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Seoane N, Picos A, Moraña-Fernández S, Schmidt M, Dolga A, Campos-Toimil M, Viña D. Effects of Sodium Nitroprusside on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Disruption of Blood-Brain Barrier. Cells 2024; 13:843. [PMID: 38786065 PMCID: PMC11119468 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In various neurodegenerative conditions, inflammation plays a significant role in disrupting the blood-brain barrier (BBB), contributing to disease progression. Nitric oxide (NO) emerges as a central regulator of vascular function, with a dual role in inflammation, acting as both a pro- and anti-inflammatory molecule. This study investigates the effects of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in protecting the BBB from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, using bEnd.3 endothelial cells as a model system. Additionally, Raw 264.7 macrophages were employed to assess the effects of LPS and SNP on their adhesion to a bEnd.3 cell monolayer. Our results show that LPS treatment induces oxidative stress, activates the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, and increases pro-inflammatory markers. SNP administration effectively mitigates ROS production and IL-6 expression, suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory role. However, SNP did not significantly alter the adhesion of Raw 264.7 cells to bEnd.3 cells induced by LPS, probably because it did not have any effect on ICAM-1 expression, although it reduced VCAM expression. Moreover, SNP did not prevent BBB disruption. This research provides new insights into the role of NO in BBB disruption induced by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Seoane
- Physiology and Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (FIFAEC) Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.S.); (A.P.); (S.M.-F.); (D.V.)
| | - Aitor Picos
- Physiology and Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (FIFAEC) Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.S.); (A.P.); (S.M.-F.); (D.V.)
| | - Sandra Moraña-Fernández
- Physiology and Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (FIFAEC) Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.S.); (A.P.); (S.M.-F.); (D.V.)
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Amalia Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Manuel Campos-Toimil
- Physiology and Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (FIFAEC) Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.S.); (A.P.); (S.M.-F.); (D.V.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Physiology and Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (FIFAEC) Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.S.); (A.P.); (S.M.-F.); (D.V.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Khadka N, Poon C, Cancel LM, Tarbell JM, Bikson M. Multi-scale multi-physics model of brain interstitial water flux by transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. J Neural Eng 2023; 20:10.1088/1741-2552/ace4f4. [PMID: 37413982 PMCID: PMC10996349 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ace4f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) generates sustained electric fields in the brain, that may be amplified when crossing capillary walls (across blood-brain barrier, BBB). Electric fields across the BBB may generate fluid flow by electroosmosis. We consider that tDCS may thus enhance interstitial fluid flow.Approach. We developed a modeling pipeline novel in both (1) spanning the mm (head),μm (capillary network), and then nm (down to BBB tight junction (TJ)) scales; and (2) coupling electric current flow to fluid current flow across these scales. Electroosmotic coupling was parametrized based on prior measures of fluid flow across isolated BBB layers. Electric field amplification across the BBB in a realistic capillary network was converted to volumetric fluid exchange.Main results. The ultrastructure of the BBB results in peak electric fields (per mA of applied current) of 32-63Vm-1across capillary wall and >1150Vm-1in TJs (contrasted with 0.3Vm-1in parenchyma). Based on an electroosmotic coupling of 1.0 × 10-9- 5.6 × 10-10m3s-1m2perVm-1, peak water fluxes across the BBB are 2.44 × 10-10- 6.94 × 10-10m3s-1m2, with a peak 1.5 × 10-4- 5.6 × 10-4m3min-1m3interstitial water exchange (per mA).Significance. Using this pipeline, the fluid exchange rate per each brain voxel can be predicted for any tDCS dose (electrode montage, current) or anatomy. Under experimentally constrained tissue properties, we predicted tDCS produces a fluid exchange rate comparable to endogenous flow, so doubling fluid exchange with further local flow rate hot spots ('jets'). The validation and implication of such tDCS brain 'flushing' is important to establish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia Poon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, United States of America
| | - Limary M Cancel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, United States of America
| | - John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, United States of America
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, United States of America
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Petrovskaya A, Tverskoi A, Medvedeva A, Nazarova M. Is blood-brain barrier a probable mediator of non-invasive brain stimulation effects on Alzheimer's disease? Commun Biol 2023; 6:416. [PMID: 37059824 PMCID: PMC10104838 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease with no existing treatment leading to full recovery. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown usually precedes the advent of first symptoms in AD and accompanies the progression of the disease. At the same time deliberate BBB opening may be beneficial for drug delivery in AD. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, primarily transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have shown multiple evidence of being able to alleviate symptoms of AD. Currently, TMS/tDCS mechanisms are mostly investigated in terms of their neuronal effects, while their possible non-neuronal effects, including mitigation of the BBB disruption, are less studied. We argue that studies of TMS/tDCS effects on the BBB in AD are necessary to boost the effectiveness of neuromodulation in AD. Moreover, such studies are important considering the safety issues of TMS/tDCS use in the advanced AD stages when the BBB is usually dramatically deteriorated. Here, we elucidate the evidence of NIBS-induced BBB opening and closing in various models from in vitro to humans, and highlight its importance in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Petrovskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Artem Tverskoi
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Angela Medvedeva
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, US
| | - Maria Nazarova
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation
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From Molecule to Patient Rehabilitation: The Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Magnetic Stimulation on Stroke-A Narrative Review. Neural Plast 2023; 2023:5044065. [PMID: 36895285 PMCID: PMC9991485 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5044065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major health problem worldwide, with numerous health, social, and economic implications for survivors and their families. One simple answer to this problem would be to ensure the best rehabilitation with full social reintegration. As such, a plethora of rehabilitation programs was developed and used by healthcare professionals. Among them, modern techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation are being used and seem to bring improvements to poststroke rehabilitation. This success is attributed to their capacity to enhance cellular neuromodulation. This modulation includes the reduction of the inflammatory response, autophagy suppression, antiapoptotic effects, angiogenesis enhancement, alterations in the blood-brain barrier permeability, attenuation of oxidative stress, influence on neurotransmitter metabolism, neurogenesis, and enhanced structural neuroplasticity. The favorable effects have been demonstrated at the cellular level in animal models and are supported by clinical studies. Thus, these methods proved to reduce infarct volumes and to improve motor performance, deglutition, functional independence, and high-order cerebral functions (i.e., aphasia and heminegligence). However, as with every therapeutic method, these techniques can also have limitations. Their regimen of administration, the phase of the stroke at which they are applied, and the patients' characteristics (i.e., genotype and corticospinal integrity) seem to influence the outcome. Thus, no response or even worsening effects were obtained under certain circumstances both in animal stroke model studies and in clinical trials. Overall, weighing up risks and benefits, the new transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation techniques can represent effective tools with which to improve the patients' recovery after stroke, with minimal to no adverse effects. Here, we discuss their effects and the molecular and cellular events underlying their effects as well as their clinical implications.
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Cancel LM, Silas D, Bikson M, Tarbell JM. Direct current stimulation modulates gene expression in isolated astrocytes with implications for glia-mediated plasticity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17964. [PMID: 36289296 PMCID: PMC9606293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While the applications of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) across brain disease and cognition are diverse, they rely on changes in brain function outlasting stimulation. The cellular mechanisms of DCS leading to brain plasticity have been studied, but the role of astrocytes remains unaddressed. We previously predicted that during tDCS current is concentrated across the blood brain-barrier. This will amplify exposure of endothelial cells (ECs) that form blood vessels and of astrocytes that wrap around them. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tDCS on the gene expression by astrocytes or ECs. DCS (0.1 or 1 mA, 10 min) was applied to monolayers of mouse brain ECs or human astrocytes. Gene expression of a set of neuroactive genes were measured using RT-qPCR. Expression was assessed immediately or 1 h after DCS. Because we previously showed that DCS can produce electroosmotic flow and fluid shear stress known to influence EC and astrocyte function, we compared three interventions: pressure-driven flow across the monolayer alone, pressure-driven flow plus DCS, and DCS alone with flow blocked. We show that DCS can directly modulate gene expression in astrocytes (notably FOS and BDNF), independent of but synergistic with pressure-driven flow gene expression. In ECs, pressure-driven flow activates genes expression with no evidence of further contribution from DCS. In ECs, DCS alone produced mixed effects including an upregulation of FGF9 and downregulation of NTF3. We propose a new adjunct mechanism for tDCS based on glial meditated plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limary M Cancel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, Steinman Hall, Room 404C, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Dharia Silas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, Steinman Hall, Room 404C, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, Steinman Hall, Room 404C, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, Steinman Hall, Room 404C, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
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Guidetti M, Arlotti M, Bocci T, Bianchi AM, Parazzini M, Ferrucci R, Priori A. Electric Fields Induced in the Brain by Transcranial Electric Stimulation: A Review of In Vivo Recordings. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102333. [PMID: 36289595 PMCID: PMC9598743 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques, such as direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), cause neurophysiological and behavioral modifications as responses to the electric field are induced in the brain. Estimations of such electric fields are based mainly on computational studies, and in vivo measurements have been used to expand the current knowledge. Here, we review the current tDCS- and tACS-induced electric fields estimations as they are recorded in humans and non-human primates using intracerebral electrodes. Direct currents and alternating currents were applied with heterogeneous protocols, and the recording procedures were characterized by a tentative methodology. However, for the clinical stimulation protocols, an injected current seems to reach the brain, even at deep structures. The stimulation parameters (e.g., intensity, frequency and phase), the electrodes’ positions and personal anatomy determine whether the intensities might be high enough to affect both neuronal and non-neuronal cell activity, also deep brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Guidetti
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Bocci
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- III Neurology Clinic, ASST-Santi Paolo e Carlo University Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bianchi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Parazzini
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Ferrucci
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- III Neurology Clinic, ASST-Santi Paolo e Carlo University Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- III Neurology Clinic, ASST-Santi Paolo e Carlo University Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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