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Zhang K, Wen R, Ma W, Ji H, He X, Yang Z, Liu D, Li X. P2Y12-targeted modulation of microglial phenotypes: A novel therapeutic strategy for enhanced axonal regeneration post-spinal cord injury. Life Sci 2024; 357:123057. [PMID: 39277132 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Microglia activation after spinal cord injury (SCI) is a double-edged sword, modulation of the activated microglia populations toward pro-regenerative phenotypes highlights the potential therapeutic implications. P2Y12, a microglia-specific marker, remains underexplored in its capacity to polarize microglial activation populations in SCI repair. We aimed to explore the effects of modulating P2Y12 on microglia function after spinal cord injury, and further on axonal regeneration and motor recovery after spinal cord injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study employed both in vitro and in vivo models, using BV2 cells and a mouse model of SCI, respectively. Ticagrelor, a P2Y12 antagonist, was administered via a collagen scaffold to ensure stable and sustained release. Transcriptome sequencing analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) scores were used to assess microglial activation, axonal regeneration, and functional recovery. KEY FINDINGS Herein, we observed P2Y12+ microglia localized predominantly at the lesion periphery within 3 days post injury (dpi), manifesting a pro-inflammatory phenotype, but not anti-inflammatory phenotype. In vitro investigations revealed that P2Y12 inhibition of the activated microglia curtailed pro-inflammatory differentiation while augmenting anti-inflammatory differentiation. SIGNIFICANCE Leveraging this insight, we engineered a collagen scaffold-based delivery system for sustained release of the P2Y12 antagonist, ticagrelor, at the injury site in a mouse complete SCI model. Notably, P2Y12 suppression markedly enhanced axonal regeneration within the injured site and ameliorated lower limb motor functions in SCI mice. Collectively, our findings illuminate P2Y12-targeted microglial modulation as a promising therapeutic approach for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Runlin Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wanrong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Huaqing Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xinghui He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhiquan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dingyang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China.
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Subramani M, Lambrecht B, Ahmad I. Human microglia-derived proinflammatory cytokines facilitate human retinal ganglion cell development and regeneration. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:1092-1106. [PMID: 39059376 PMCID: PMC11368696 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia (μG), the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, surveil the parenchyma to maintain the structural and functional homeostasis of neurons. Besides, they influence neurogenesis and synaptogenesis through complement-mediated phagocytosis. Emerging evidence suggests that μG may also influence development through proinflammatory cytokines. Here, we examined the premise that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), the two most prominent components of the μG secretome, influence retinal development, specifically the morphological and functional differentiation of human retinal ganglion cells (hRGCs). Using controlled generation of hRGCs and human μG (hμG) from pluripotent stem cells, we demonstrate that TNF-α and IL-1β secreted by unchallenged hμG did not influence hRGC generation. However, their presence significantly facilitated neuritogenesis along with the basal function of hRGCs, which involved the recruitment of the AKT/mTOR pathway. We present ex vivo evidence that proinflammatory cytokines may play an important role in the morphological and physiological maturation of hRGCs, which may be recapitulated for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Subramani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brandon Lambrecht
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Jezsó B, Kálmán S, Farkas KG, Hathy E, Vincze K, Kovács-Schoblocher D, Lilienberg J, Tordai C, Nemoda Z, Homolya L, Apáti Á, Réthelyi JM. Haloperidol, Olanzapine, and Risperidone Induce Morphological Changes in an In Vitro Model of Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:688. [PMID: 38927091 PMCID: PMC11201986 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) based neuronal differentiation is valuable for studying neuropsychiatric disorders and pharmacological mechanisms at the cellular level. We aimed to examine the effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on human iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs). METHODS Proliferation and neurite outgrowth were measured by live cell imaging, and gene expression levels related to neuronal identity were analyzed by RT-QPCR and immunocytochemistry during differentiation into hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells following treatment of low- and high-dose antipsychotics (haloperidol, olanzapine, and risperidone). RESULTS Antipsychotics did not modify the growth properties of NPCs after 3 days of treatment. However, the characteristics of neurite outgrowth changed significantly in response to haloperidol and olanzapine. After three weeks of differentiation, mRNA expression levels of the selected neuronal markers increased (except for MAP2), while antipsychotics caused only subtle changes. Additionally, we found no changes in MAP2 or GFAP protein expression levels as a result of antipsychotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, antipsychotic medications promoted neurogenesis in vitro by influencing neurite outgrowth rather than changing cell survival or gene expression. This study provides insights into the effects of antipsychotics on neuronal differentiation and highlights the importance of considering neurite outgrowth as a potential target of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Jezsó
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- ELTE-MTA “Momentum” Motor Enzymology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sára Kálmán
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szentháromság utca 5., H-6722 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Kiara Gitta Farkas
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
| | - Edit Hathy
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Vincze
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Julianna Lilienberg
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
| | - Csongor Tordai
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Nemoda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Homolya
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
| | - Ágota Apáti
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN RCNS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.J.)
| | - János M. Réthelyi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Lauzier DC, Athiraman U. Role of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:841-856. [PMID: 38415607 PMCID: PMC11318405 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241237070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a devastating sequela of aneurysm rupture. Because it disproportionately affects younger patients, the population impact of hemorrhagic stroke from subarachnoid hemorrhage is substantial. Secondary brain injury is a significant contributor to morbidity after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Initial hemorrhage causes intracranial pressure elevations, disrupted cerebral perfusion pressure, global ischemia, and systemic dysfunction. These initial events are followed by two characterized timespans of secondary brain injury: the early brain injury period and the delayed cerebral ischemia period. The identification of varying microglial phenotypes across phases of secondary brain injury paired with the functions of microglia during each phase provides a basis for microglia serving a critical role in both promoting and attenuating subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced morbidity. The duality of microglial effects on outcomes following SAH is highlighted by the pleiotropic features of these cells. Here, we provide an overview of the key role of microglia in subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced secondary brain injury as both cytotoxic and restorative effectors. We first describe the ontogeny of microglial populations that respond to subarachnoid hemorrhage. We then correlate the phenotypic development of secondary brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage to microglial functions, synthesizing experimental data in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Lauzier
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Umeshkumar Athiraman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Schreiner TG, Schreiner OD, Ciobanu RC. Spinal Cord Injury Management Based on Microglia-Targeting Therapies. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2773. [PMID: 38792314 PMCID: PMC11122315 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a complicated medical condition both from the clinician's point of view in terms of management and from the patient's perspective in terms of unsatisfactory recovery. Depending on the severity, this disorder can be devastating despite the rapid and appropriate use of modern imaging techniques and convenient surgical spinal cord decompression and stabilization. In this context, there is a mandatory need for novel adjunctive therapeutic approaches to classical treatments to improve rehabilitation chances and clinical outcomes. This review offers a new and original perspective on therapies targeting the microglia, one of the most relevant immune cells implicated in spinal cord disorders. The first part of the manuscript reviews the anatomical and pathophysiological importance of the blood-spinal cord barrier components, including the role of microglia in post-acute neuroinflammation. Subsequently, the authors present the emerging therapies based on microglia modulation, such as cytokines modulators, stem cell, microRNA, and nanoparticle-based treatments that could positively impact spinal cord injury management. Finally, future perspectives and challenges are also highlighted based on the ongoing clinical trials related to medications targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gabriel Schreiner
- Department of Medical Specialties III, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- First Neurology Clinic, “Prof. Dr. N. Oblu” Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Oliver Daniel Schreiner
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Medical Oncology Department, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania
| | - Romeo Cristian Ciobanu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
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Cao Z, Kong F, Ding J, Chen C, He F, Deng W. Promoting Alzheimer's disease research and therapy with stem cell technology. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:136. [PMID: 38715083 PMCID: PMC11077895 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent form of dementia leading to memory loss, reduced cognitive and linguistic abilities, and decreased self-care. Current AD treatments aim to relieve symptoms and slow disease progression, but a cure is elusive due to limited understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms. MAIN CONTENT Stem cell technology has the potential to revolutionize AD research. With the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types, stem cells are valuable tools for disease modeling, drug screening, and cell therapy. Recent advances have broadened our understanding beyond the deposition of amyloidβ (Aβ) or tau proteins in AD to encompass risk genes, immune system disorders, and neuron-glia mis-communication, relying heavily on stem cell-derived disease models. These stem cell-based models (e.g., organoids and microfluidic chips) simulate in vivo pathological processes with extraordinary spatial and temporal resolution. Stem cell technologies have the potential to alleviate AD pathology through various pathways, including immunomodulation, replacement of damaged neurons, and neurotrophic support. In recent years, transplantation of glial cells like oligodendrocytes and the infusion of exosomes have become hot research topics. CONCLUSION Although stem cell-based models and therapies for AD face several challenges, such as extended culture time and low differentiation efficiency, they still show considerable potential for AD treatment and are likely to become preferred tools for AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimeng Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Fanshu Kong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiaqi Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chunxia Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Fumei He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China.
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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