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Gholap AD, Uddin MJ, Faiyazuddin M, Omri A, Gowri S, Khalid M. Advances in artificial intelligence for drug delivery and development: A comprehensive review. Comput Biol Med 2024; 178:108702. [PMID: 38878397 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool to revolutionize the healthcare sector, including drug delivery and development. This review explores the current and future applications of AI in the pharmaceutical industry, focusing on drug delivery and development. It covers various aspects such as smart drug delivery networks, sensors, drug repurposing, statistical modeling, and simulation of biotechnological and biological systems. The integration of AI with nanotechnologies and nanomedicines is also examined. AI offers significant advancements in drug discovery by efficiently identifying compounds, validating drug targets, streamlining drug structures, and prioritizing response templates. Techniques like data mining, multitask learning, and high-throughput screening contribute to better drug discovery and development innovations. The review discusses AI applications in drug formulation and delivery, clinical trials, drug safety, and pharmacovigilance. It addresses regulatory considerations and challenges associated with AI in pharmaceuticals, including privacy, data security, and interpretability of AI models. The review concludes with future perspectives, highlighting emerging trends, addressing limitations and biases in AI models, and emphasizing the importance of collaboration and knowledge sharing. It provides a comprehensive overview of AI's potential to transform the pharmaceutical industry and improve patient care while identifying further research and development areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, Maharashtra, 401404, India.
| | - Md Jasim Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Md Faiyazuddin
- School of Pharmacy, Al-Karim University, Katihar, Bihar, 854106, India; Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Novel Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.
| | - S Gowri
- PG & Research, Department of Physics, Cauvery College for Women, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, 620018, India
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India.
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2
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Zhou X, Cao W, Chen Y, Zhu Z, Lai Y, Liu Z, Jia F, Lu Z, Han H, Yao K, Wang Y, Ji J, Zhang P. An elastomer with in situ generated pure zwitterionic surfaces for fibrosis-resistant implants. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00361-1. [PMID: 38972625 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric elastomers are widely utilized in implantable biomedical devices. Nevertheless, the implantation of these elastomers can provoke a robust foreign body response (FBR), leading to the rejection of foreign implants and consequently reducing their effectiveness in vivo. Building effective anti-FBR coatings on those implants remains challenging. Herein, we introduce a coating-free elastomer with superior immunocompatibility. A super-hydrophilic anti-fouling zwitterionic layer can be generated in situ on the surface of the elastomer through a simple chemical trigger. This elastomer can repel the adsorption of proteins, as well as the adhesion of cells, platelets, and diverse microbes. The elastomer elicited negligible inflammatory responses after subcutaneous implantation in rodents for 2 weeks. No apparent fibrotic capsule formation was observed surrounding the elastomer after 6 months in rodents. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) catheters constructed from the elastomer demonstrated prolonged longevity and performance compared to commercial catheters, indicating its great potential for enhancing and extending the performance of various implantable biomedical devices by effectively attenuating local immune responses. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The foreign body response remains a significant challenge for implants. Complicated coating procedures are usually needed to construct anti-fibrotic coatings on implantable elastomers. Herein, a coating-free elastomer with superior immunocompatibility was achieved using a zwitterionic monomer derivative. A pure zwitterionic layer can be generated on the elastomer surface through a simple chemical trigger. This elastomer significantly reduces protein adsorption, cell and bacterial adhesion, and platelet activation, leading to minimal fibrotic capsule formation even after six months of subcutaneous implantation in rodents. CSII catheters constructed from the PQCBE-H elastomer demonstrated prolonged longevity and performance compared to commercial catheters, highlighting the significant potential of PQCBE-H elastomers for enhancing and extending the performance of various implantable biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchi Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Wenzhong Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yongcheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Zihao Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yuxian Lai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Zuolong Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311202, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Fan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Zhouyu Lu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Haijie Han
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Youxiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311202, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311202, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
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Sha B, Du Z. Neural repair and regeneration interfaces: a comprehensive review. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:022002. [PMID: 38232383 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad1f78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Neural interfaces play a pivotal role in neuromodulation, as they enable precise intervention into aberrant neural activity and facilitate recovery from neural injuries and resultant functional impairments by modulating local immune responses and neural circuits. This review outlines the development and applications of these interfaces and highlights the advantages of employing neural interfaces for neural stimulation and repair, including accurate targeting of specific neural populations, real-time monitoring and control of neural activity, reduced invasiveness, and personalized treatment strategies. Ongoing research aims to enhance the biocompatibility, stability, and functionality of these interfaces, ultimately augmenting their therapeutic potential for various neurological disorders. The review focuses on electrophysiological and optophysiology neural interfaces, discussing functionalization and power supply approaches. By summarizing the techniques, materials, and methods employed in this field, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential applications and future directions for neural repair and regeneration devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoning Sha
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Shenzhen institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Zhanhong Du
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Shenzhen institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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Surendran N, Durasiewicz CP, Hoffmann T, Wille A, Bussmann AB, Richter M. Microfluidic Delivery of High Viscosity Liquids Using Piezoelectric Micropumps for Subcutaneous Drug Infusion Applications. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 5:21-31. [PMID: 38487095 PMCID: PMC10939327 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2024.3355692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Goal: Auto-injectors for self-administration of drugs are usually refrigerated. If not warmed up prior to the injection, ejection of the total drug volume is not guaranteed, as their spring and plunger mechanism cannot adjust for a change in viscosity of the drug. Here, we develop piezoelectric micro diaphragm pump that allows these modifications possible while investigating the effectiveness of this alternative dosing method. Methods: The dosing of highly viscous liquid of 25 mPa·s is made possible using application-specific micropump design. By comparing the analytical with experimental results, the practicality of the concept is verified. Results: Using a powerful piezoelectric stack actuator, the micropump achieves high fluid pressures of up to (368 ± 17) kPa. In order to assess the influence of viscosity, we characterize the fluidic performance of the designed micropump through 27G gauge needle for various water-glycerin mixtures. We find maximum flow rates of 2 mL/min for viscosities of up to 25 mPa·s. Conclusions: The developed micro diaphragm pump enables the development of smart auto-injectors with flow rate regulation to achieve drug delivery for high viscosity drugs through 27G needles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedha Surendran
- Fraunhofer EMFT Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies80686MunichGermany
| | - Claudia Patricia Durasiewicz
- Fraunhofer EMFT Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies80686MunichGermany
- Fraunhofer IMTE Research Institute for Individualized and Cell-based Medical Engineering23562LübeckGermany
| | - Thalia Hoffmann
- Fraunhofer EMFT Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies80686MunichGermany
| | - Axel Wille
- Fraunhofer EMFT Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies80686MunichGermany
| | - Agnes Beate Bussmann
- Fraunhofer EMFT Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies80686MunichGermany
| | - Martin Richter
- Fraunhofer EMFT Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies80686MunichGermany
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5
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Magill E, Demartis S, Gavini E, Permana AD, Thakur RRS, Adrianto MF, Waite D, Glover K, Picco CJ, Korelidou A, Detamornrat U, Vora LK, Li L, Anjani QK, Donnelly RF, Domínguez-Robles J, Larrañeta E. Solid implantable devices for sustained drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114950. [PMID: 37295560 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS) are an attractive alternative to conventional drug administration routes. Oral and injectable drug administration are the most common routes for drug delivery providing peaks of drug concentrations in blood after administration followed by concentration decay after a few hours. Therefore, constant drug administration is required to keep drug levels within the therapeutic window of the drug. Moreover, oral drug delivery presents alternative challenges due to drug degradation within the gastrointestinal tract or first pass metabolism. IDDS can be used to provide sustained drug delivery for prolonged periods of time. The use of this type of systems is especially interesting for the treatment of chronic conditions where patient adherence to conventional treatments can be challenging. These systems are normally used for systemic drug delivery. However, IDDS can be used for localised administration to maximise the amount of drug delivered within the active site while reducing systemic exposure. This review will cover current applications of IDDS focusing on the materials used to prepare this type of systems and the main therapeutic areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Magill
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Sara Demartis
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Raghu Raj Singh Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Re-Vana Therapeutics, McClay Research Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Muhammad Faris Adrianto
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Re-Vana Therapeutics, McClay Research Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Indonesia
| | - David Waite
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Re-Vana Therapeutics, McClay Research Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Katie Glover
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Camila J Picco
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Anna Korelidou
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Usanee Detamornrat
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Linlin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Qonita Kurnia Anjani
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Megarezky, Jl. Antang Raya No. 43, Makassar 90234, Indonesia
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Juan Domínguez-Robles
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Eneko Larrañeta
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Stella GM, Lettieri S, Piloni D, Ferrarotti I, Perrotta F, Corsico AG, Bortolotto C. Smart Sensors and Microtechnologies in the Precision Medicine Approach against Lung Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1042. [PMID: 37513953 PMCID: PMC10385174 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE The therapeutic interventions against lung cancer are currently based on a fully personalized approach to the disease with considerable improvement of patients' outcome. Alongside continuous scientific progresses and research investments, massive technologic efforts, innovative challenges, and consolidated achievements together with research investments are at the bases of the engineering and manufacturing revolution that allows a significant gain in clinical setting. AIM AND METHODS The scope of this review is thus to focus, rather than on the biologic traits, on the analysis of the precision sensors and novel generation materials, as semiconductors, which are below the clinical development of personalized diagnosis and treatment. In this perspective, a careful revision and analysis of the state of the art of the literature and experimental knowledge is presented. RESULTS Novel materials are being used in the development of personalized diagnosis and treatment for lung cancer. Among them, semiconductors are used to analyze volatile cancer compounds and allow early disease diagnosis. Moreover, they can be used to generate MEMS which have found an application in advanced imaging techniques as well as in drug delivery devices. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these issues represent critical issues only partially known and generally underestimated by the clinical community. These novel micro-technology-based biosensing devices, based on the use of molecules at atomic concentrations, are crucial for clinical innovation since they have allowed the recent significant advances in cancer biology deciphering as well as in disease detection and therapy. There is an urgent need to create a stronger dialogue between technologists, basic researchers, and clinicians to address all scientific and manufacturing efforts towards a real improvement in patients' outcome. Here, great attention is focused on their application against lung cancer, from their exploitations in translational research to their application in diagnosis and treatment development, to ensure early diagnosis and better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maria Stella
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Lettieri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Piloni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Ferrarotti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Perrotta
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80131 Napoli, Italy
- U.O.C. Clinica Pneumologica "L. Vanvitelli", A.O. dei Colli, Ospedale Monaldi, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angelo Guido Corsico
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chandra Bortolotto
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Diagnostic Services and Imaging, Unit of Radiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Sciberras T, Demicoli M, Grech I, Mallia B, Mollicone P, Sammut N. Thermo-Mechanical Fluid-Structure Interaction Numerical Modelling and Experimental Validation of MEMS Electrothermal Actuators for Aqueous Biomedical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1264. [PMID: 37374848 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in MEMS technologies have made such devices attractive for use in applications that involve precision engineering and scalability. In the biomedical industry, MEMS devices have gained popularity in recent years for use as single-cell manipulation and characterisation tools. A niche application is the mechanical characterisation of single human red blood cells, which may exhibit certain pathological conditions that impart biomarkers of quantifiable magnitude that are potentially detectable via MEMS devices. Such applications come with stringent thermal and structural specifications wherein the potential device candidates must be able to function with no exceptions. This work presents a state-of-the-art numerical modelling methodology that is capable of accurately predicting MEMS device performance in various media, including aqueous ones. The method is strongly coupled in nature, whereby thermal as well as structural degrees of freedom are transferred to and from finite element and finite volume solvers at every iteration. This method therefore provides MEMS design engineers with a reliable tool that can be used in design and development stages and helps to avoid total reliability on experimental testing. The proposed numerical model is validated via a series of physical experiments. Four MEMS electrothermal actuators with cascaded V-shaped drivers are presented. With the use of the newly proposed numerical model as well as the experimental testing, the MEMS devices' suitability for biomedical applications is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sciberras
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Marija Demicoli
- Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Malta, MXK 1531 Marsaxlokk, Malta
| | - Ivan Grech
- Department of Microelectronics and Nanoelectronics, Faculty of Information and Communications Technology, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Bertram Mallia
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Pierluigi Mollicone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Nicholas Sammut
- Department of Microelectronics and Nanoelectronics, Faculty of Information and Communications Technology, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
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8
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Graf TP, Qiu SY, Varshney D, Laracuente ML, Euliano EM, Munnangi P, Pogostin BH, Baryakova T, Garyali A, McHugh KJ. A Scalable Platform for Fabricating Biodegradable Microparticles with Pulsatile Drug Release. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300228. [PMID: 36862114 PMCID: PMC10247432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulsatile drug delivery systems have the potential to improve patient adherence and therapeutic efficacy by providing a sequence of doses in a single injection. Herein, a novel platform, termed Particles Uniformly Liquified and Sealed to Encapsulate Drugs (PULSED) is developed, which enables the high-throughput fabrication of microparticles exhibiting pulsatile release. In PULSED, biodegradable polymeric microstructures with an open cavity are formed using high-resolution 3D printing and soft lithography, filled with drug, and sealed using a contactless heating step in which the polymer flows over the orifice to form a complete shell around a drug-loaded core. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) particles with this structure can rapidly release encapsulated material after delays of 10 ± 1, 15 ± 1, 17 ± 2, or 36 ± 1 days in vivo, depending on polymer molecular weight and end group. The system is even compatible with biologics, releasing over 90% of bevacizumab in its bioactive form after a two-week delay in vitro. The PULSED system is highly versatile, offering compatibility with crystalline and amorphous polymers, easily injectable particle sizes, and compatibility with several newly developed drug loading methods. Together, these results suggest that PULSED is a promising platform for creating long-acting drug formulations that improve patient outcomes due to its simplicity, low cost, and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P Graf
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Sherry Yue Qiu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Dhruv Varshney
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Mei-Li Laracuente
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Erin M Euliano
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Pujita Munnangi
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Brett H Pogostin
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - Arnav Garyali
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Kevin J McHugh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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9
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Liu G, Lu Y, Zhang F, Liu Q. Electronically powered drug delivery devices: considerations and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1636-1649. [PMID: 36305080 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2141709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronically powered drug delivery devices enable a controlled drug release route for a more convenient and painless way with reduced side effects. The current advances in microfabrication and microelectronics have facilitated miniaturization and intelligence with the integration of sensors and wireless communication modules. These devices have become an essential component of commercialized on-demand drug delivery. AREAS COVERED This review aims to provide a concise overview of current progress in electronically powered drug devices, focusing on delivery strategies, manufacturing techniques, and control circuit design with specific examples. EXPERT OPINION The application of electronically powered drug delivery systems is now considered a feasible therapeutic approach with improved drug release efficiency and increased patient comfort. It is anticipated that these technologies will gradually fulfill clinical needs and resolve commercialization challenges in the future. This review discusses the current advances in electronic drug delivery devices, especially focusing on designing strategies to achieve an effective drug release, as well as the perspectives and challenges for future applications in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fenni Zhang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qingjun Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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10
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Chen L, Fujisawa N, Takanohashi M, Ebara M. An injectable hyperthermic nanofiber mesh with switchable drug release to stimulate chemotherapy potency. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1046147. [PMID: 36406225 PMCID: PMC9669589 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1046147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a smart nanofiber mesh (SNM) with anticancer abilities as well as injectability and fast recovery from irregular to non-compressible shapes. The mesh can be injected at the tumor site to modulate and control anticancer effects by loading the chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel (PTX), as well as magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The storage modulus of the mesh decreases when applied with a certain shear strain, and the mesh can pass through a 14-gauge needle. Moreover, the fibrous morphology is maintained even after injection. In heat-generation measurements, the mesh achieved an effective temperature of mild hyperthermia (41-43°C) within 5 min of exposure to alternating magnetic field (AMF) irradiation. An electrospinning method was employed to fabricate the mesh using a copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide (HMAAm), whose phase transition temperature was adjusted to a mildly hyperthermic temperature range. Pplyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was also incorporated to add shear-thinning property to the interactions between polymer chains derived from hydrogen bonding, The "on-off" switchable release of PTX from the mesh was detected by the drug release test. Approximately 73% of loaded PTX was released from the mesh after eight cycles, whereas only a tiny amount of PTX was released during the cooling phase. Furthermore, hyperthermia combined with chemotherapy after exposure to an AMF showed significantly reduced cancer cell survival compared to the control group. Subsequent investigations have proven that a new injectable local hyperthermia chemotherapy platform could be developed for cancer treatment using this SNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nanami Fujisawa
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masato Takanohashi
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Flobak Å, Skånland SS, Hovig E, Taskén K, Russnes HG. Functional precision cancer medicine: drug sensitivity screening enabled by cell culture models. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:973-985. [PMID: 36163057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Functional precision medicine is a new, emerging area that can guide cancer treatment by capturing information from direct perturbations of tumor-derived, living cells, such as by drug sensitivity screening. Precision cancer medicine as currently implemented in clinical practice has been driven by genomics, and current molecular tumor boards rely extensively on genomic characterization to advise on therapeutic interventions. However, genomic biomarkers can only guide treatment decisions for a fraction of the patients. In this review we provide an overview of the current state of functional precision medicine, highlight advances for drug-sensitivity screening enabled by cell culture models, and discuss how artificial intelligence (AI) can be coupled to functional precision medicine to guide patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsmund Flobak
- The Cancer Clinic, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Informatics, Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hege G Russnes
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Fast Electrochemical Actuator with Ti Electrodes in the Current Stabilization Regime. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020283. [PMID: 35208407 PMCID: PMC8877286 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The actuators needed for autonomous microfluidic devices have to be compact, low-power-consuming, and compatible with microtechnology. The electrochemical actuators could be good candidates, but they suffer from a long response time due to slow gas termination. An actuator in which the gas is terminated orders of magnitude faster has been demonstrated recently. It uses water electrolysis performed by short voltage pulses of alternating polarity (AP). However, oxidation of Ti electrodes leads to a rapid decrease in the performance. In this paper, we demonstrate a special driving regime of the actuator, which is able to support a constant stroke for at least 105 cycles. The result is achieved using a new driving regime when a series of AP pulses are interspersed with a series of single-polarity (SP) pulses. The new regime is realized by a special pulse generator that automatically adjusts the amplitude of the SP pulses to keep the current flowing through the electrodes at a fixed level. The SP pulses increase the power consumption by 15–60% compared to the normal AP operation and make the membrane oscillate in a slightly lifted position.
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13
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Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) for Biomedical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020164. [PMID: 35208289 PMCID: PMC8875460 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The significant advancements within the electronics miniaturization field have shifted the scientific interest towards a new class of precision devices, namely microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Specifically, MEMS refers to microscaled precision devices generally produced through micromachining techniques that combine mechanical and electrical components for fulfilling tasks normally carried out by macroscopic systems. Although their presence is found throughout all the aspects of daily life, recent years have witnessed countless research works involving the application of MEMS within the biomedical field, especially in drug synthesis and delivery, microsurgery, microtherapy, diagnostics and prevention, artificial organs, genome synthesis and sequencing, and cell manipulation and characterization. Their tremendous potential resides in the advantages offered by their reduced size, including ease of integration, lightweight, low power consumption, high resonance frequency, the possibility of integration with electrical or electronic circuits, reduced fabrication costs due to high mass production, and high accuracy, sensitivity, and throughput. In this context, this paper aims to provide an overview of MEMS technology by describing the main materials and fabrication techniques for manufacturing purposes and their most common biomedical applications, which have evolved in the past years.
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14
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Padmakumar S, Varghese MM, Menon D. Differential Drug Release Kinetics from Paclitaxel-Loaded Polydioxanone Membranes and Capsules. RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY AND FORMULATION 2022; 16:241-252. [PMID: 35796448 DOI: 10.2174/2667387816666220707143330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug laden implantable systems can provide drug release over several hours to years, which eventually aid in the therapy of both acute and chronic diseases. The present study focuses on a fundamental evaluation of the influence of implant properties such as morphology, architecture, porosity, surface area, and wettability in regulating the drug release kinetics from drug-loaded polymeric matrices. METHODS For this, Polydioxanone (PDS) was selected as the polymer and Paclitaxel (Ptx) as the model drug. Two different forms of the matrix implants, viz., reservoir type capsules developed by dip coating and matrix type membranes fabricated by phase inversion and electrospinning, were utilized for the study. Drug release from all the four different matrices prepared by simple techniques was evaluated in vitro in PBS and ex vivo in peritoneal wash fluid for ~4 weeks. The drug release profiles were thereafter correlated with the physicochemical parameters of the polymeric implants. RESULTS Reservoir-type capsules followed a slow and steady zero-order kinetics, while matrix-type electrospun and phase inversion membranes displayed typical biphasic kinetics. CONCLUSION It was inferred that the slow degradation rate of PDS polymer as well as the implant properties like porosity and wettability play an important role in controlling the drug release rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrithi Padmakumar
- Centre for Nanosciences & Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Merin Mary Varghese
- Centre for Nanosciences & Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Deepthy Menon
- Centre for Nanosciences & Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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15
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Sitruk-Ware R. [New frontiers in contraception research]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:1014-1020. [PMID: 34851278 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving current contraceptives and discover novel methods easy to use with added health benefits would meet the needs of couples who seek alternatives to current methods. New delivery systems target user-controlled, longer-acting options to provide choice, user's autonomy and improve compliance. Self-injections, microarray patches, pod rings able to deliver several molecules aim to prevent both pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Improved intrauterine systems and non-surgical permanent methods are also on the research agenda. The search for novel methods must continue, to curb maternal mortality led by multiple pregnancies and unsafe abortion, still a burden in many countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régine Sitruk-Ware
- The Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, États-Unis
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16
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Sharma R, Geranpayehvaghei M, Ejeian F, Razmjou A, Asadnia M. Recent advances in polymeric nanostructured ion selective membranes for biomedical applications. Talanta 2021; 235:122815. [PMID: 34517671 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nano structured ion-selective membranes (ISMs) are very attractive materials for a wide range of sensing and ion separation applications. The present review focuses on the design principles of various ISMs; nanostructured and ionophore/ion acceptor doped ISMs, and their use in biomedical engineering. Applications of ISMs in the biomedical field have been well-known for more than half a century in potentiometric analysis of biological fluids and pharmaceutical products. However, the emergence of nanotechnology and sophisticated sensing methods assisted in miniaturising ion-selective electrodes to needle-like sensors that can be designed in the form of implantable or wearable devices (smartwatch, tattoo, sweatband, fabric patch) for health monitoring. This article provides a critical review of recent advances in miniaturization, sensing and construction of new devices over last decade (2011-2021). The designing of tunable ISM with biomimetic artificial ion channels offered intensive opportunities and innovative clinical analysis applications, including precise biosensing, controlled drug delivery and early disease diagnosis. This paper will also address the future perspective on potential applications and challenges in the widespread use of ISM for clinical use. Finally, this review details some recommendations and future directions to improve the accuracy and robustness of ISMs for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Sharma
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Marzieh Geranpayehvaghei
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia; Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-175, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ejeian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 73441-81746, Iran
| | - Amir Razmjou
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 73441-81746, Iran; Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; UNESCO Center for Membrane Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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17
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Eleftheriadis GK, Genina N, Boetker J, Rantanen J. Modular design principle based on compartmental drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113921. [PMID: 34390776 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The current manufacturing solutions for oral solid dosage forms are fundamentally based on technologies from the 19th century. This approach is well suited for mass production of one-size-fits-all products; however, it does not allow for a straight-forward personalization and mass customization of the pharmaceutical end-product. In order to provide better therapies to the patients, a need for innovative manufacturing concepts and product design principles has been rising. Additive manufacturing opens up a possibility for compartmentalization of drug products, including design of spatially separated multidrug and functional excipient compartments. This compartmentalized solution can be further expanded to modular design thinking. Modular design is referring to combination of building blocks containing a given amount of drug compound(s) and related functional excipients into a larger final product. Implementation of modular design principles is paving the way for implementing the emerging personalization potential within health sciences by designing compartmental and reactive product structures that can be manufactured based on the individual needs of each patient. This review will introduce the existing compartmentalized product design principles and discuss the integration of these into edible electronics allowing for innovative control of drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalja Genina
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Boetker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Haddad LB, Townsend JW, Sitruk-Ware R. Contraceptive Technologies: Looking Ahead to New Approaches to Increase Options for Family Planning. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2021; 64:435-448. [PMID: 34323226 PMCID: PMC8328155 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
With persistently high global rates of unintended pregnancy and contraceptive nonuse, nonadherence and discontinuation, new contraceptive methods must address the needs of women and men who seek alternatives to their current options. Methods under development aim to reduce potential side effects, improve access and ease of use, ensure safety, increase secondary benefits associated with method use and expand options for both women and men. Developmental approaches employed to enhance current methods utilize new delivery systems and novel active pharmaceutical ingredients. This will improve overall user satisfaction with the methods used while expanding the number of options available to provide choice and value user autonomy in the highly diverse contraceptive markets around the world.
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19
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HPLC method for levothyroxine quantification in long-acting drug delivery systems. Validation and evaluation of bovine serum albumin as levothyroxine stabilizer. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114182. [PMID: 34089980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism) is treated with oral levothyroxine (LEVO). However, the effectiveness of oral administration is highly dependent on the co-administration of food and other drugs. This factor, in combination with the chronic nature of this condition, mean that there are concerns with patient compliance. Development of long acting formulations to treat hypothyroidism could potentially solve this problem. However, LEVO instability in solution could be problematic. In order to develop long acting LEVO delivery systems in vitro drug release experiments should be carried out. However, short term LEVO stability in aqueous solution will prevent this. BSA was used as a stabiliser for LEVO; extending the stability of the drug in aqueous solutions from a few hours to 2 weeks. In order to achieve this, the required concentration of the protein was 0.1% w/v. Subsequently, an HPLC method capable of separating LEVO from the protein was developed and validated following ICH guidelines. The analysis was carried out using a reverse phase HPLC method on an Agilent 1220 Infinity II LC system. The column used to achieve separation was a Zorbax Eclipse plus C18 (95 Å pore size, 250 mm length x 4.6 mm internal diameter; 5 μm particle size). The mobile phase used was composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid at a ratio of 50:50% v/v. UV detection of LEVO sodium was carried out at 225 nm. The retention time for the drug was 6.6 minutes. The method showed a limit of detection of 0.03 μg/mL and a limit of quantification of 0.09 μg/mL. Finally, this method was used to evaluate the release from implants containing 20% w/w of LEVO. These devices were prepared using a solvent casting method with poly(caprolactone) and LEVO. These devices showed an initial burst release over the first 3 days. Subsequently, they were capable of providing a linear release rate over the following 25 days.
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20
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A Peristaltic Micropump Based on the Fast Electrochemical Actuator: Design, Fabrication, and Preliminary Testing. ACTUATORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/act10030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices providing an accurate delivery of fluids at required rates are of considerable interest, especially for the biomedical field. The progress is limited by the lack of micropumps, which are compact, have high performance, and are compatible with standard microfabrication. This paper describes a micropump based on a new driving principle. The pump contains three membrane actuators operating peristaltically. The actuators are driven by nanobubbles of hydrogen and oxygen, which are generated in the chamber by a series of short voltage pulses of alternating polarity applied to the electrodes. This process guaranties the response time of the actuators to be much shorter than that of any other electrochemical device. The main part of the pump has a size of about 3 mm, which is an order of magnitude smaller in comparison with conventional micropumps. The pump is fabricated in glass and silicon wafers using standard cleanroom processes. The channels are formed in SU-8 photoresist and the membrane is made of SiNx. The channels are sealed by two processes of bonding between SU-8 and SiNx. Functionality of the channels and membranes is demonstrated. A defect of electrodes related to the lift-off fabrication procedure did not allow a demonstration of the pumping process although a flow rate of 1.5 µL/min and dosage accuracy of 0.25 nL are expected. The working characteristics of the pump make it attractive for the use in portable drug delivery systems, but the fabrication technology must be improved.
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21
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Chua CYX, Liu HC, Di Trani N, Susnjar A, Ho J, Scorrano G, Rhudy J, Sizovs A, Lolli G, Hernandez N, Nucci MC, Cicalo R, Ferrari M, Grattoni A. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers for implantable medical devices. Biomaterials 2021; 271:120719. [PMID: 33652266 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbon fibers reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are prolifically finding applications in the medical field, moving beyond the aerospace and automotive industries. Owing to its high strength-to-weight ratio, lightness and radiolucency, CFRP-based materials are emerging to replace traditional metal-based medical implants. Numerous types of polymers matrices can be incorporated with carbon fiber using various manufacturing methods, creating composites with distinct properties. Thus, prior to biomedical application, comprehensive evaluation of material properties, biocompatibility and safety are of paramount importance. In this study, we systematically evaluated a series of novel CFRPs, aiming at analyzing biocompatibility for future development into medical implants or implantable drug delivery systems. These CFRPs were produced either via Carbon Fiber-Sheet Molding Compound or Fused Deposition Modelling-based additive manufacturing. Unlike conventional methods, both fabrication processes afford high production rates in a time-and cost-effective manner. Importantly, they offer rapid prototyping and customization in view of personalized medical devices. Here, we investigate the physicochemical and surface properties, material mutagenicity or cytotoxicity of 20 CFRPs, inclusive of 2 surface finishes, as well as acute and sub-chronic toxicity in mice and rabbits, respectively. We demonstrate that despite moderate in vitro physicochemical and surface changes over time, most of the CFRPs were non-mutagenic and non-cytotoxic, as well as biocompatible in small animal models. Future work will entail extensive material assessment in the context of orthopedic applications such as evaluating potential for osseointegration, and a chronic toxicity study in a larger animal model, pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine Ying Xuan Chua
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hsuan-Chen Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nicola Di Trani
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Shijingshan, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Antonia Susnjar
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jeremy Ho
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Giovanni Scorrano
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Material Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jessica Rhudy
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Antons Sizovs
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Graziano Lolli
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic of Turin, Turin, 10129, Italy
| | - Nathanael Hernandez
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria Concetta Nucci
- Division of Occupational Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Roberto Cicalo
- D-Verge Srl, Sant'Agata Bolognese, Emilia-Romagna, 40019, Italy
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alessandro Grattoni
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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22
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Mercuri M, Fernandez Rivas D. Challenges and opportunities for small volumes delivery into the skin. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:011301. [PMID: 33532017 PMCID: PMC7826167 DOI: 10.1063/5.0030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Each individual's skin has its own features, such as strength, elasticity, or permeability to drugs, which limits the effectiveness of one-size-fits-all approaches typically found in medical treatments. Therefore, understanding the transport mechanisms of substances across the skin is instrumental for the development of novel minimal invasive transdermal therapies. However, the large difference between transport timescales and length scales of disparate molecules needed for medical therapies makes it difficult to address fundamental questions. Thus, this lack of fundamental knowledge has limited the efficacy of bioengineering equipment and medical treatments. In this article, we provide an overview of the most important microfluidics-related transport phenomena through the skin and versatile tools to study them. Moreover, we provide a summary of challenges and opportunities faced by advanced transdermal delivery methods, such as needle-free jet injectors, microneedles, and tattooing, which could pave the way to the implementation of better therapies and new methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalí Mercuri
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, TechMed Centre and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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23
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Çağlayan Z, Demircan Yalçın Y, Külah H. A Prominent Cell Manipulation Technique in BioMEMS: Dielectrophoresis. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E990. [PMID: 33153069 PMCID: PMC7693018 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BioMEMS, the biological and biomedical applications of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), has attracted considerable attention in recent years and has found widespread applications in disease detection, advanced diagnosis, therapy, drug delivery, implantable devices, and tissue engineering. One of the most essential and leading goals of the BioMEMS and biosensor technologies is to develop point-of-care (POC) testing systems to perform rapid prognostic or diagnostic tests at a patient site with high accuracy. Manipulation of particles in the analyte of interest is a vital task for POC and biosensor platforms. Dielectrophoresis (DEP), the induced movement of particles in a non-uniform electrical field due to polarization effects, is an accurate, fast, low-cost, and marker-free manipulation technique. It has been indicated as a promising method to characterize, isolate, transport, and trap various particles. The aim of this review is to provide fundamental theory and principles of DEP technique, to explain its importance for the BioMEMS and biosensor fields with detailed references to readers, and to identify and exemplify the application areas in biosensors and POC devices. Finally, the challenges faced in DEP-based systems and the future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Çağlayan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Yağmur Demircan Yalçın
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- Mikro Biyosistemler Electronics Inc., Ankara 06530, Turkey
| | - Haluk Külah
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Mikro Biyosistemler Electronics Inc., Ankara 06530, Turkey
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Numerical Investigation of Nanostructure Orientation on Electroosmotic Flow. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11110971. [PMID: 33138301 PMCID: PMC7694110 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is fluid flow induced by an applied electric field, which has been widely employed in various micro-/nanofluidic applications. Past investigations have revealed that the presence of nanostructures in microchannel reduces EOF. Hitherto, the angle-dependent behavior of nanoline structures on EOF has not yet been studied in detail and its understanding is lacking. Numerical analyses of the effect of nanoline orientation angle θ on EOF to reveal the associated mechanisms were conducted in this investigation. When θ increases from 5° to 90° (from parallel to perpendicular to the flow direction), the average EOF velocity decreases exponentially due to the increase in distortion of the applied electric field distribution at the structured surface, as a result of the increased apparent nanolines per unit microchannel length. With increasing nanoline width W, the decrease of average EOF velocity is fairly linear, attributed to the simultaneous narrowing of nanoline ridge (high local fluid velocity region). While increasing nanoline depth D results in a monotonic decrease of the average EOF velocity. This reduction stabilizes for aspect ratio D/W > 0.5 as the electric field distribution distortion within the nanoline trench remains nearly constant. This investigation reveals that the effects on EOF of nanolines, and by extrapolation for any nanostructures, may be directly attributed to their effects on the distortion of the applied electric field distribution within a microchannel.
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