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Shiohara A, Wojnilowicz M, Lyu Q, Pei Y, Easton CD, Chen Y, White JF, McAuley A, Prieto‐Simon B, Thissen H, Voelcker NH. SARS-CoV-2 Virus Detection Via a Polymeric Nanochannel-Based Electrochemical Biosensor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205281. [PMID: 36585382 PMCID: PMC9880620 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of simple, cost-effective, rapid, and quantitative diagnostic tools remains critical to monitor infectious COVID-19 disease. Although numerous diagnostic platforms, including rapid antigen tests, are developed and used, they suffer from limited accuracy, especially when tested with asymptomatic patients. Here, a unique approach to fabricate a nanochannel-based electrochemical biosensor that can detect the entire virion instead of virus fragments, is demonstrated. The sensing platform has uniform nanoscale channels created by the convective assembly of polystyrene (PS) beads on gold electrodes. The PS beads are then functionalized with bioreceptors while the gold surface is endowed with anti-fouling properties. When added to the biosensor, SARS-CoV-2 virus particles block the nanochannels by specific binding to the bioreceptors. The nanochannel blockage hinders the diffusion of a redox probe; and thus, allows quantification of the viral load by measuring the changes in the oxidation current before and after virus incubation. The biosensor shows a low limit of detection of ≈1.0 viral particle mL-1 with a wide detection range up to 108 particles mL-1 in cell culture media. Moreover, the biosensor is able to differentiate saliva samples with SARS-CoV-2 from those without, demonstrating the potential of this technology for translation into a point-of-care biosensor product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amane Shiohara
- Drug Delivery, Deposition,and DynamicsMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- Melbourne Centre of NanofabricationVictorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication FacilityClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Marcin Wojnilowicz
- Drug Delivery, Deposition,and DynamicsMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Quanxia Lyu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Yi Pei
- Drug Delivery, Deposition,and DynamicsMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Christopher D. Easton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Yu Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Jacinta F White
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Alexander McAuley
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Beatriz Prieto‐Simon
- Department of Electronic EngineeringUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliTarragona43007Spain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 23Barcelona08010Spain
| | - Helmut Thissen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Deposition,and DynamicsMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- Melbourne Centre of NanofabricationVictorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication FacilityClaytonVictoria3168Australia
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Mahmud AH, Salahuddin NM, Md Jani AM, Abu Bakar NF, Zainal Abidin SAS, Mohd Zain Z, Low KF. A voltammetric immunosensor based on a nanoporous alumina millirod for detection of porcine serum albumin. Food Chem 2023; 411:135493. [PMID: 36689871 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A voltammetric immunosensor was developed for detection of porcine serum albumin (PSA) to identify raw meat products adulterated with pork. A novel strategy to fabricate multiple individual nanoporous alumina (NPA) millirods (length, 5.0 mm; diameter, 1.0 mm) as the biorecognition platform is described. Each NPA millirod was covalently bioconjugated with anti-PSA capturing antibodies (α-PSAC). Following immunocapture, the PSA bound to the α-PSAC/NPA millirod bioconjugate were tagged with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with anti-PSA detection antibodies as the signaling probe. Subsequently, the AuNPs were voltammetrically analyzed to quantify the target PSA. The immunosensor exhibited 100 % specificity and high sensitivity to PSA with a limit of detection (LoD) of 50 (range, 0-1000) pg/mL (R2 = 0.9907). Real-world applicability was successfully validated using pork/beef adulterated mixtures with a LoD of 0.05 % (w/w). Overall, the detection performance of the proposed immunosensor was excellent and, thus, is suitable for surveillance of food safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hadi Mahmud
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Tapah Campus, Tapah Road, Perak 35400 Malaysia
| | - Nurul Mahira Salahuddin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Tapah Campus, Tapah Road, Perak 35400 Malaysia
| | - Abdul Mutalib Md Jani
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Tapah Campus, Tapah Road, Perak 35400 Malaysia
| | - Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450 Malaysia
| | - Siti Aimi Sarah Zainal Abidin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450 Malaysia; Malaysia Institute of Transport, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450 Malaysia
| | - Zainiharyati Mohd Zain
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450 Malaysia; Electrochemical Material and Sensors (EmaS) Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450 Malaysia
| | - Kim-Fatt Low
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Tapah Campus, Tapah Road, Perak 35400 Malaysia; Electrochemical Material and Sensors (EmaS) Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450 Malaysia.
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Nanoporous Membranes for the Filtration of Proteins from Biological Fluids: Biocompatibility Tests on Cell Cultures and Suggested Applications for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195846. [PMID: 36233713 PMCID: PMC9571538 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease has a significant epidemiological and socioeconomic impact, and, unfortunately, the extensive research focused on potential curative therapies has not yet proven to be successful. However, in recent years, important steps have been made in the development and functionalization of nanoporous alumina membranes, which might be of great interest for medical use, including the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, the aim of this article is to present the synthesis and biocompatibility testing of a special filtrating nano-membrane, which is planned to be used in an experimental device for Alzheimer's disease treatment. METHODS Firstly, the alumina nanoporous membrane was synthesized via the two-step anodizing process in oxalic acid-based electrolytes and functionalized via the atomic layer deposition technique. Subsequently, quality control tests (spectrophotometry and potential measurements), toxicity, and biocompatibility tests (cell viability assays) were conducted. RESULTS The proposed alumina nanoporous membrane proved to be efficient for amyloid-beta filtration according to the permeability studies conducted for 72 h. The proposed membrane has proven to be fully compatible with the tested cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS The proposed alumina nanoporous membrane model is safe and could be incorporated into implantable devices for further in vivo experiments and might be an efficient therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease.
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Amouzadeh Tabrizi M, Acedo P. An electrochemical membrane-based aptasensor for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 receptor-binding domain. APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE 2022; 598:153867. [PMID: 35669218 PMCID: PMC9158412 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.153867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report an electrochemical membrane-based aptasensor for the determination of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (SARS-CoV-2-RBD). For this purpose, the nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide membrane (NPAOM) was first fabricated electrochemically. The NPAOM was then functionalized with 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (NPAOM-Si-SH). After that, the NPAOM-Si-SH was decorated with gold nanoparticles by using gold ion and sodium borohydride. The NPAOM-Si-S-Aunano was then attached to the surface of the working electrode of a laser-engraved graphene electrode (LEGE). Subsequently, the LEGE/NPAOM-Si-S-Aunano was fixed inside a flow cell that was made by using a three-dimensional (3D) printer, and then thiolated aptamer was transferred into the flow cell using a pump. The electrochemical behavior of the LEGE/NPAOM-Si-S-Aunano-Aptamer was studied using square wave voltammetry (SWV) in the presence of potassium ferrocyanide as a redox probe. The response of the LEGE/NPAOM-Si-S-Aunano-Aptamer to the different concentrations of the SARS-CoV-2-RBD in human saliva sample was investigated in the concentration range of 2.5-40.0 ng/mL. The limit of the detection was found to be 0.8 ng/mL. The LEGE/NPAOM-Si-S-Aunano-Aptamer showed good selectivity to 5.0 ng/mL of SARS-CoV-2-RBD in the presence of five times of the interfering agents like hemagglutinin and neuraminidase as the influenza A virus major surface glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Acedo
- Electronic Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain
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Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Convectively Assembled Colloidal Crystals. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070480. [PMID: 35884283 PMCID: PMC9312794 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive, selective and portable virus detection is in high demand globally. However, differentiating non-infectious viral particles from intact/infectious viruses is still a rarely satisfied sensing requirement. Using the negative space within monolayers of polystyrene (PS) spheres deposited directly on gold electrodes, we fabricated tuneable nanochannels decorated with target-selective bioreceptors that facilitate the size-selective detection of intact viruses. Detection occurred through selective nanochannel blockage of diffusion of a redox probe, [Fe(CN)6]3/4−, allowing a quantifiable change in the oxidation current before and after analyte binding to the bioreceptor immobilised on the spheres. Our model system involved partial surface passivation of the mono-assembled PS spheres, by silica glancing angle deposition, to confine bioreceptor immobilisation specifically to the channels and improve particle detection sensitivity. Virus detection was first optimised and modelled with biotinylated gold nanoparticles, recognised by streptavidin immobilised on the PS layer, reaching a low limit of detection of 37 particles/mL. Intact, label-free virus detection was demonstrated using MS2 bacteriophage (~23–28 nm), a marker of microbiological contamination, showing an excellent limit of detection of ~1.0 pfu/mL. Tuneable nanochannel geometries constructed directly on sensing electrodes offer label-free, sensitive, and cost-efficient point-of-care biosensing platforms that could be applied for a wide range of viruses.
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Ferrofluids transport in bioinspired nanochannels: Application to electrochemical biosensing with magnetic-controlled detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 201:113963. [PMID: 35007994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Controllable transport of ions, molecules or fluids in bioinspired nanochannels is crucial to study biointeraction occurred in confined space and also develop biosensing platforms or devices. Herein, ferrofluids transport in biofunctionalized nanochannels was investigated and a novel electrochemical biosensing platform with the characteristic of label-free, high sensitivity and rapid response was constructed. The hydrophilic ferrofluids can flux swiftly through the antibody-immobilized nanochannels with the assistance of a permanent magnet. It was initially found that the presence of ferrofluids would depress the redox current of the electrochemical probe [Fe(CN)6]3-. The mechanism of the depressing effect was ascribed to the constrained diffusion of [Fe(CN)6]3- which lowered the concentration of it at the electrode surface and the weak adsorption of the ferrofluids which increased the charge transfer resistance of the interface. Therefore, redox current of the probe was applied to indicate the amount of the ferrofluids fluxing through the bioinspired nanochannels. The steric hindrance of the bioinspired nanochannels changed with the amount of the corresponding target being incubated, resulting in quantitative variation of the redox current. In this way, electrochemical biosensing platform based on ferrofluids transport was constructed. Using carbohydrate antigen 153 (CA153) as a model target, a low detection limit of 0.0013 U·mL-1 was acquired. This magnetic-controlled bioelectrochemical platform was expected to be expanded to other applications such as genetic testing, drug analysis, and molecular identification.
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Real-Time Monitoring of Doxorubicin Release from Hybrid Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Structures. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21237819. [PMID: 34883823 PMCID: PMC8659439 DOI: 10.3390/s21237819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates an advanced approach to fabricate Hybrid nanoporous anodic alumina gradient-index filters (Hy-NAA-GIFs) through a heterogeneous anodization process combining sinusoidal current-density anodization and constant potential anodization. As a result, the hybrid structure obtained reveals a single photonic stopband (PSB), which falls within the absorption region of the drug molecule and the intensity of the spectrum that are far from such absorption range. The prepared structures were loaded with the doxorubicin (DOX) drug through the drop-casting method, which allows for evaluating the maximum reflectance of the relative height of the PSB with the average reflectance of the spectrum intensity. Thereafter, this property has been applied in a flow cell setup connected to a reflectance spectrophotometer where different drug-loaded samples were placed to study the behavior and kinetics of the drug release in real-time by varying two parameters, i.e., different pore length and flow rates. As such, obtained results were analyzed with a model that includes a sum of two inverted exponential decay functions with two different characteristic time releases. Overall, this study opens up several possibilities for the Hy-NAA-GIFs to study the drug kinetics from nanoporous structures.
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Rabiee N, Rabiee M, Sojdeh S, Fatahi Y, Dinarvand R, Safarkhani M, Ahmadi S, Daneshgar H, Radmanesh F, Maghsoudi S, Bagherzadeh M, Varma RS, Mostafavi E. Porphyrin Molecules Decorated on Metal-Organic Frameworks for Multi-Functional Biomedical Applications. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1714. [PMID: 34827712 PMCID: PMC8615380 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely used as porous nanomaterials for different applications ranging from industrial to biomedicals. An unpredictable one-pot method is introduced to synthesize NH2-MIL-53 assisted by high-gravity in a greener media for the first time. Then, porphyrins were deployed to adorn the surface of MOF to increase the sensitivity of the prepared nanocomposite to the genetic materials and in-situ cellular protein structures. The hydrogen bond formation between genetic domains and the porphyrin' nitrogen as well as the surface hydroxyl groups is equally probable and could be considered a milestone in chemical physics and physical chemistry for biomedical applications. In this context, the role of incorporating different forms of porphyrins, their relationship with the final surface morphology, and their drug/gene loading efficiency were investigated to provide a predictable pattern in regard to the previous works. The conceptual phenomenon was optimized to increase the interactions between the biomolecules and the substrate by reaching the limit of detection to 10 pM for the Anti-cas9 protein, 20 pM for the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), below 10 pM for the single guide RNA (sgRNA) and also around 10 nM for recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen. Also, the MTT assay showed acceptable relative cell viability of more than 85% in most cases, even by increasing the dose of the prepared nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9161, Iran
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran;
| | - Soheil Sojdeh
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran;
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran; (Y.F.); (R.D.)
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran; (Y.F.); (R.D.)
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Moein Safarkhani
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-3516, Iran; (M.S.); (H.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran;
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Hossein Daneshgar
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-3516, Iran; (M.S.); (H.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Fatemeh Radmanesh
- Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14197-33141, Iran;
| | - Saeid Maghsoudi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0G1, Canada;
| | - Mojtaba Bagherzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-3516, Iran; (M.S.); (H.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Aydın EB, Sezgintürk MK. Fabrication of Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of Interleukin 8 Biomarker via Layer‐by‐layer Self‐assembly Process on Cost‐effective Fluorine Tin Oxide Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Burcu Aydın
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Scientific and Technological Research Center Tekirdağ Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Engineering Bioengineering Department Çanakkale Turkey
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Sung WH, Tsao YT, Shen CJ, Tsai CY, Cheng CM. Small-volume detection: platform developments for clinically-relevant applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:114. [PMID: 33882955 PMCID: PMC8058587 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical analysis of human body fluids is a frequent and fruitful strategy for disease diagnosis. Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics offers the tantalizing possibility of providing rapid diagnostic results in non-laboratory settings. Successful diagnostic testing using body fluids has been reported on in the literature; however, small-volume detection devices, which offer remarkable advantages such as portability, inexpensiveness, capacity for mass production, and tiny sample volume requirements have not been thoroughly discussed. Here, we review progress in this research field, with a focus on developments since 2015. In this review article, we provide a summary of articles that have detailed the development of small-volume detection strategies using clinical samples over the course of the last 5 years. Topics covered include small-volume detection strategies in ophthalmology, dermatology or plastic surgery, otolaryngology, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. In ophthalmology, advances in technology could be applied to examine tear or anterior chamber (AC) fluid for glucose, lactoferrin, interferon, or VEGF. These approaches could impact detection and care for diseases including diabetic mellitus, dry-eye disease, and age-related maculopathy. Early detection and easy monitoring are critical approaches for improving overall care and outcome. In dermatology or plastic surgery, small-volume detection strategies have been applied for passive or interactive wound dressing, wound healing monitoring, and blister fluid analysis for autoimmune disease diagnosis. In otolaryngology, the analysis of nasal secretions and mucosa could be used to differentiate between allergic responses and infectious diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis could be applied in neurodegenerative diseases, central neural system infection and tumor diagnosis. Other small-volume fluids that have been analyzed for diagnostic and monitoring purposes include semen and cervico-vaginal fluids. We include more details regarding each of these fluids, associated collection and detection devices, and approaches in our review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsuan Sung
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung Medical College and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tsao
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung Medical College and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Porous Aluminium Oxide Coating for the Development of Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Based Biosensor: Evaluation of Human Serum Albumin Adsorption. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10111018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemically synthesised porous anodic aluminium oxide (pAAO) layer has been analysed by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry. The determined thickness of the formed pAAO layer obtained from spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements and modelling was 322.75 ± 0.12 nm. The radius of the nanopores estimated from SEM images was 39 ± 5 nm and the distance between nanopores was 107 ± 6 nm. The investigation of human serum albumin (HSA) adsorption on the pAAO coating showed that: (i) the protein concentration inside nanopores, depending on exposure time, approximately was from 200 up to 600 times higher than that determined in buffer solution; (ii) the initial phase of the adsorption process is slow (3.23 mg·cm−3·min−1) in comparison with the protein desorption rate (21.2 mg·cm−3·min−1) by means of pAAO layer washing; (iii) conventional washing with PBS solution and deionised water does not completely remove HSA molecules from pAAO pores and, therefore, the HSA concentration inside nanopores after 16 h of washing still remains almost 100 times higher than that present in PBS solution. Thus, due to such binding ability, HSA can be successfully used for the blocking of the remaining free surface, which is applied for the reduction in non-specific binding after the immobilisation of biorecognition molecules on the pAAO surface. It was determined that some desorption of HSA molecules from the pAAO layer occurred during the sensor’s surface washing step; however, HSA concentration inside the nanopores still remained rather high. These results recommend the continued application of pAAO in the development of biosensors.
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