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Adzavon KP, Zhao W, He X, Sheng W. Ferroptosis resistance in cancer cells: nanoparticles for combination therapy as a solution. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1416382. [PMID: 38962305 PMCID: PMC11219589 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1416382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis is currently proposed as one of the most promising means of combating tumor resistance. Nevertheless, the problem of ferroptosis resistance in certain cancer cells has been identified. This review first, investigates the mechanisms of ferroptosis induction in cancer cells. Next, the problem of cancer cell resistance to ferroptosis, as well as the underlying mechanisms is discussed. Recently discovered ferroptosis-suppressing biomarkers have been described. The various types of nanoparticles that can induce ferroptosis are also discussed. Given the ability of nanoparticles to combine multiple agents, this review proposes nanoparticle-based ferroptosis cell death as a viable method of circumventing this resistance. This review suggests combining ferroptosis with other forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, cuproptosis and autophagy. It also suggests combining ferroptosis with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wang Sheng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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Neves A, Albuquerque T, Faria R, Santos CRA, Vivès E, Boisguérin P, Carneiro D, Bruno DF, Pavlaki MD, Loureiro S, Sousa Â, Costa D. Evidence That a Peptide-Drug/p53 Gene Complex Promotes Cognate Gene Expression and Inhibits the Viability of Glioblastoma Cells. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:781. [PMID: 38931902 PMCID: PMC11207567 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is considered the deadliest brain cancer. Conventional therapies are followed by poor patient survival outcomes, so novel and more efficacious therapeutic strategies are imperative to tackle this scourge. Gene therapy has emerged as an exciting and innovative tool in cancer therapy. Its combination with chemotherapy has significantly improved therapeutic outcomes. In line with this, our team has developed temozolomide-transferrin (Tf) peptide (WRAP5)/p53 gene nanometric complexes that were revealed to be biocompatible with non-cancerous cells and in a zebrafish model and were able to efficiently target and internalize into SNB19 and U373 glioma cell lines. The transfection of these cells, mediated by the formulated peptide-drug/gene complexes, resulted in p53 expression. The combined action of the anticancer drug with p53 supplementation in cancer cells enhances cytotoxicity, which was correlated to apoptosis activation through quantification of caspase-3 activity. In addition, increased caspase-9 levels revealed that the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis was implicated. This assumption was further evidenced by the presence, in glioma cells, of Bax protein overexpression-a core regulator of this apoptotic pathway. Our findings demonstrated the great potential of peptide TMZ/p53 co-delivery complexes for cellular transfection, p53 expression, and apoptosis induction, holding promising therapeutic value toward glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Neves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.N.); (T.A.); (R.F.); (C.R.A.S.); (Â.S.)
| | - Tânia Albuquerque
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.N.); (T.A.); (R.F.); (C.R.A.S.); (Â.S.)
| | - Rúben Faria
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.N.); (T.A.); (R.F.); (C.R.A.S.); (Â.S.)
| | - Cecília R. A. Santos
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.N.); (T.A.); (R.F.); (C.R.A.S.); (Â.S.)
| | - Eric Vivès
- PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (E.V.); (P.B.)
| | - Prisca Boisguérin
- PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (E.V.); (P.B.)
| | - Diana Carneiro
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.C.); (D.F.B.); (M.D.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Daniel F. Bruno
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.C.); (D.F.B.); (M.D.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Maria D. Pavlaki
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.C.); (D.F.B.); (M.D.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.C.); (D.F.B.); (M.D.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Ângela Sousa
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.N.); (T.A.); (R.F.); (C.R.A.S.); (Â.S.)
| | - Diana Costa
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.N.); (T.A.); (R.F.); (C.R.A.S.); (Â.S.)
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Huang M, Teng Q, Cao F, Huang J, Pang J. Ferroptosis and ferroptosis-inducing nanomedicine as a promising weapon in combination therapy of prostate cancer. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1617-1629. [PMID: 38379396 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01894f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Incidence and mortality of prostate cancer (PCa) rank in the top five among male tumors. However, single treatment modalities are often restricted due to biochemical recurrence and drug resistance, necessitating the development of new approaches for the combination treatment of castration-resistant and neuroendocrine PCa. Ferroptosis is characterized by the accumulation of iron-overload-mediated lipid peroxidation and has shown promising outcomes in anticancer treatment, prompting us to present a review reporting the application of ferroptosis in the treatment of PCa. First, the process and mechanism of ferroptosis are briefly reviewed. Second, research advances combining ferroptosis-inducing agents and clinical treatment regimens, which exhibit a "two-pronged approach" effect, are further summarized. Finally, the recent progress on ferroptosis-inducing nanomaterials for combination anticancer therapy is presented. This review is expected to provide novel insights into ferroptosis-based combination treatment in drug-resistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Huang
- Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qiliang Teng
- Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jinsheng Huang
- Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jun Pang
- Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
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GUO X, WANG T, XIA J, ZENG H, SHI W. [Role of Ferroptosis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Progress
of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2024; 27:216-230. [PMID: 38590196 PMCID: PMC11002191 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2024.101.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Ferroptosis is a new type of programmed cell death caused by abnormal accumulation of iron-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to lipid peroxidation. It involves the balance between iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, oxygen free radical reaction and lipid peroxidation. Recent studies have found that ferroptosis is closely related to the occurrence and development of NSCLC. Due to the emergence of chemotherapy resistance and radiotherapy resistance in the treatment of NSCLC, there is an urgent need to develop new effective drugs and treatment strategies. Traditional Chinese medicine has unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of NSCLC due to its multi-targets and minimal side effects. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of ferroptosis in NSCLC, and discuss the research status of active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine, single-herb traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese herbal compounds in the intervention of NSCLC through ferroptosis, in order to provide a new theoretical basis for the research of ferroptosis pathway and the prevention and treatment of NSCLC by targeted ferroptosis of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Li Y, Li X, Li J. Ferroptosis in lung cancer: dual role, multi-level regulation, and new therapeutic strategies. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1360638. [PMID: 38515565 PMCID: PMC10955378 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1360638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a highly prevalent malignant tumor worldwide, with high incidence and death rates. Recently, there has been increasing recognition of the role of ferroptosis, a unique cell death mechanism, in lung cancer. This review aims to summarize the current research progress on the relationship between ferroptosis and lung cancer. It also provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory processes of ferroptosis in various stages, including epigenetics, transcription, post-transcription, translation, and post-translation. Additionally, the review explores the dual nature of ferroptosis in lung cancer progression, which presents interesting therapeutic possibilities. On one hand, ferroptosis can promote the escape of immune surveillance and reduce the efficacy of treatment in the early stages of tumors. On the other hand, it can counter drug resistance, enhance radiosensitivity, and promote immunotherapy. The article also discusses various combination treatment strategies based on the mechanism of ferroptosis. Overall, this review offers a holistic perspective on the role of ferroptosis in the onset, progression, and treatment of lung cancer. It aims to contribute to future research and clinical interventions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Zhan J, Wang J, Liang Y, Zeng X, Li E, Wang H. P53 together with ferroptosis: a promising strategy leaving cancer cells without escape. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:1-14. [PMID: 38105650 PMCID: PMC10875350 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
TP53, functioning as the keeper of the genome, assumes a pivotal function in the inhibition of tumorigenesis. Recent studies have revealed that p53 regulates ferroptosis pathways within tumor cells and is closely related to tumorigenesis. Therefore, we summarize the pathways and mechanisms by which p53 regulates ferroptosis and identify a series of upstream and downstream molecules involved in this process. Furthermore, we construct a p53-ferroptosis network centered on p53. Finally, we present the progress of drugs to prevent wild-type p53 (wtp53) degeneration and restore wtp53, highlighting the deficiencies of drug development and the prospects for p53 in cancer treatment. These findings provide novel strategies and directions for future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Zhan
- Department of General SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
- HuanKui AcademyNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Jisheng Wang
- Department of General SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Yuqing Liang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Xiaoping Zeng
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
- Medical CollegeJinhua PolytechnicJinhua321017China
| | - Enliang Li
- Department of General SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNanchang UniversityNanchang330006China
- Medical CollegeJinhua PolytechnicJinhua321017China
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Sun Y, Xu T, Qian Y, Chen Q, Xiong F, Du W, Xu L. NOS-like activity of CeO 2 nanozymes contributes to diminishing the vascular plaques. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:12. [PMID: 38166896 PMCID: PMC10763164 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ceria nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) exhibit great potential in cardiovascular disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease due to its excellent antioxidant capacity. However, the profitable effect of CeO2NPs on many diseases is almost all attributed to the regulation of ROS. Apart from the general antioxidant function, there seems to be no more distinct mechanism to reflect its unique multi-disease improvement effect. Here, we for the first time reveal a new discovery of CeO2NPs in mimicking nitric oxide synthase (NOS) by catalyzing L-arginine (L-Arg) to produce nitric oxide (NO) or the derivatives. NOS-like activity of CeO2NPs is original and associated with multiple factors like substrate concentration, pH, temperature and time, etc. where oxygen vacancy ratio plays a more critical role. Meanwhile, NOS-like activity of CeO2NPs successfully elevates NO secretion in endothelial cells and macrophages without expanding eNOS/iNOS expression. Importantly, NOS-like activity of CeO2NPs and the responsive endogenous NO promote the re-distribution of blood lipids and stabilize eNOS expression but suppress iNOS, thus collectively alleviate the accumulation of vascular plaque. Altogether, we provide a new angle of view to survey the outstanding potential of CeO2NPs, apart from the inevitable antioxidant capacity, the covert but possible and more critical NOS-like enzymatic activity is more noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China.
| | - Tianze Xu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yike Qian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiaoyun Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Fei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano-Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxian Du
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Li Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China.
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Xing N, Du Q, Guo S, Xiang G, Zhang Y, Meng X, Xiang L, Wang S. Ferroptosis in lung cancer: a novel pathway regulating cell death and a promising target for drug therapy. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:110. [PMID: 37005430 PMCID: PMC10067943 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a common malignant tumor that occurs in the human body and poses a serious threat to human health and quality of life. The existing treatment methods mainly include surgical treatment, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, due to the strong metastatic characteristics of lung cancer and the emergence of related drug resistance and radiation resistance, the overall survival rate of lung cancer patients is not ideal. There is an urgent need to develop new treatment strategies or new effective drugs to treat lung cancer. Ferroptosis, a novel type of programmed cell death, is different from the traditional cell death pathways such as apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis and so on. It is caused by the increase of iron-dependent reactive oxygen species due to intracellular iron overload, which leads to the accumulation of lipid peroxides, thus inducing cell membrane oxidative damage, affecting the normal life process of cells, and finally promoting the process of ferroptosis. The regulation of ferroptosis is closely related to the normal physiological process of cells, and it involves iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and the balance between oxygen-free radical reaction and lipid peroxidation. A large number of studies have confirmed that ferroptosis is a result of the combined action of the cellular oxidation/antioxidant system and cell membrane damage/repair, which has great potential application in tumor therapy. Therefore, this review aims to explore potential therapeutic targets for ferroptosis in lung cancer by clarifying the regulatory pathway of ferroptosis. Based on the study of ferroptosis, the regulation mechanism of ferroptosis in lung cancer was understood and the existing chemical drugs and natural compounds targeting ferroptosis in lung cancer were summarized, with the aim of providing new ideas for the treatment of lung cancer. In addition, it also provides the basis for the discovery and clinical application of chemical drugs and natural compounds targeting ferroptosis to effectively treat lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qinyun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Sa Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Gelin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Meishan Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan, 620010, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Shaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Meishan Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan, 620010, China.
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Liu D, Huang Y, Mao J, Jiang C, Zheng L, Wu Q, Cai H, Liu X, Dai J. A nanohybrid synthesized by polymeric assembling Au(I)-peptide precursor for anti-wrinkle function. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1087363. [PMID: 36578506 PMCID: PMC9790933 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1087363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A major sign of aging is wrinkles (dynamic lines and static lines) on the surface of the skin. In spite of Botulinum toxin's favorable therapeutic effect today, there have been several reports of its toxicity and side effects. Therefore, the development of an effective and safe wrinkle-fighting compound is imperative. An antioxidant-wrinkle effect was demonstrated by the peptide that we developed and synthesized, termed Skin Peptide. Aiming at the intrinsic defects of the peptide such as hydrolysis and poor membrane penetration, we developed a general approach to transform the Skin Peptide targeting intracellular protein-protein interaction into a bioavailable peptide-gold spherical nano-hybrid, Skin Pcluster. As expected, the results revealed that Skin Pcluster reduced the content of acetylcholine released by neurons in vitro, and then inhibit neuromuscular signal transmission. Additionally, human experiments demonstrated a significant de-wrinkle effect. Moreover, Skin Pcluster is characterized by a reliable safety profile. Consequently, anti-wrinkle peptides and Skin Pcluster nanohybrids demonstrated innovative anti-wrinkle treatments and have significant potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Talent Highland, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yinong Huang
- Shaanxi Institute of Pediatric Diseases, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Yinong Huang, ; Hong Cai, ; Xiaojing Liu, ; Jingyao Dai,
| | - Jian Mao
- Graduate School of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Graduate School of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Graduate School of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qimei Wu
- Graduate School of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yinong Huang, ; Hong Cai, ; Xiaojing Liu, ; Jingyao Dai,
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Talent Highland, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Yinong Huang, ; Hong Cai, ; Xiaojing Liu, ; Jingyao Dai,
| | - Jingyao Dai
- Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China,Air Force Medical Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Yinong Huang, ; Hong Cai, ; Xiaojing Liu, ; Jingyao Dai,
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