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Jia L, Zhang W, Luo T, Li Y, Shu J, Strand J, Yue Y, Purup S, Liu J, Shi H. Establishment of goat mammary organoid cultures modeling the mammary gland development and lactation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:124. [PMID: 39350237 PMCID: PMC11443931 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several cell culture systems have been developed to investigate the function of the mammary gland in dairy livestock, they have potential limitations, such as the loss of alveolar structure or genetic and phenotypic differences from their native counterparts. Overcoming these challenges is crucial for lactation research. Development of protocols to establish lactating organoid of livestock represents a promising goal for the future. In this study, we developed a protocol to establish a culture system for mammary organoids in dairy goats to model the mammary gland development and lactation process. RESULTS The organoids cultured within an extracellular matrix gel maintained a bilayer structure that closely resembled the native architecture of mammary tissue. The expansion of mammary organoids was significantly promoted by growth factors containing epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2 whereas the proliferative index of the organoids was significantly inhibited by the treatment with WNT inhibitors. Upon stimulation with a lactogenic medium containing prolactin, the mammary organoids exhibited efficient lactation, characterized by the accumulation of lipid droplets in the lumen space. The lactation could be sustained for more than 3 weeks. Importantly, the expression patterns of genes related to fatty acid synthesis and milk proteins in lactating organoids closely mirrored those observed in mammary tissues. These observations were confirmed by data from proteomic analysis that the bulk of milk proteins was produced in the lactating organoids. CONCLUSION This study is the first to establish a mammary organoid culture system modeling the mammary gland development and lactation process in ruminants. The efficient induction of lactation in ruminant mammary organoids holds promises for advancing the field of cell-based milk bio-manufacture in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jia
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Cow Genetic Improvement & Milk Quality Research, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Cow Genetic Improvement & Milk Quality Research, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Cow Genetic Improvement & Milk Quality Research, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Cow Genetic Improvement & Milk Quality Research, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianhong Shu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Julie Strand
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, DK-8830, Denmark
| | - Yuan Yue
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, DK-8830, Denmark
| | - Stig Purup
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, DK-8830, Denmark
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Cow Genetic Improvement & Milk Quality Research, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hengbo Shi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Cow Genetic Improvement & Milk Quality Research, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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2
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Buchholz MB, Scheerman DI, Levato R, Wehrens EJ, Rios AC. Human breast tissue engineering in health and disease. EMBO Mol Med 2024:10.1038/s44321-024-00112-3. [PMID: 39179741 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The human mammary gland represents a highly organized and dynamic tissue, uniquely characterized by postnatal developmental cycles. During pregnancy and lactation, it undergoes extensive hormone-stimulated architectural remodeling, culminating in the formation of specialized structures for milk production to nourish offspring. Moreover, it carries significant health implications, due to the high prevalence of breast cancer. Therefore, gaining insight into the unique biology of the mammary gland can have implications for managing breast cancer and promoting the well-being of both women and infants. Tissue engineering techniques hold promise to narrow the translational gap between existing breast models and clinical outcomes. Here, we provide an overview of the current landscape of breast tissue engineering, outline key requirements, and the challenges to overcome for achieving more predictive human breast models. We propose methods to validate breast function and highlight preclinical applications for improved understanding and targeting of breast cancer. Beyond mammary gland physiology, representative human breast models can offer new insight into stem cell biology and developmental processes that could extend to other organs and clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj-Britt Buchholz
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Demi I Scheerman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen J Wehrens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne C Rios
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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3
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Nightingale R, Reehorst CM, Vukelic N, Papadopoulos N, Liao Y, Guleria S, Bell C, Vaillant F, Paul S, Luk IY, Dhillon AS, Jenkins LJ, Morrow RJ, Jackling FC, Chand AL, Chisanga D, Chen Y, Williams DS, Anderson RL, Ellis S, Meikle PJ, Shi W, Visvader JE, Pal B, Mariadason JM. Ehf controls mammary alveolar lineage differentiation and is a putative suppressor of breast tumorigenesis. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1988-2004.e11. [PMID: 38781975 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The transcription factor EHF is highly expressed in the lactating mammary gland, but its role in mammary development and tumorigenesis is not fully understood. Utilizing a mouse model of Ehf deletion, herein, we demonstrate that loss of Ehf impairs mammary lobuloalveolar differentiation at late pregnancy, indicated by significantly reduced levels of milk genes and milk lipids, fewer differentiated alveolar cells, and an accumulation of alveolar progenitor cells. Further, deletion of Ehf increased proliferative capacity and attenuated prolactin-induced alveolar differentiation in mammary organoids. Ehf deletion also increased tumor incidence in the MMTV-PyMT mammary tumor model and increased the proliferative capacity of mammary tumor organoids, while low EHF expression was associated with higher tumor grade and poorer outcome in luminal A and basal human breast cancers. Collectively, these findings establish EHF as a non-redundant regulator of mammary alveolar differentiation and a putative suppressor of mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nightingale
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Camilla M Reehorst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Natalia Vukelic
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Yang Liao
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Shalini Guleria
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Caroline Bell
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - François Vaillant
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sudip Paul
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Ian Y Luk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Amardeep S Dhillon
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Laura J Jenkins
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Riley J Morrow
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Felicity C Jackling
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ashwini L Chand
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - David Chisanga
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Yunshun Chen
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David S Williams
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah Ellis
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Jane E Visvader
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Bhupinder Pal
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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4
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Muthuswamy SK, Brugge JS. Organoid Cultures for the Study of Mammary Biology and Breast Cancer: The Promise and Challenges. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041661. [PMID: 38110241 PMCID: PMC11216180 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, biomedical research has experienced a resurgence in the use of three-dimensional culture models for studies of normal and cancer biology. This resurgence has been driven by the development of models in which primary cells are grown in tissue-mimicking media and extracellular matrices to create organoid or organotypic cultures that more faithfully replicate the complex architecture and physiology of normal tissues and tumors. In addition, patient-derived tumor organoids preserve the three-dimensional organization and characteristics of the patient tumors ex vivo, becoming excellent preclinical models to supplement studies of tumor xenografts transplanted into immunocompromised mice. In this perspective, we provide an overview of how organoids are being used to investigate normal mammary biology and as preclinical models of breast cancer and discuss improvements that would enhance their utility and relevance to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Joan S Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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5
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Castro-Navarro I, McGuire MA, Williams JE, Holdsworth EA, Meehan CL, McGuire MK. Maternal Cannabis Use during Lactation and Potential Effects on Human Milk Composition and Production: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100196. [PMID: 38432590 PMCID: PMC10997876 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use has increased sharply in the last 20 y among adults, including reproductive-aged women. Its recent widespread legalization is associated with a decrease in risk perception of cannabis use during breastfeeding. However, the effect of cannabis use (if any) on milk production and milk composition is not known. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge related to maternal cannabis use during breastfeeding and provides an overview of possible pathways whereby cannabis might affect milk composition and production. Several studies have demonstrated that cannabinoids and their metabolites are detectable in human milk produced by mothers who use cannabis. Due to their physicochemical properties, cannabinoids are stored in adipose tissue, can easily reach the mammary gland, and can be secreted in milk. Moreover, cannabinoid receptors are present in adipocytes and mammary epithelial cells. The activation of these receptors directly modulates fatty acid metabolism, potentially causing changes in milk fatty acid profiles. Additionally, the endocannabinoid system is intimately connected to the endocrine system. As such, it is probable that interactions of exogenous cannabinoids with the endocannabinoid system might modify release of critical hormones (e.g., prolactin and dopamine) that regulate milk production and secretion. Nonetheless, few studies have investigated effects of cannabis use (including on milk production and composition) in lactating women. Additional research utilizing robust methodologies are needed to elucidate whether and how cannabis use affects human milk production and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Castro-Navarro
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States.
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | | | - Courtney L Meehan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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6
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Ortiz JR, Lewis SM, Ciccone M, Chatterjee D, Henry S, Siepel A, Dos Santos CO. Single-Cell Transcription Mapping of Murine and Human Mammary Organoids Responses to Female Hormones. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2024; 29:3. [PMID: 38289401 PMCID: PMC10827859 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
During female adolescence and pregnancy, rising levels of hormones result in a cyclic source of signals that control the development of mammary tissue. While such alterations are well understood from a whole-gland perspective, the alterations that such hormones bring to organoid cultures derived from mammary glands have yet to be fully mapped. This is of special importance given that organoids are considered suitable systems to understand cross species breast development. Here we utilized single-cell transcriptional profiling to delineate responses of murine and human normal breast organoid systems to female hormones across evolutionary distinct species. Collectively, our study represents a molecular atlas of epithelial dynamics in response to estrogen and pregnancy hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven M Lewis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Michael Ciccone
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | | | - Samantha Henry
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Adam Siepel
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
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7
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Kim HY, Sinha I, Sears KE, Kuperwasser C, Rauner G. Expanding the evo-devo toolkit: generation of 3D mammary tissue from diverse mammals. Development 2024; 151:dev202134. [PMID: 38276965 PMCID: PMC10905751 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The varying pathways of mammary gland development across species and evolutionary history are underexplored, largely due to a lack of model systems. Recent progress in organoid technology holds the promise of enabling in-depth studies of the developmental adaptations that have occurred throughout the evolution of different species, fostering beneficial phenotypes. The practical application of this technology for mammary glands has been mostly confined to rodents and humans. In the current study, we have successfully created next-generation 3D mammary gland organoids from eight eutherian mammals and the first branched organoid of a marsupial mammary gland. Using mammary organoids, we identified a role for ROCK protein in regulating branching morphogenesis, a role that manifests differently in organoids from different mammals. This finding demonstrates the utility of the 3D organoid model for understanding the evolution and adaptations of signaling pathways. These achievements highlight the potential for organoid models to expand our understanding of mammary gland biology and evolution, and their potential utility in studies of lactation or breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hahyung Y. Kim
- Department of Developmental, Chemical & Molecular Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Ishani Sinha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen E. Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Department of Developmental, Chemical & Molecular Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Laboratory for the Convergence of Biomedical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Gat Rauner
- Department of Developmental, Chemical & Molecular Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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8
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Caruso M, Saberiseyedabad K, Mourao L, Scheele CLGJ. A Decision Tree to Guide Human and Mouse Mammary Organoid Model Selection. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2764:77-105. [PMID: 38393590 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3674-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, researchers from the mammary gland field have launched a collection of distinctive 3D cell culture systems to study multiple aspects of mammary gland physiology and disease. As our knowledge about the mammary gland evolves, more sophisticated 3D cell culture systems are required to answer more and more complex questions. Nowadays, morphologically complex mammary organoids can be generated in distinct 3D settings, along with reproduction of multiple aspects of the gland microenvironment. Yet, each 3D culture protocol comes with its advantages and limitations, where some culture systems are best suited to study stemness potential, whereas others are tailored towards the study of mammary gland morphogenesis. Therefore, prior to starting a 3D mammary culture experiment, it is important to consider and select the ideal culture model to address the biological question of interest. The number and technical requirements of novel 3D cell culture methods vastly increased over the past decades, making it currently challenging and time consuming to identify the best experimental testing. In this chapter, we provide a summary of the most promising murine and human 3D organoid models that are currently used in mammary gland biology research. For each model, we will provide a brief description of the protocol and an overview of the expected morphological outcome, the advantages of the model, and the potential pitfalls, to guide the reader to the best model of choice for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Caruso
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Larissa Mourao
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Kuony A, Brezak M, Mège RM, Sumbalova Koledova Z. Organotypic 3D Cell Culture of the Embryonic Lacrimal Gland. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2764:145-156. [PMID: 38393593 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3674-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Ectodermal organ development, including lacrimal gland, is characterized by an interaction between an epithelium and a mesenchyme. Murine lacrimal gland is a good model to study non-stereotypical branching morphogenesis. In vitro cultures allow the study of morphogenesis events with easy access to high-resolution imaging. Particularly, embryonic lacrimal gland organotypic 3D cell cultures enable the follow-up of branching morphogenesis thanks to the analysis of territories organization by immunohistochemistry. In this chapter, we describe a method to culture primary epithelial fragments together with primary mesenchymal cells, isolated from embryonic day 17 lacrimal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Kuony
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France.
| | - Matea Brezak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Zuzana Sumbalova Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Tissue Morphogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Mauduit O, Delcroix V, Wong A, Ivanova A, Miles L, Lee HS, Makarenkova H. A closer look into the cellular and molecular biology of myoepithelial cells across various exocrine glands. Ocul Surf 2024; 31:63-80. [PMID: 38141817 PMCID: PMC10855576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Myoepithelial cells (MECs) are a unique subset of epithelial cells that possess several smooth muscle cell characteristics, such as a high number of actin-myosin filaments and the ability to contract. These cells are primarily located around the secretory cells of exocrine glands, including the salivary, mammary, lacrimal, and sweat glands. Their primary functions involve the construction of the basement membrane and help with secretion of gland products through contraction. So far, no comparative analysis of MECs in different exocrine glands had ever evaluated their differences. In this review, we took advantage of the various publicly available scRNAseq data from mouse exocrine glands to identify their shared and unique characteristics. The aim of this review is to compare the role of MECs in maintaining healthy glandular function, their involvement in disease states, and their regenerative capacity, with a particular emphasis on the latest research findings in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Mauduit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Vanessa Delcroix
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrew Wong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Anastasiia Ivanova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lindsey Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Helen Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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11
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Yuan L, Xie S, Bai H, Liu X, Cai P, Lu J, Wang C, Lin Z, Li S, Guo Y, Cai S. Reconstruction of dynamic mammary mini gland in vitro for normal physiology and oncogenesis. Nat Methods 2023; 20:2021-2033. [PMID: 37919421 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Organoid culture has been extensively exploited for normal tissue reconstruction and disease modeling. However, it is still challenging to establish organoids that mimic in vivo-like architecture, size and function under homeostatic conditions. Here we describe the development of a long-term adult stem cell-derived mammary mini gland culture system that supports robust three-dimensional outgrowths recapitulating the morphology, scale, cellular context and transcriptional heterogeneity of the normal mammary gland. The self-organization ability of stem cells and the stability of the outgrowths were determined by a coordinated combination of extracellular matrix, environmental signals and dynamic physiological cycles. We show that these mini glands were hormone responsive and could recapitulate the entire postnatal mammary development including puberty, estrus cycle, lactation and involution. We also observed that these mini glands maintained the presence of mammary stem cells and could also recapitulate the fate transition from embryonic bipotency to postnatal unipotency in lineage tracing assays. In addition, upon induction of oncogene expression in the mini glands, we observed tumor initiation in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model. Together, this study provides an experimental system that can support a dynamic miniature mammary gland for the study of physiologically relevant, complex biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yuan
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaofang Xie
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiru Bai
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Cai
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Disease Modeling Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuobao Lin
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Disease Modeling Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Guo
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shang Cai
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- Westlake Disease Modeling Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Roberto de Barros N, Wang C, Maity S, Peirsman A, Nasiri R, Herland A, Ermis M, Kawakita S, Gregatti Carvalho B, Hosseinzadeh Kouchehbaghi N, Donizetti Herculano R, Tirpáková Z, Mohammad Hossein Dabiri S, Lucas Tanaka J, Falcone N, Choroomi A, Chen R, Huang S, Zisblatt E, Huang Y, Rashad A, Khorsandi D, Gangrade A, Voskanian L, Zhu Y, Li B, Akbari M, Lee J, Remzi Dokmeci M, Kim HJ, Khademhosseini A. Engineered organoids for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115142. [PMID: 37967768 PMCID: PMC10842104 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
As miniaturized and simplified stem cell-derived 3D organ-like structures, organoids are rapidly emerging as powerful tools for biomedical applications. With their potential for personalized therapeutic interventions and high-throughput drug screening, organoids have gained significant attention recently. In this review, we discuss the latest developments in engineering organoids and using materials engineering, biochemical modifications, and advanced manufacturing technologies to improve organoid culture and replicate vital anatomical structures and functions of human tissues. We then explore the diverse biomedical applications of organoids, including drug development and disease modeling, and highlight the tools and analytical techniques used to investigate organoids and their microenvironments. We also examine the latest clinical trials and patents related to organoids that show promise for future clinical translation. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives of using organoids to advance biomedical research and potentially transform personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Canran Wang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Surjendu Maity
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Arne Peirsman
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Menekse Ermis
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Satoru Kawakita
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Bruna Gregatti Carvalho
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Negar Hosseinzadeh Kouchehbaghi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; Department of Textile Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez Avenue, 1591634311 Tehran, Iran
| | - Rondinelli Donizetti Herculano
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University, Northridge, CA 91324, USA; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bioengineering and Biomaterials Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Zuzana Tirpáková
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 04181 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hossein Dabiri
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jean Lucas Tanaka
- Butantan Institute, Viral Biotechnology Laboratory, São Paulo, SP Brazil; University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Natashya Falcone
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Auveen Choroomi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - RunRun Chen
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University, Northridge, CA 91324, USA
| | - Shuyi Huang
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University, Northridge, CA 91324, USA
| | - Elisheva Zisblatt
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Yixuan Huang
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Ahmad Rashad
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Danial Khorsandi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Ankit Gangrade
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Leon Voskanian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Bingbing Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University, Northridge, CA 91324, USA
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Han-Jun Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA.
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13
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Rauner G, Traugh NC, Trepicchio CJ, Parrish ME, Mushayandebvu K, Kuperwasser C. Advancements in Human Breast Organoid Culture: Modeling Complex Tissue Structures and Developmental Insights. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560364. [PMID: 37873154 PMCID: PMC10592625 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Organoids have been widely used for studying tissue growth and modeling diseases, but achieving physiologically relevant architecture, size, and function has remained a challenge. Here, we develop a next-generation organotypic culture method that enables the formation of a highly patterned, complex, branched tissue that is spatially organized to accurately recapitulate the morphology, scale, cellular, transcriptional, and tissue-level heterogeneity of human breast tissue. Hormone responsiveness of organoids is also a feature allowing for examination of androgen therapy or post-menopausal changes to breast tissue development and regeneration. Live imaging allows for studying stem cell dynamics during organoid formation and is adaptable to a high throughput setting. Real-time imaging of organoid formation reveals activation of latent epithelial organogenesis programs and inductive cellular dynamics that drive formation of a miniature breast tissue along with its mesenchyme akin to tissue stroma. By advancing human breast organoid technology, this model can elucidate cell- and tissue-level consequences to hormonal changes and therapy. In addition, this method can lead to new insights into the cellular, molecular, and tissue-level processes involved in organogenesis and regeneration, as well as disease.
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14
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Ortiz JR, Lewis SM, Ciccone MF, Chatterjee D, Henry S, Siepel A, Dos Santos CO. Single-cell transcription mapping of murine and human mammary organoids responses to female hormones. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.559971. [PMID: 37808747 PMCID: PMC10557705 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.559971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
During female adolescence and pregnancy, rising levels of hormones result in a cyclic source of signals that control the development of mammary tissue. While such alterations are well understood from a whole-gland perspective, the alterations that such hormones bring to organoid cultures derived from mammary glands have yet to be fully mapped. This is of special importance given that organoids are considered suitable systems to understand cross species breast development. Here we utilized single-cell transcriptional profiling to delineate responses of murine and human normal breast organoid systems to female hormones across evolutionary distinct species. Collectively, our study represents a molecular atlas of epithelial dynamics in response to estrogen and pregnancy hormones.
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15
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Luca E, Zitzmann K, Bornstein S, Kugelmeier P, Beuschlein F, Nölting S, Hantel C. Three Dimensional Models of Endocrine Organs and Target Tissues Regulated by the Endocrine System. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4601. [PMID: 37760571 PMCID: PMC10526768 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immortalized cell lines originating from tumors and cultured in monolayers in vitro display consistent behavior and response, and generate reproducible results across laboratories. However, for certain endpoints, these cell lines behave quite differently from the original solid tumors. Thereby, the homogeneity of immortalized cell lines and two-dimensionality of monolayer cultures deters from the development of new therapies and translatability of results to the more complex situation in vivo. Organoids originating from tissue biopsies and spheroids from cell lines mimic the heterogeneous and multidimensional characteristics of tumor cells in 3D structures in vitro. Thus, they have the advantage of recapitulating the more complex tissue architecture of solid tumors. In this review, we discuss recent efforts in basic and preclinical cancer research to establish methods to generate organoids/spheroids and living biobanks from endocrine tissues and target organs under endocrine control while striving to achieve solutions in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edlira Luca
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Zitzmann
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Stefan Bornstein
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Felix Beuschlein
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Svenja Nölting
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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16
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Lacouture A, Breton Y, Weidmann C, Goulet SM, Germain L, Pelletier M, Audet-Walsh É. Estrogens and endocrine-disrupting chemicals differentially impact the bioenergetic fluxes of mammary epithelial cells in two- and three-dimensional models. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108132. [PMID: 37657410 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to its sensitivity to hormonal signaling, the mammary gland is often referred to as a sentinel organ for the study of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), environmental pollutants that can interfere with the estrogen signaling pathway and induce mammary developmental defects. If and how EDCs impact mammary epithelial cell metabolism has not yet been documented. Herein, to study how estrogens and EDCs modulate mammary gland metabolism, we performed bioenergetic flux analyses using mouse mammary epithelial organoids compared to cells grown in monolayer culture. Several EDCs were tested, including bisphenol A (BPA), its close derivative BPS, a new BPA replacement copolyester called TritanTM, and the herbicide glyphosate. We report that estrogens reprogrammed mammary epithelial cell metabolism differently when grown in two- and three-dimensional models. Specific EDCs were also demonstrated to alter bioenergetic fluxes, thus identifying a new potential adverse effect of these molecules. Notably, organoids were more sensitive to low EDC concentrations, highlighting them as a key model for screening the impact of various environmental pollutants. Mechanistically, transcriptomic analyses revealed that EDCs interfered with the regulation of estrogen target genes and the expression of metabolic genes in organoids. Furthermore, co-treatment with the anti-estrogen fulvestrant blocked these metabolic impacts of EDCs, suggesting that, at least partially, they act through modulation of the estrogen receptor activity. Finally, we demonstrate that mammary organoids can be used for long-term studies on EDC exposure to study alterations in organogenesis/morphogenesis and that past pregnancies can modulate the sensitivity of mammary epithelial organoids to specific EDCs. Overall, this study demonstrates that estrogens and EDCs modulate mammary epithelial cell metabolism in monolayer and organoid cultures. A better understanding of the metabolic impacts of EDCs will allow a better appreciation of their adverse effects on mammary gland development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Lacouture
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Intersectoral Centre for Endocrine Disruptor Analysis (CIAPE-ICEDA), Québec City, Canada
| | - Yann Breton
- Infectious and Immune Diseases Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; ARThrite Research Center, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Cindy Weidmann
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Sarah-Maude Goulet
- Infectious and Immune Diseases Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; ARThrite Research Center, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Lucas Germain
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Intersectoral Centre for Endocrine Disruptor Analysis (CIAPE-ICEDA), Québec City, Canada; Infectious and Immune Diseases Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; ARThrite Research Center, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada.
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Intersectoral Centre for Endocrine Disruptor Analysis (CIAPE-ICEDA), Québec City, Canada.
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17
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Martínez-Illescas NG, Leal S, González P, Graña-Castro O, Muñoz-Oliveira JJ, Cortés-Peña A, Gómez-Gil M, Vega Z, Neva V, Romero A, Quintela-Fandino M, Ciruelos E, Sanz C, Aragón S, Sotolongo L, Jiménez S, Caleiras E, Mulero F, Sánchez C, Malumbres M, Salazar-Roa M. miR-203 drives breast cancer cell differentiation. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:91. [PMID: 37542268 PMCID: PMC10401798 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of many malignant tumors is dedifferentiated (immature) cells bearing slight or no resemblance to the normal cells from which the cancer originated. Tumor dedifferentiated cells exhibit a higher capacity to survive to chemo and radiotherapies and have the ability to incite tumor relapse. Inducing cancer cell differentiation would abolish their self-renewal and invasive capacity and could be combined with the current standard of care, especially in poorly differentiated and aggressive tumors (with worst prognosis). However, differentiation therapy is still in its early stages and the intrinsic complexity of solid tumor heterogeneity demands innovative approaches in order to be efficiently translated into the clinic. We demonstrate here that microRNA 203, a potent driver of differentiation in pluripotent stem cells (ESCs and iPSCs), promotes the differentiation of mammary gland tumor cells. Combining mouse in vivo approaches and both mouse and human-derived tridimensional organoid cultures, we report that miR-203 influences the self-renewal capacity, plasticity and differentiation potential of breast cancer cells and prevents tumor cell growth in vivo. Our work sheds light on differentiation-based antitumor therapies and offers miR-203 as a promising tool for directly confronting the tumor-maintaining and regeneration capability of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria G Martínez-Illescas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Group, Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Osvaldo Graña-Castro
- Bioinformatics Unit, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA-Nemesio Díez), San Pablo-CEU University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alfonso Cortés-Peña
- Flow Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy Unit (CAI), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Zaira Vega
- Histopathology Unit, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Eva Ciruelos
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Group, Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Sanz
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Group, Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Aragón
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Group, Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leisy Sotolongo
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Group, Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Jiménez
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Group, Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Cristina Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Group, Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- Cancer Cell Cycle Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Salazar-Roa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Group, Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain.
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Phan TV, Oo Y, Rodboon T, Nguyen TT, Sariya L, Chaisuparat R, Phoolcharoen W, Yodmuang S, Ferreira JN. Plant molecular farming-derived epidermal growth factor revolutionizes hydrogels for improving glandular epithelial organoid biofabrication. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:278-291. [PMID: 36966988 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a known signaling cue essential towards the development and organoid biofabrication particularly for exocrine glands. This study developed an in vitro EGF delivery platform with Nicotiana benthamiana plant-produced EGF (P-EGF) encapsulated on hyaluronic acid/alginate (HA/Alg) hydrogel to improve the effectiveness of glandular organoid biofabrication in short-term culture systems. Primary submandibular gland epithelial cells were treated with 5 - 20 ng/mL of P-EGF and commercially available bacteria-derived EGF (B-EGF). Cell proliferation and metabolic activity were measured by MTT and luciferase-based ATP assays. P-EGF and B-EGF 5 - 20 ng/mL promoted glandular epithelial cell proliferation during 6 culture days on a comparable fashion. Organoid forming efficiency and cellular viability, ATP-dependent activity and expansion were evaluated using two EGF delivery systems, HA/Alg-based encapsulation and media supplementation. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used as a control vehicle. Epithelial organoids fabricated from PBS-, B-EGF-, and P-EGF-encapsulated hydrogels were characterized genotypically, phenotypically and by functional assays. P-EGF-encapsulated hydrogel enhanced organoid formation efficiency and cellular viability and metabolism relative to P-EGF supplementation. At culture day 3, epithelial organoids developed from P-EGF-encapsulated HA/Alg platform contained functional cell clusters expressing specific glandular epithelial markers such as exocrine pro-acinar (AQP5, NKCC1, CHRM1, CHRM3, Mist1), ductal (K18, Krt19), and myoepithelial (α-SMA, Acta2), and possessed a high mitotic activity (38-62% Ki67 cells) with a large epithelial progenitor population (∼70% K14 cells). The P-EGF encapsulation strikingly upregulated the expression of pro-acinar AQP5 cells through culture time when compared to others (B-EGF, PBS). Thus, the utilization of Nicotiana benthamiana in molecular farming can produce EGF biologicals amenable to encapsulation in HA/Alg-based in vitro platforms, which can effectively and promptly induce the biofabrication of exocrine gland organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toan V Phan
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; International Graduate Program in Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yamin Oo
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerapat Rodboon
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Truc T Nguyen
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ladawan Sariya
- Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Risa Chaisuparat
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supansa Yodmuang
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joao N Ferreira
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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19
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van Amerongen R, Bentires-Alj M, van Boxtel AL, Clarke RB, Fre S, Suarez EG, Iggo R, Jechlinger M, Jonkers J, Mikkola ML, Koledova ZS, Sørlie T, Vivanco MDM. Imagine beyond: recent breakthroughs and next challenges in mammary gland biology and breast cancer research. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:17. [PMID: 37450065 PMCID: PMC10349020 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
On 8 December 2022 the organizing committee of the European Network for Breast Development and Cancer labs (ENBDC) held its fifth annual Think Tank meeting in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Here, we embraced the opportunity to look back to identify the most prominent breakthroughs of the past ten years and to reflect on the main challenges that lie ahead for our field in the years to come. The outcomes of these discussions are presented in this position paper, in the hope that it will serve as a summary of the current state of affairs in mammary gland biology and breast cancer research for early career researchers and other newcomers in the field, and as inspiration for scientists and clinicians to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée van Amerongen
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Mohamed Bentires-Alj
- Laboratory of Tumor Heterogeneity, Metastasis and Resistance, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonius L van Boxtel
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert B Clarke
- Manchester Breast Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, Genetics and Developmental Biology Department, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, U93475248, InsermParis, France
| | - Eva Gonzalez Suarez
- Transformation and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Iggo
- INSERM U1312, University of Bordeaux, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martin Jechlinger
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Department, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molit Institute of Personalized Medicine, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zuzana Sumbalova Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Therese Sørlie
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria dM Vivanco
- Cancer Heterogeneity Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, BRTA, Technological Park Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Spain
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20
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Wu KZ, Adine C, Mitriashkin A, Aw BJJ, Iyer NG, Fong ELS. Making In Vitro Tumor Models Whole Again. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202279. [PMID: 36718949 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As a reductionist approach, patient-derived in vitro tumor models are inherently still too simplistic for personalized drug testing as they do not capture many characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as tumor architecture and stromal heterogeneity. This is especially problematic for assessing stromal-targeting drugs such as immunotherapies in which the density and distribution of immune and other stromal cells determine drug efficacy. On the other end, in vivo models are typically costly, low-throughput, and time-consuming to establish. Ex vivo patient-derived tumor explant (PDE) cultures involve the culture of resected tumor fragments that potentially retain the intact TME of the original tumor. Although developed decades ago, PDE cultures have not been widely adopted likely because of their low-throughput and poor long-term viability. However, with growing recognition of the importance of patient-specific TME in mediating drug response, especially in the field of immune-oncology, there is an urgent need to resurrect these holistic cultures. In this Review, the key limitations of patient-derived tumor explant cultures are outlined and technologies that have been developed or could be employed to address these limitations are discussed. Engineered holistic tumor explant cultures may truly realize the concept of personalized medicine for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Zhuoran Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119276, Singapore
| | - Christabella Adine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119276, Singapore
| | - Aleksandr Mitriashkin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119276, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Jun Jie Aw
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119276, Singapore
| | - N Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Eliza Li Shan Fong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119276, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute (CSI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
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21
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Zhou Y, Ye Z, Wei W, Zhang M, Huang F, Li J, Cai C. Macrophages maintain mammary stem cell activity and mammary homeostasis via TNF-α-PI3K-Cdk1/Cyclin B1 axis. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:23. [PMID: 37130846 PMCID: PMC10154328 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cell niche is a special environment composed of a variety stromal cells and signals, which cooperatively regulate tissue development and homeostasis. It is of great interest to study the role of immune cells in niche. Here, we show that mammary resident macrophages regulate mammary epithelium cell division and mammary development through TNF-α-Cdk1/Cyclin B1 axis. In vivo, depletion of macrophages reduces the number of mammary basal cells and mammary stem cells (MaSCs), while increases mammary luminal cells. In vitro, we establish a three-dimensional culture system in which mammary basal cells are co-cultured with macrophages, and interestingly, macrophage co-culture promotes the formation of branched functional mammary organoids. Moreover, TNF-α produced by macrophages activates the intracellular PI3K/Cdk1/Cyclin B1 signaling in mammary cells, thereby maintaining the activity of MaSCs and the formation of mammary organoids. Together, these findings reveal the functional significance of macrophageal niche and intracellular PI3K/Cdk1/Cyclin B1 axis for maintaining MaSC activity and mammary homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fujing Huang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jinpeng Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Cheguo Cai
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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22
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Kobayashi K. Culture Models to Investigate Mechanisms of Milk Production and Blood-Milk Barrier in Mammary Epithelial Cells: a Review and a Protocol. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:8. [PMID: 37126158 PMCID: PMC10151314 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) are the only cell type that produces milk during lactation. MECs also form less-permeable tight junctions (TJs) to prevent the leakage of milk and blood components through the paracellular pathway (blood-milk barrier). Multiple factors that include hormones, cytokines, nutrition, and temperature regulate milk production and TJ formation in MECs. Multiple intracellular signaling pathways that positively and negatively regulate milk production and TJ formation have been reported. However, their regulatory mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In addition, unidentified components that regulate milk production in MECs likely exist in foods, for example plants. Culture models of functional MECs that recapitulate milk production and TJs are useful tools for their study. Such models enable the elimination of indirect effects via cells other than MECs and allows for more detailed experimental conditions. However, culture models of MECs with inappropriate functionality may result in unphysiological reactions that never occur in lactating mammary glands in vivo. Here, I briefly review the physiological functions of alveolar MECs during lactation in vivo and culture models of MECs that feature milk production and less-permeable TJs, together with a protocol for establishment of MEC culture with functional TJ barrier and milk production capability using cell culture inserts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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23
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Brune Z, Li D, Song S, Li DI, Castro I, Rasquinha R, Rice MR, Guo Q, Kampta K, Moss M, Lallo M, Pimenta E, Somerville C, Lapan M, Nelson V, Dos Santos CO, Blanc L, Pruitt K, Barnes BJ. Loss of IRF5 increases ribosome biogenesis leading to alterations in mammary gland architecture and metastasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.01.538998. [PMID: 37292919 PMCID: PMC10246023 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.01.538998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the progress made in identifying cellular factors and mechanisms that predict progression and metastasis, breast cancer remains the second leading cause of death for women in the US. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas and mouse models of spontaneous and invasive mammary tumorigenesis, we identified that loss of function of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a predictor of metastasis and survival. Histologic analysis of Irf5 -/- mammary glands revealed expansion of luminal and myoepithelial cells, loss of organized glandular structure, and altered terminal end budding and migration. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analyses of primary mammary epithelial cells from Irf5 +/+ and Irf5 -/- littermate mice revealed IRF5-mediated transcriptional regulation of proteins involved in ribosomal biogenesis. Using an invasive model of breast cancer lacking Irf5 , we demonstrate that IRF5 re-expression inhibits tumor growth and metastasis via increased trafficking of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and altered tumor cell protein synthesis. These findings uncover a new function for IRF5 in the regulation of mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis. Highlights Loss of IRF5 is a predictor of metastasis and survival in breast cancer.IRF5 contributes to the regulation of ribosome biogenesis in mammary epithelial cells.Loss of IRF5 function in mammary epithelial cells leads to increased protein translation.
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24
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Jeong SA, Song J, Ham J, An G, Song G, Lim W. Tetraconazole interrupts mitochondrial function and intracellular calcium levels leading to apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:105366. [PMID: 36963936 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tetraconazole is a type of fungicide that eliminates pathogens in plants and fruit. To date, studies have focused on the direct exposure of plants and fruits to residual tetraconazole, but no studies have been conducted on the indirect effects of tetraconzaole. Given the importance of cows as milk-producing animals and their potential exposure to pesticides via plant consumption, we analyzed the mechanism by which tetraconazole influences milk production. Here, we confirmed that tetraconazole-induced apoptosis and inhibited cell viability and proliferation by regulating the cell cycle in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T). In addition, Ca2+ homeostasis in mitochondria was disrupted by tetraconazole, leading to the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Consistent with the proliferation-related findings, tetraconazole downregulated AKT, ERK1/2, P38, and JNK signaling pathways and proliferation-related proteins such as CCND1 and PCNA in MAC-T cells. Meanwhile, it upregulated cleaved caspase 3, BAX, and Cytochrome c under the same conditions in MAC-T cells. Furthermore, MAC-T exposed to tetraconazole causes a failure of proper autophagy functioning. In summary, the results of this study indicated that tetraconazole exposure may lead to a failure of milk production from bovine mammary epithelial cells by disrupting calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ae Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ham
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Hradecka L, Wiesner D, Sumbal J, Koledova ZS, Maska M. Segmentation and Tracking of Mammary Epithelial Organoids in Brightfield Microscopy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 42:281-290. [PMID: 36170389 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2022.3210714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present an automated and deep-learning-based workflow to quantitatively analyze the spatiotemporal development of mammary epithelial organoids in two-dimensional time-lapse (2D+t) sequences acquired using a brightfield microscope at high resolution. It involves a convolutional neural network (U-Net), purposely trained using computer-generated bioimage data created by a conditional generative adversarial network (pix2pixHD), to infer semantic segmentation, adaptive morphological filtering to identify organoid instances, and a shape-similarity-constrained, instance-segmentation-correcting tracking procedure to reliably cherry-pick the organoid instances of interest in time. By validating it using real 2D+t sequences of mouse mammary epithelial organoids of morphologically different phenotypes, we clearly demonstrate that the workflow achieves reliable segmentation and tracking performance, providing a reproducible and laborless alternative to manual analyses of the acquired bioimage data.
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26
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Twigger AJ, Sumbal J, Bentires-Alj M, Howard BA. Thirteenth Annual ENBDC Workshop: Methods in Mammary Gland Biology and Breast Cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:233-239. [PMID: 36242657 PMCID: PMC9568960 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The thirteenth annual workshop of the European Network for Breast Development and Cancer (ENBDC) Laboratories Annual Workshop took place on the 28-30 April 2022 in Weggis, Switzerland and focused on methods in mammary gland biology and breast cancer. Sixty scientists participated in the ENBDC annual workshop which had not been held in person since 2019 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. Topics spanned the mammary gland biology field, ranging from lactation biology and embryonic development, single cell sequencing of the human breast, and stunning cutting-edge imaging of the mouse mammary gland and human breast as well as breast cancer research topics including invasive progression of the pre-invasive DCIS stage, metabolic determinants of endocrine therapy resistance, models for lobular breast cancer, and how mutational landscapes of normal breast during age and pregnancy determine cancer risk. The latest findings from participating researchers were presented through oral presentations and poster sessions and included plenty of unpublished work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia-Jane Twigger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Bentires-Alj
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice A Howard
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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27
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Lewis SM, Callaway MK, dos Santos CO. Clinical applications of 3D normal and breast cancer organoids: A review of concepts and methods. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:2176-2183. [PMID: 36408534 PMCID: PMC9899987 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221131877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While mouse models and two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems have dominated as research tools for cancer biology, three-dimensional (3D) cultures have gained traction as a new approach that retains features of in vivo biology within an in vitro system. Over time, 3D culture systems have evolved from spheroids and tumorspheres to organoids, and by doing so, they have become more complex and representative of original tissue. Such technological improvements have mostly benefited the study of heterogeneous solid tumors, like those found in breast cancer (BC), by providing an attractive avenue for scalable drug testing and biobank generation. Experimentally, organoids have been used in the BC field to dissect mechanisms related to cellular invasion and metastasis-and through co-culture methods-epithelial interactions with stromal and immune cells. In addition, organoid studies of wild-type mouse models and healthy donor samples have provided insight into the basic developmental cellular and molecular biology of the mammary gland, which may inform one's understanding of the initial stages of cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Lewis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold
Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony
Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | | - Camila O dos Santos
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold
Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,Camila O dos Santos.
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28
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Yan XR, Shi T, Xiao JY, Liu YF, Zheng HL. In vitro transdifferentiated signatures of goat preadipocytes into mammary epithelial cells revealed by DNA methylation and transcriptome profiling. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102604. [PMID: 36257406 PMCID: PMC9668736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
During mammary development, the transdifferentiation of mammary preadipocytes is one of the important sources for lactating mammary epithelial cells (MECs). However, there is limited knowledge about the mechanisms of dynamic regulation of transcriptome and genome-wide DNA methylation in the preadipocyte transdifferentiation process. Here, to gain more insight into these mechanisms, preadipocytes were isolated from adipose tissues from around the goat mammary gland (GM-preadipocytes). The GM-preadipocytes were cultured on Matrigel in conditioned media made from goat MECs to induce GM-preadipocyte-to-MEC transdifferentiation. The transdifferentiated GM-preadipocytes showed high abundance of keratin 18, which is a marker protein of MECs, and formed mammary acinar-like structures after 8 days of induction. Then, we performed transcriptome and DNA methylome profiling of the GM-preadipocytes and transdifferentiated GM-preadipocytes, respectively, and the differentially expressed genes and differentially methylated genes that play underlying roles in the process of transdifferentiation were obtained. Subsequently, we identified the candidate transcription factors in regulating the GM-preadipocyte-to-MEC transdifferentiation by transcription factor-binding motif enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes and differentially methylated genes. Meanwhile, the secretory proteome of GM-preadipocytes cultured in conditioned media was also detected. By integrating the transcriptome, DNA methylome, and proteome, three candidate genes, four proteins, and several epigenetic regulatory axes were further identified, which are involved in regulation of the cell cycle, cell polarity establishment, cell adhesion, cell reprogramming, and adipocyte plasticity. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism of preadipocyte transdifferentiation and mammary development.
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29
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Foglizzo V, Cocco E, Marchiò S. Advanced Cellular Models for Preclinical Drug Testing: From 2D Cultures to Organ-On-A-Chip Technology. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153692. [PMID: 35954355 PMCID: PMC9367322 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Novel strategies that aim at personalizing cancer therapy are in rapid evolution. In the past decade, new methods to test for the efficacy of either standard-of-care medicines or novel targeted compounds have been implemented. In this review, we introduce the reader to experimental studies that employ patient-derived material to produce spheroids, organoids, or organs-on-a-chip as platforms that allow a more accurate representation of cancer complexity compared to bidimensional cell cultures. We discuss on the versatility and reliability of these model systems, provide evidence of their usage in drug screenings, and describe potential downfalls. The open question is whether or not tumor mimicry in vitro will be, in the near future, advanced enough to prospectively inform about treatment outcome on a certain patient. Abstract Cancer is a complex disease arising from a homeostatic imbalance of cell-intrinsic and microenvironment-related mechanisms. A multimodal approach to treat cancer that includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy often fails in achieving tumor remission and produces unbearable side effects including secondary malignancies. Novel strategies have been implemented in the past decades in order to replace conventional chemotherapeutics with targeted, less toxic drugs. Up to now, scientists have relied on results achieved in animal research before proceeding to clinical trials. However, the high failure rate of targeted drugs in early phase trials leaves no doubt about the inadequacy of those models. In compliance with the need of reducing, and possibly replacing, animal research, studies have been conducted in vitro with advanced cellular models that more and more mimic the tumor in vivo. We will here review those methods that allow for the 3D reconstitution of the tumor and its microenvironment and the implementation of the organ-on-a-chip technology to study minimal organ units in disease progression. We will make specific reference to the usability of these systems as predictive cancer models and report on recent applications in high-throughput screenings of innovative and targeted drug compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Foglizzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (V.F.); (E.C.)
| | - Emiliano Cocco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (V.F.); (E.C.)
| | - Serena Marchiò
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
- Correspondence:
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30
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Selma-Royo M, Calvo-Lerma J, Bäuerl C, Esteban-Torres M, Cabrera-Rubio R, Collado MC. Human milk microbiota: what did we learn in the last 20 years? MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2022; 1:19. [PMID: 38046359 PMCID: PMC10688795 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2022.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is the gold standard for infant nutrition during the first months of life. Beyond its nutritional components, its complex bioactive composition includes microorganisms, their metabolites, and oligosaccharides, which also contribute to gut colonization and immune system maturation. There is growing evidence of the beneficial effects of bacteria present in HM. However, current research presents limited data on the presence and functions of other organisms. The potential biological impacts on maternal and infant health outcomes, the factors contributing to milk microbes' variations, and the potential functions in the infant's gut remain unclear. This review provides a global overview of milk microbiota, what the actual knowledge is, and what the gaps and challenges are for the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia 46980, Spain
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31
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Sahu S, Albaugh ME, Martin BK, Patel NL, Riffle L, Mackem S, Kalen JD, Sharan SK. Growth factor dependency in mammary organoids regulates ductal morphogenesis during organ regeneration. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7200. [PMID: 35504930 PMCID: PMC9065107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways play an important role in cell fate determination in stem cells and regulate a plethora of developmental programs, the dysregulation of which can lead to human diseases. Growth factors (GFs) regulating these signaling pathways therefore play a major role in the plasticity of adult stem cells and modulate cellular differentiation and tissue repair outcomes. We consider murine mammary organoid generation from self-organizing adult stem cells as a tool to understand the role of GFs in organ development and tissue regeneration. The astounding capacity of mammary organoids to regenerate a gland in vivo after transplantation makes it a convenient model to study organ regeneration. We show organoids grown in suspension with minimal concentration of Matrigel and in the presence of a cocktail of GFs regulating EGF and FGF signaling can recapitulate key epithelial layers of adult mammary gland. We establish a toolkit utilizing in vivo whole animal imaging and ultrasound imaging combined with ex vivo approaches including tissue clearing and confocal imaging to study organ regeneration and ductal morphogenesis. Although the organoid structures were severely impaired in vitro when cultured in the presence of individual GFs, ex vivo imaging revealed ductal branching after transplantation albeit with significantly reduced number of terminal end buds. We anticipate these imaging modalities will open novel avenues to study mammary gland morphogenesis in vivo and can be beneficial for monitoring mammary tumor progression in pre-clinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Sahu
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bldg- 560, Room 32-33, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mary E Albaugh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bldg- 560, Room 32-33, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Leidos Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Betty K Martin
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bldg- 560, Room 32-33, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Leidos Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Nimit L Patel
- Leidos Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Lisa Riffle
- Leidos Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Joseph D Kalen
- Leidos Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bldg- 560, Room 32-33, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
- Centre for Advanced Preclinical Research, National Cancer Institute, Bldg- 560, Room 32-33, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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32
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Bartlett AP, Harman RM, Weiss JR, Van de Walle GR. Establishment and characterization of equine mammary organoids using a method translatable to other non-traditional model species. Development 2022; 149:274742. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Mammary organoid (MaO) models are only available for a few traditional model organisms, limiting our ability to investigate mammary gland development and cancer across mammals. This study established equine mammary organoids (EqMaOs) from cryopreserved mammary tissue, in which mammary tissue fragments were isolated and embedded into a 3D matrix to produce EqMaOs. We evaluated viability, proliferation and budding capacity of EqMaOs at different time points during culture, showing that although the number of proliferative cells decreased over time, viability was maintained and budding increased. We further characterized EqMaOs based on expression of stem cell, myoepithelial and luminal markers, and found that EqMaOs expressed these markers throughout culture and that a bilayered structure as seen in vivo was recapitulated. We used the milk-stimulating hormone prolactin to induce milk production, which was verified by the upregulation of milk proteins, most notably β-casein. Additionally, we showed that our method is also applicable to additional non-traditional mammalian species, particularly domesticated animals such as cats, pigs and rabbits. Collectively, MaO models across species will be a useful tool for comparative developmental and cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna P. Bartlett
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Weiss
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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33
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Smith D, Price DRG, Faber MN, Chapuis AF, McNeilly TN. Advancing animal health and disease research in the lab with three-dimensional cell culture systems. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1528. [PMID: 35338777 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of three-dimensional cell culture systems representative of tissues from animals of veterinary interest is accelerating research that seeks to address specific questions tied to animal health. In terms of their relevance and complexity, these in vitro models can be seen as a midpoint between the more reductionist single-cell culture systems and complex live animals. Organoids in particular represent a significant development due to their organised multicellular structure that more closely represents in vivo tissues than any other cell culture technology previously developed. In this review, we provide an overview of the different three-dimensional cell culture systems available to veterinary researchers and give examples of their application in contexts relating to animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - Daniel R G Price
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - Marc N Faber
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - Ambre F Chapuis
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
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34
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Lu Y, Zhou T, Xu C, Wang R, Feng D, Li J, Wang X, Kong Y, Hu G, Kong X, Lu P. Occludin is a target of Src kinase and promotes lipid secretion by binding to BTN1a1 and XOR. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001518. [PMID: 35041644 PMCID: PMC8797263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) have increasingly been recognized as an essential organelle for eukaryotes. Although the biochemistry of lipid synthesis and degradation is well characterized, the regulation of LD dynamics, including its formation, maintenance, and secretion, is poorly understood. Here, we report that mice lacking Occludin (Ocln) show defective lipid metabolism. We show that LDs were larger than normal along its biogenesis and secretion pathway in Ocln null mammary cells. This defect in LD size control did not result from abnormal lipid synthesis or degradation; rather, it was because of secretion failure during the lactation stage. We found that OCLN was located on the LD membrane and was bound to essential regulators of lipid secretion, including BTN1a1 and XOR, in a C-terminus–dependent manner. Finally, OCLN was a phosphorylation target of Src kinase, whose loss causes lactation failure. Together, we demonstrate that Ocln is a downstream target of Src kinase and promotes LD secretion by binding to BTN1a1 and XOR. Lipid droplets are an essential eukaryotic organelle, but how they are secreted has remained unclear. This study shows that the tight junction protein Occludin is a phosphorylation target of Src kinase; Occludin binds to BTN1A1 and XOR to facilitate lipid droplet secretion in mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chongshen Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Molecular Imaging Core Facility, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deyi Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyong Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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35
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Del Valle LG, Montero MG, Jechlinger M. Modification of Single Cells Within Mouse Mammary Gland Derived Acini via Viral Transduction. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2471:185-194. [PMID: 35175597 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2193-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The growth of organoid cultures from primary donor tissue is able to recapitulate the original tissue morphology, heterogeneity, and characteristics. Close study of these cultures grants a deeper understanding of the chain of events occurring during disease progression and healthy tissue development. While patient derived organoids are particularly suited to assay for novel treatment options, organoids obtained from model organisms are perfectly suited to establish in-depth analysis technology, including longitudinal imaging approaches, as well as proof of principle studies that rely on a steady source of primary tissue. All these approaches profit from advancements in technology to manipulate cells within an organoid.Here we present an optimized protocol to generate, culture, and transduce 3D acini obtained from mouse primary mammary epithelial cells via viral vectors. Applying this method, a few cells within the preserved organoid can be marked, changed, and tracked within an unaltered neighboring environment of non-transduced cells to better understand processes like, for instance, tumor initiation.
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36
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Sumbal J, Koledova Z. Single Organoids Droplet-Based Staining Method for High-End 3D Imaging of Mammary Organoids. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2471:259-269. [PMID: 35175602 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2193-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, organoids became a tremendously popular technique in developmental and cancer biology for their high pathophysiological relevance to in vivo models with the advantage of easier manipulation, real-time observation, potential for high-throughput studies, and reduced ethical issues. Among other fundamental biological questions, mammary organoids have helped to reveal mechanisms of mammary epithelial morphogenesis, mammary stem cell potential, regulation of lineage specification, mechanisms of breast cancer invasion or resistance to therapy, and their regulation by stromal microenvironment. To exploit the potential of organoid technology to the fullest, together with optimal organoid culture protocols, visualization of organoid architecture and composition in high resolution in three dimensions (3D) is required. Whole-mount imaging of immunolabeled organoids enables preservation of the 3D cellular context, but conventional confocal microscopy of organoid cultures struggles with the large organoid sample size and relatively long distance from the objective to the organoid due to the 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the organoid. We have overcome these issues by physical separation of single organoids with their immediate stroma from the bulk ECM. Here we provide a detail protocol for the procedure, which entails single organoid collection and droplet-based staining and clearing to allow visualization of organoids in the greatest detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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37
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Naruse M, Ishigamori R, Imai T. The Unique Genetic and Histological Characteristics of DMBA-Induced Mammary Tumors in an Organoid-Based Carcinogenesis Model. Front Genet 2021; 12:765131. [PMID: 34912374 PMCID: PMC8666664 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.765131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a model system using in vitro 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA; 0.6 μM)-treated mammary tissue-derived organoids generated from heterozygous BALB/c-Trp53 knockout mice to induce tumors after injection into the nude mouse subcutis. In parallel, a single oral dose of DMBA (50 mg/kg bodyweight) to the same murine strain induced mammary adenocarcinomas, characterized by biphasic structures differentiated into luminal and myoepithelial lineages and frequent Hras mutations at codon 61. In the present study, the genetic and histological characteristics of DMBA-induced tumors in the organoid-based model were evaluated to validate its similarities to the in vivo study. The organoid-derived tumors were low-grade adenocarcinomas composed of luminal and basal/myoepithelial cells. When the organoid-derived carcinomas were passaged to other nude mice, they partly progressed to squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Whole exome sequencing revealed no mutations at Hras codon 61 in the organoid-derived tumors. However, various mutations were detected in other genes such as Tusc3 and Tgfbr2, which have been reported as cancer-associated or homeostatic squamous cell genes. The most common mutational pattern observed in these genes were the G:C to T:A transversions and G:C to A:T transitions, which are not typical of the mutations caused by DMBA treatment. In conclusion, DMBA exhibited carcinogenicity in the both the ex vivo and in vivo mammary carcinogenesis models, albeit with distinct histological and genetical alterations. Further studies are needed to clarify whether organoid-based carcinogenesis models generated following chemical treatment in vitro could be applied to the clarification of the novel mode of action of chemical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Naruse
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rikako Ishigamori
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Imai
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Mohan SC, Lee TY, Giuliano AE, Cui X. Current Status of Breast Organoid Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:745943. [PMID: 34805107 PMCID: PMC8602090 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.745943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women globally. Although mouse models have been critical in advancing the knowledge of BC tumorigenesis and progression, human breast models comprising the breast tissue microenvironment are needed to help elucidate the underlying mechanisms of BC risk factors. As such, it is essential to identify an ex vivo human breast tissue mimetic model that can accurately pinpoint the effects of these factors in BC development. While two-dimensional models have been invaluable, they are not suitable for studying patient-specific tumor biology and drug response. Recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) models have led to the prominence of organized structures grown in a 3D environment called “organoids.” Breast organoids can accurately recapitulate the in vivo breast microenvironment and have been used to examine factors that affect signaling transduction, gene expression, and tissue remodeling. In this review, the applications, components, and protocols for development of breast organoids are discussed. We summarize studies that describe the utility of breast organoids, including in the study of normal mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. Finally, we provide an overview of protocols for development of breast organoids, and the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques in studies are described. The included studies have shown that breast organoids will continue to serve as a crucial platform for understanding of progression of BC tumors and the testing of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivarshini Cherukupalli Mohan
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tian-Yu Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Armando E Giuliano
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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39
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Lee BH, Seijo-Barandiaran I, Grapin-Botton A. Epithelial morphogenesis in organoids. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 72:30-37. [PMID: 34794006 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial organoids can recapitulate many processes reminiscent of morphogenesis in vivo including lumen and multilayer formation, folding, branching, delamination and elongation. While being noisier in vitro than in vivo, these processes can be monitored live and subjected to interferences, a field that is emerging. We elaborate on the signalling molecules controlling morphogenesis, from the medium and their emergence as signalling centers in the organoids. Further, we discuss how organoid shape is controlled by mechanical cues within the organoid and their interplay with the material properties of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Ho Lee
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 1307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Irene Seijo-Barandiaran
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 1307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 1307 Dresden, Germany.
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40
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Mu R, Ma Z, Lu C, Wang H, Cheng X, Tuo B, Fan Y, Liu X, Li T. Role of succinylation modification in thyroid cancer and breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021. [PMID: 34765287 DOI: 10.2156/j.ajcr.2021.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer and breast cancer is increasing year by year, and the specific pathogenesis is unclear. Posttranslational modifications constitute an important regulatory mechanism that affects the function of almost all proteins, are essential for a diverse and well-functioning proteome and can integrate metabolism with physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, posttranslational modifications, which mainly include metabolic enzyme-mediated protein posttranslational modifications, such as methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation and succinylation, have become a research hotspot. Among these modifications, lysine succinylation is a newly discovered broad-spectrum, dynamic, non-enzymatic protein post-translational modification, and it plays an important regulatory role in a variety of tumors. Studies have shown that succinylation can affect the synthesis of thyroid hormones, and the regulation of this post-translational modification can inhibit the apoptosis and migration of thyroid cancer cell lines, and promote breast cancer cell proliferation, DNA damage repair and autophagy-related regulation. However, the specific regulatory mechanism of succinylation in thyroid cancer and breast cancer is currently unclear. Therefore, this article mainly reviews the research progress of succinylation modification in thyroid cancer and breast cancer. It is expected to provide new directions and targets for the prevention and treatment of thyroid cancer and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renmin Mu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China.,Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Chengli Lu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China.,Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Endoscopy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China.,Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
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41
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Englund JI, Ritchie A, Blaas L, Cojoc H, Pentinmikko N, Döhla J, Iqbal S, Patarroyo M, Katajisto P. Laminin alpha 5 regulates mammary gland remodeling through luminal cell differentiation and Wnt4-mediated epithelial crosstalk. Development 2021; 148:269157. [PMID: 34128985 PMCID: PMC8254867 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial attachment to the basement membrane (BM) is essential for mammary gland development, yet the exact roles of specific BM components remain unclear. Here, we show that Laminin α5 (Lama5) expression specifically in the luminal epithelial cells is necessary for normal mammary gland growth during puberty, and for alveologenesis during pregnancy. Lama5 loss in the keratin 8-expressing cells results in reduced frequency and differentiation of hormone receptor expressing (HR+) luminal cells. Consequently, Wnt4-mediated crosstalk between HR+ luminal cells and basal epithelial cells is compromised during gland remodeling, and results in defective epithelial growth. The effects of Lama5 deletion on gland growth and branching can be rescued by Wnt4 supplementation in the in vitro model of branching morphogenesis. Our results reveal a surprising role for BM-protein expression in the luminal mammary epithelial cells, and highlight the function of Lama5 in mammary gland remodeling and luminal differentiation. Summary: Luminal mammary epithelial cells produce basement membrane laminin α5 necessary for mammary epithelial growth and differentiation. Laminin α5 loss compromises hormone receptor-positive luminal cell function and Wnt4-mediated crosstalk between epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna I Englund
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexandra Ritchie
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leander Blaas
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hanne Cojoc
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nalle Pentinmikko
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Döhla
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sharif Iqbal
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manuel Patarroyo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 11 Solna, Sweden
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden.,Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
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42
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Finot L, Chanat E, Dessauge F. Mammary gland 3D cell culture systems in farm animals. Vet Res 2021; 52:78. [PMID: 34078471 PMCID: PMC8173821 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo study of tissue or organ biology in mammals is very complex and progress is slowed by poor accessibility of samples and ethical concerns. Fortunately, however, advances in stem cell identification and culture have made it possible to derive in vitro 3D “tissues” called organoids, these three-dimensional structures partly or fully mimicking the in vivo functioning of organs. The mammary gland produces milk, the source of nutrition for newborn mammals. Milk is synthesized and secreted by the differentiated polarized mammary epithelial cells of the gland. Reconstructing in vitro a mammary-like structure mimicking the functional tissue represents a major challenge in mammary gland biology, especially for farm animals for which specific agronomic questions arise. This would greatly facilitate the study of mammary gland development, milk secretion processes and pathological effects of viral or bacterial infections at the cellular level, all with the objective of improving milk production at the animal level. With this aim, various 3D cell culture models have been developed such as mammospheres and, more recently, efforts to develop organoids in vitro have been considerable. Researchers are now starting to draw inspiration from other fields, such as bioengineering, to generate organoids that would be more physiologically relevant. In this chapter, we will discuss 3D cell culture systems as organoids and their relevance for agronomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Finot
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint Gilles, France.
| | - Eric Chanat
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint Gilles, France
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43
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Slepicka PF, Somasundara AVH, Dos Santos CO. The molecular basis of mammary gland development and epithelial differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 114:93-112. [PMID: 33082117 PMCID: PMC8052380 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular events underpinning the development of mammalian organ systems has been increasing rapidly in recent years. With the advent of new and improved next-generation sequencing methods, we are now able to dig deeper than ever before into the genomic and epigenomic events that play critical roles in determining the fates of stem and progenitor cells during the development of an embryo into an adult. In this review, we detail and discuss the genes and pathways that are involved in mammary gland development, from embryogenesis, through maturation into an adult gland, to the role of pregnancy signals in directing the terminal maturation of the mammary gland into a milk producing organ that can nurture the offspring. We also provide an overview of the latest research in the single-cell genomics of mammary gland development, which may help us to understand the lineage commitment of mammary stem cells (MaSCs) into luminal or basal epithelial cells that constitute the mammary gland. Finally, we summarize the use of 3D organoid cultures as a model system to study the molecular events during mammary gland development. Our increased investigation of the molecular requirements for normal mammary gland development will advance the discovery of targets to predict breast cancer risk and the development of new breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Ferreira Slepicka
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Camila O Dos Santos
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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44
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Charifou E, Sumbal J, Koledova Z, Li H, Chiche A. A Robust Mammary Organoid System to Model Lactation and Involution-like Processes. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3996. [PMID: 34124297 PMCID: PMC8160540 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a highly dynamic tissue that changes throughout reproductive life, including growth during puberty and repetitive cycles of pregnancy and involution. Mammary gland tumors represent the most common cancer diagnosed in women worldwide. Studying the regulatory mechanisms of mammary gland development is essential for understanding how dysregulation can lead to breast cancer initiation and progression. Three-dimensional (3D) mammary organoids offer many exciting possibilities for the study of tissue development and breast cancer. In the present protocol derived from Sumbal et al., we describe a straightforward 3D organoid system for the study of lactation and involution ex vivo. We use primary and passaged mouse mammary organoids stimulated with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and prolactin to model the three cycles of mouse mammary gland lactation and involution processes. This 3D organoid model represents a valuable tool to study late postnatal mammary gland development and breast cancer, in particular postpartum-associated breast cancer. Graphic abstract: Mammary gland organoid isolation and culture procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Charifou
- Cellular Plasticity & Disease Modeling - Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738 - Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Jakub Sumbal
- Cellular Plasticity & Disease Modeling - Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738 - Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Han Li
- Cellular Plasticity & Disease Modeling - Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738 - Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Aurélie Chiche
- Cellular Plasticity & Disease Modeling - Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738 - Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
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Verma AK, Ali SA, Singh P, Kumar S, Mohanty AK. Transcriptional Repression of MFG-E8 Causes Disturbance in the Homeostasis of Cell Cycle Through DOCK/ZP4/STAT Signaling in Buffalo Mammary Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:568660. [PMID: 33869165 PMCID: PMC8047144 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.568660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a unique apocrine gland made up of a branching network of ducts that end in alveoli. It is an ideal system to study the molecular mechanisms associated with cell proliferation, differentiation, and oncogenesis. MFG-E8, also known as Lactadherin, is a vital glycoprotein related to the milk fat globule membrane and initially identified to get secreted in bovine milk. Our previous report suggests that a high level of MFG-E8 is indicative of high milk yield in dairy animals. Here, we showed that MFG-E8 controls the cell growth and morphology of epithelial cells through a network of regulatory transcription factors. To understand the comprehensive action, we downregulated its expression in MECs by MFG-E8 specific shRNA. We generated a knockdown proteome profile of differentially expressed proteins through a quantitative iTRAQ experiment on a high-resolution mass spectrometer (Q-TOF). The downregulation of MFG-E8 resulted in reduced phagocytosis and cell migration ability, whereas it also leads to more lifespan to knockdown vis-a-vis healthy cells, which is confirmed through BrdU, MTT, and Caspase 3/7. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that MFG-E8 knockdown perturbs a large number of intracellular signaling, eventually leading to cessation in cell growth. Based on the directed network analysis, we found that MFG-E8 is activated by CX3CL1, TP63, and CSF2 and leads to the activation of SOCS3 and CCL2 for the regulation of cell proliferation. We further proved that the depletion of MFG-E8 resulted in activated cytoskeletal remodeling by MFG-E8 knockdown, which results in the activation of three independent pathways ZP4/JAK-STAT5, DOCK1/STAT3, and PIP3/AKT/mTOR. Overall, this study suggests that MFG-E8 expression in mammary epithelial cells is an indication of intracellular deterioration in cell health. To date, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that explores the downstream targets of MFG-E8 involved in the regulation of mammary epithelial cell health.
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Zahmatkesh E, Khoshdel-Rad N, Mirzaei H, Shpichka A, Timashev P, Mahmoudi T, Vosough M. Evolution of organoid technology: Lessons learnt in Co-Culture systems from developmental biology. Dev Biol 2021; 475:37-53. [PMID: 33684433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of 3D organoids has opened new avenues of investigation into development, physiology, and regenerative medicine. Organoid formation and the process of organogenesis share common developmental pathways; thus, our knowledge of developmental biology can help model the complexity of different organs to refine organoids into a more sophisticated platform. The developmental process is strongly dependent on complex networks and communication of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions among different cell populations and their microenvironment, during embryogenesis. These interactions affect cell behaviors such as proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. Co-culture systems within the organoid technology were recently developed and provided the highly physiologically relevant systems. Supportive cells including various types of endothelial and stromal cells provide the proper microenvironment, facilitate organoid assembly, and improve vascularization and maturation of organoids. This review discusses the role of the co-culture systems in organoid generation, with a focus on how knowledge of developmental biology has directed and continues to shape the development of more evolved 3D co-culture system-derived organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Regenrative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khoshdel-Rad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Regenrative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Peter Timashev
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N.Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Regenrative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Todhunter ME, Miyano M, Moolamalla DS, Filippov A, Sayaman RW, LaBarge MA. Volume-constrained microcontainers enable myoepithelial functional differentiation in highly parallel mammary organoid culture. iScience 2021; 24:102253. [PMID: 33796842 PMCID: PMC7995530 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-standing constraint on organoid culture is the need to add exogenous substances to provide hydrogel matrix, which limits the study of fully human or fully native organoids. This paper introduces an approach to culture reconstituted mammary organoids without the impediment of exogenous matrix. We enclose organoids in nanoliter-scale, topologically enclosed, fluid compartments surrounded by agar. Organoids cultured in these “microcontainers” appear to secrete enough extracellular matrix to yield a self-sufficient microenvironment without exogenous supplements. In microcontainers, mammary organoids exhibit contractility and a high-level, physiological, myoepithelial (MEP) behavior that has not been previously reported in reconstituted organoids. The presence of contractility suggests that microcontainers elicit MEP functional differentiation, an important milestone. Microcontainers yield thousands of substantially identical and individually trackable organoids within a single culture vessel, enabling longitudinal studies and statistically powerful experiments, such as the evaluation of small effect sizes. Microcontainers open new doors for researchers who rely on organoid models. Microcontainers are volume-constrained microwells with hydrogel lids Microcontainers enable statistically robust experimental design with organoids Organoids produce their own extracellular matrix within microcontainers Myoepithelial cells in mammary organoids achieve fully functional differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Todhunter
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Masaru Miyano
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Divya S Moolamalla
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Aleksandr Filippov
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Rosalyn W Sayaman
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mark A LaBarge
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Lacouture A, Jobin C, Weidmann C, Berthiaume L, Bastien D, Laverdière I, Pelletier M, Audet-Walsh É. A FACS-Free Purification Method to Study Estrogen Signaling, Organoid Formation, and Metabolic Reprogramming in Mammary Epithelial Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:672466. [PMID: 34456857 PMCID: PMC8397380 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.672466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few in vitro models are used to study mammary epithelial cells (MECs), and most of these do not express the estrogen receptor α (ERα). Primary MECs can be used to overcome this issue, but methods to purify these cells generally require flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), which require specialized instruments and expertise. Herein, we present in detail a FACS-free protocol for purification and primary culture of mouse MECs. These MECs remain differentiated for up to six days with >85% luminal epithelial cells in two-dimensional culture. When seeded in Matrigel, they form organoids that recapitulate the mammary gland's morphology in vivo by developing lumens, contractile cells, and lobular structures. MECs express a functional ERα signaling pathway in both two- and three-dimensional cell culture, as shown at the mRNA and protein levels and by the phenotypic characterization. Extracellular metabolic flux analysis showed that estrogens induce a metabolic switch favoring aerobic glycolysis over mitochondrial respiration in MECs grown in two-dimensions, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. We also performed mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics in organoids. Estrogens altered the levels of metabolites from various pathways, including aerobic glycolysis, citric acid cycle, urea cycle, and amino acid metabolism, demonstrating that ERα reprograms cell metabolism in mammary organoids. Overall, we have optimized mouse MEC isolation and purification for two- and three-dimensional cultures. This model represents a valuable tool to study how estrogens modulate mammary gland biology, and particularly how these hormones reprogram metabolism during lactation and breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Lacouture
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Jobin
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cindy Weidmann
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Line Berthiaume
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Dominic Bastien
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Laverdière
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Oncology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Infectious and Immune Disease Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
- ARThrite Research Center, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Étienne Audet-Walsh,
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Sumbal J, Budkova Z, Traustadóttir GÁ, Koledova Z. Mammary Organoids and 3D Cell Cultures: Old Dogs with New Tricks. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:273-288. [PMID: 33210256 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
3D cell culture methods have been an integral part of and an essential tool for mammary gland and breast cancer research for half a century. In fact, mammary gland researchers, who discovered and deciphered the instructive role of extracellular matrix (ECM) in mammary epithelial cell functional differentiation and morphogenesis, were the pioneers of the 3D cell culture techniques, including organoid cultures. The last decade has brought a tremendous increase in the 3D cell culture techniques, including modifications and innovations of the existing techniques, novel biomaterials and matrices, new technological approaches, and increase in 3D culture complexity, accompanied by several redefinitions of the terms "3D cell culture" and "organoid". In this review, we provide an overview of the 3D cell culture and organoid techniques used in mammary gland biology and breast cancer research. We discuss their advantages, shortcomings and current challenges, highlight the recent progress in reconstructing the complex mammary gland microenvironment in vitro and ex vivo, and identify the missing 3D cell cultures, urgently needed to aid our understanding of mammary gland development, function, physiology, and disease, including breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Budkova
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Ásta Traustadóttir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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50
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Ciccone MF, Trousdell MC, Dos Santos CO. Characterization of Organoid Cultures to Study the Effects of Pregnancy Hormones on the Epigenome and Transcriptional Output of Mammary Epithelial Cells. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:351-366. [PMID: 33131024 PMCID: PMC7960614 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of mouse derived mammary organoids can provide a unique strategy to study mammary gland development across a normal life cycle, as well as offering insights into how malignancies form and progress. Substantial cellular and epigenomic changes are triggered in response to pregnancy hormones, a reaction that engages molecular and cellular changes that transform the mammary epithelial cells into "milk producing machines". Such epigenomic alterations remain stable in post-involution mammary epithelial cells and control the reactivation of gene transcription in response to re-exposure to pregnancy hormones. Thus, a system that tightly controls exposure to pregnancy hormones, epigenomic alterations, and activation of transcription will allow for a better understanding of such molecular switches. Here, we describe the characterization of ex vivo cultures to mimic the response of mammary organoid cultures to pregnancy hormones and to understand gene regulation and epigenomic reprogramming on consecutive hormone exposure. Our findings suggest that this system yields similar epigenetic modifications to those reported in vivo, thus representing a suitable model to closely track epigenomic rearrangement and define unknown players of pregnancy-induced development.
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