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Wang T, Tan HS, Wang AJ, Li SS, Feng JJ. Fluorescent metal nanoclusters: From luminescence mechanism to applications in enzyme activity assays. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 257:116323. [PMID: 38669842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (MNCs) have outstanding fluorescence property and biocompatibility, which show widespread applications in biological analysis. Particularly, evaluation of enzyme activity with the fluorescent MNCs has been developed rapidly within the past several years. In this review, we first introduced the fluorescent mechanism of mono- and bi-metallic nanoclusters, respectively, whose interesting luminescence properties are mainly resulted from electron transfer between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels. Meanwhile, the charge migration within the structure occurs through ligand-metal charge transfer (LMCT) or ligand-metal-metal charge transfer (LMMCT). On such foundation, diverse enzyme activities were rigorously evaluated, including three transferases and nine hydrolases, in turn harvesting rapid research progresses within past 5 years. Finally, we summarized the design strategies for evaluating enzyme activity with the MNCs, presented the major issues and challenges remained in the relevant research, coupled by showing some improvement measures. This review will attract researchers dedicated to the studies of the MNCs and provide some constructive insights for their further applications in enzyme analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Tan
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ai-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jiu-Ju Feng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
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2
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Liao C, Li T, Chen F, Yan S, Zhu L, Tang H, Wang D. Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed polyacrylamide gels: monitoring their polymerization with BSA-stabilized gold nanoclusters and their functional validation in electrophoresis. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2182-2191. [PMID: 38213962 PMCID: PMC10777359 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07208h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyacrylamide gel (PAG) is extensively used as a matrix for biomolecular analysis and fractionation. However, the traditional polymerization catalyst system N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)/ammonium persulphate (APS) of PAG presents non-negligible toxicity. Herein, we utilized the green and efficient bio-enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to catalyze the gel polymerization of polyacrylamide. At the same time, the efficacy of this gel system in separating nucleic acids and proteins was confirmed by applying the gel system in electrophoresis. This study aims to explore a higher biosafety polyacrylamide gel polymerization catalytic system which can be applied to electrophoresis technology. Furthermore, in order to differentiate between the bio-enzymatic catalytic system and the traditional toxic catalytic system during polymerization, aggregation-induced luminescence (AIE) of bovine serum albumin-stabilized gold nanoclusters (BSA-Au NCs) was used to monitor the polymerization reaction of the system. The results indicated that the fluorescence intensity of the polymeric system containing BSA-Au NCs increased with the polymerization of the monomers. Subsequently, we assessed whether certain components of nucleic acid electrophoresis and protein electrophoresis such as sodiumdodecylsulfate (SDS) and TBE buffer (Tris-boric acid, EDTA, pH 8.3) would affect the polymerization of the polyacrylamide gels catalyzed by the biological enzymes. The experimental conditions were also optimized to explore the optimal concentration of the ternary system of HRP, H2O2 and ACAC. Our results suggested that the bioenzyme-catalyzed system could be a feasible alternative to the TEMED/APS-catalyzed system, which also could provide new insights into the methods of monitoring the polymerization system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Fengjiao Chen
- Guangshan County People's Hospital Xinyang 465450 China
| | - Shaoying Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang Jiangxi 330000 China
| | - Liying Zhu
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 China
| | - Hua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Dan Wang
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, The People's Hospital of Rongchang District Chongqing 402460 China
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3
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Mu J, Zhang H, Huang Z, Jia Q. Terbium-triggered aggregation-induced emission of bimetallic nanoclusters for anticancer drugs sensing via the inner filter effect. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 291:122388. [PMID: 36696862 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of accurate and sensitive detection methods of anticancer drugs is of significant importance because they play vital roles in biological systems. In recent years, bimetallic nanoclusters (BMNCs) incorporating the advantages of two metals have gained more and more attention, and can be widely applied in sensing applications. In this work, for the first time, we designed a sensing platform based on terbium ion (Tb3+) triggered aggregation-induced emission (AIE) of BMNCs. Tb3+ hybrid glutathione (GS) protected Ag/Cu nanoclusters (Tb3+@GS-AgCuNCs) were facilely fabricated according to the complexation reaction between Tb3+ and the carboxyl group of GS. Due to the inner filter effect (IFE), the fluorescence of Tb3+@GS-AgCuNCs decreased significantly in the presence of anticancer drugs with 6-thioguanine and methotrexate as representatives. In addition, the sensing platform was applied to monitor 6-thioguanine and methotrexate in real serum samples, indicating that it has great potential in anticancer drugs related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Mu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Huifeng Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qiong Jia
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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4
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Zhang W, Sun DW, Ma J, Wang Z, Qin A, Zhong Tang B. Simultaneous Sensing of Ammonia and Temperatures Using A Dual-mode Freshness Indicator Based on Au/Cu Nanoclusters for Packaged Seafood. Food Chem 2023; 418:135929. [PMID: 37001353 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Seafood is highly perishable and monitoring its freshness this thus an important issue. For the first time, the current study developed a dual-mode freshness indicator based on d-penicillamine capped bimetallic gold/copper nanoclusters (DPA-Au/CuNCs) as a response probe for simultaneous monitoring of ammonia and temperatures to assess seafood freshness. Results indicated that the prepared DPA-Au/CuNCs have good sensitivity toward ammonia, with a limit of detection of 0.14 ppm. The indicator as a gas sensor for ammonia vapour detection exhibited highly recognizable fluorescence colour changes and the variations from white to yellow were observed with increasing storage temperature under natural light. For confirming its practical applications, the indicator was used to simultaneously monitor ammonia and temperatures during the storage of shrimp and fish, showing good potential for practical applications in evaluating seafood freshness for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. http://www.ucd.ie/refrig
| | - Ji Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Longgang District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong 518172, China
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Zhang N, Zhao L, He M, Luo P, Tan L. Assay of inorganic pyrophosphatase activity based on a fluorescence "turn-off" strategy using carbon quantum dots@Cu-MOF nanotubes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 284:121771. [PMID: 36027790 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective sensor for the quantitative assay of inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) activity was developed based on a fluorescence "turn-off" strategy. Carbon quantum dots@Cu(II)-based metal-organic framework nanotubes (CQDs@Cu-MOF) with length less than 300 nm and width less than 20 nm were synthesized. CQDs in the nanotubes exhibited weak fluorescence owing to static quenching. The coordination reaction between pyrophosphate ion (PPi) and Cu(II) decomposed CQDs@Cu-MOF and led to the release of CQDs, of which the fluorescence recovered. In the presence of PPase, the hydrolysis of PPi generated phosphate ion (Pi). CQDs@Cu-MOF remained their structural stability and the fluorescence turned off. The fluorescence intensity difference of the mixture of CQDs@Cu-MOF and PPi in the absence and presence of PPase (-ΔF) was proportional to the PPase concentration from 0.1 to 5 mU mL-1 and that from 5 to 50 mU mL-1, and a limit of detection at 0.03 mU mL-1 was obtained. PPase activity in human serum was analyzed using the proposed fluorescence sensor and the recovery values were found to vary from 95.0% to 104 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Lixin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Mengting He
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Peng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Liang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China.
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6
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Xi L, Zhang X, Chen Y, Peng J, Liu M, Huo D, Li G, He H. A fluorescence turn-on strategy to achieve detection of captopril based on Ag nanoclusters. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Jiang Y, Zhao W, Zhou H, Zhang Q, Zhang S. ATP-Triggered Intracellular In Situ Aggregation of a Gold-Nanoparticle-Equipped Triple-Helix Molecular Switch for Fluorescence Imaging and Photothermal Tumor Therapy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3755-3764. [PMID: 35291761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Isotropic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can generate a plasma-plasma interaction when aggregating and can also produce ideal photothermal effects. Some studies have designed ATP-responsive nanodrug delivery systems by taking advantage of the differences between internal and external ATP in tumor cells, but few studies have focused on the photothermal effects of ATP-induced AuNP aggregation in tumors. Here, a triple-helix probe (THP) molecular switch and MUC1 aptamer-functionalized AuNPs were constructed for fluorescence imaging analysis and photothermal therapy (PTT). The MUC1 aptamer guides THP-AuNP targeting in tumor cells, followed by the high concentration of ATP inducing structural changes in triple-helix probes and causing the intracellular aggregation of AuNPs, which cannot escape from the tumor site, enabling tumor imaging while performing PTT. Therefore, the designed THP-AuNPs have promising applications in fluorescence imaging and PTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, P. R. China
| | - Qiuqi Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, P. R. China
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8
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Shen H, Xu C, Sun F, Zhao M, Wu Q, Zhang J, Li S, Zhang J, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Metal-Based Aggregation-Induced Emission Theranostic Systems. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100578. [PMID: 34837664 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Efficient theranostic systems can realize better outcomes in disease treatment because of precise diagnosis and the concomitant effective therapy. Aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) are a unique type of organic emitters with intriguing photophysical properties in the aggregate state. Among the AIEgens studied for biomedical applications, so far, metal-based AIE systems have shown great potential in theranostics due to the enhanced multimodal bioimaging ability and therapeutic effect. This research field has been growing rapidly, and many rationally designed systems with promising activities to cancer and other diseases have been reported recently. In this review, we summarized the recent progress of metal-based AIE materials in bioimaging and biological theranostics, and deciphered the pertinent design strategies. We hope that this review can offer new insights into the development of this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Changhuo Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feiyi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengying Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sijie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Center for Aggregation-induced Emission, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Diana R, Caruso U, Panunzi B. Stimuli-Responsive Zinc (II) Coordination Polymers: A Novel Platform for Supramolecular Chromic Smart Tools. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3712. [PMID: 34771269 PMCID: PMC8588226 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique role of the zinc (II) cation prompted us to cut a cross-section of the large and complex topic of the stimuli-responsive coordination polymers (CPs). Due to its flexible coordination environment and geometries, easiness of coordination-decoordination equilibria, "optically innocent" ability to "clip" the ligands in emissive architectures, non-toxicity and sustainability, the zinc (II) cation is a good candidate for building supramolecular smart tools. The review summarizes the recent achievements of zinc-based CPs as stimuli-responsive materials able to provide a chromic response. An overview of the past five years has been organised, encompassing 1, 2 and 3D responsive zinc-based CPs; specifically zinc-based metallorganic frameworks and zinc-based nanosized polymeric probes. The most relevant examples were collected following a consequential and progressive approach, referring to the structure-responsiveness relationship, the sensing mechanisms, the analytes and/or parameters detected. Finally, applications of highly bioengineered Zn-CPs for advanced imaging technique have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Diana
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Ugo Caruso
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Barbara Panunzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
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Diana R, Panunzi B. Zinc (II) and AIEgens: The "Clip Approach" for a Novel Fluorophore Family. A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:4176. [PMID: 34299451 PMCID: PMC8304007 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) compounds display a photophysical phenomenon in which the aggregate state exhibits stronger emission than the isolated units. The common term of "AIEgens" was coined to describe compounds undergoing the AIE effect. Due to the recent interest in AIEgens, the search for novel hybrid organic-inorganic compounds with unique luminescence properties in the aggregate phase is a relevant goal. In this perspective, the abundant, inexpensive, and nontoxic d10 zinc cation offers unique opportunities for building AIE active fluorophores, sensing probes, and bioimaging tools. Considering the novelty of the topic, relevant examples collected in the last 5 years (2016-2021) through scientific production can be considered fully representative of the state-of-the-art. Starting from the simple phenomenological approach and considering different typological and chemical units and structures, we focused on zinc-based AIEgens offering synthetic novelty, research completeness, and relevant applications. A special section was devoted to Zn(II)-based AIEgens for living cell imaging as the novel technological frontier in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Panunzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
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