small peptides suffice to exert the protective effect or that the molecules responsible for the protective effect are not proteins. Understanding the mechanism of action of bacterial lysates and deciphering the active components shall allow redesigning them with more precisely defined formulations and expanding their range of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Ferrara
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Analía Rial
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Norma Suárez
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José Alejandro Chabalgoity
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
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