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Salimi S, Graham AM, Wu Y, Song P, Hart LR, Irvine DJ, Wildman RD, Siviour CR, Hayes W. An effective route to the additive manufacturing of a mechanically gradient supramolecular polymer nanocomposite structure. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106358. [PMID: 38169206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
3D Printing techniques are additive methods of fabricating parts directly from computer-aided designs. Whilst the clearest benefit is the realisation of geometrical freedom, multi-material printing allows the introduction of compositional variation and highly tailored product functionality. The paper reports a proof-of-concept additive manufacturing study to deposit a supramolecular polymer and a complementary organic filler to form composites with gradient composition to enable spatial distribution of mechanical properties and functionality by tuning the number of supramolecular interactions. We use a dual-feed extrusion 3D printing process, with feed stocks based on the supramolecular polymer and its organic composite, delivered at ratios predetermined. This allows for production of a graded specimen with varying filler concentration that dictates the mechanical properties. The printed specimen was inspected under dynamic load in a tensile test using digital image correlation to produce full-field deformation maps, which showed clear differences in deformation in regions with varying compositions, corresponding to the designed-in variations. This approach affords a novel method for printing material with graded mechanical properties which are not currently commercially available or easily accessible, however, the method can potentially be directly translated to the generation of biomaterial-based composites featuring gradients of mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Aaron M Graham
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Yuyang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Peihao Song
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Lewis R Hart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Derek J Irvine
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ricky D Wildman
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Clive R Siviour
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Wayne Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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Katcharava Z, Zhou X, Bhandary R, Sattler R, Huth H, Beiner M, Marinow A, Binder WH. Solvent and catalyst free vitrimeric poly(ionic liquid) electrolytes. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14435-14442. [PMID: 37180003 PMCID: PMC10172824 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02396f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer electrolytes (PEs) are a promising alternative to overcome shortcomings of conventional lithium ion batteries (LiBs) and make them safer for users. Introduction of self-healing features in PEs additionally leads to prolonged life-time of LIBs, thus tackling cost and environmental issues. We here present solvent free, self-healable, reprocessable, thermally stable, conductive poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) consisting of pyrrolidinium-based repeating units. PEO-functionalized styrene was used as a co-monomer for improving mechanical properties and introducing pendant OH groups in the polymer backbone to act as a transient crosslinking site for boric acid, leading to the formation of dynamic boronic ester bonds, thus forming a vitrimeric material. Dynamic boronic ester linkages allow reprocessing (at 40 °C), reshaping and self-healing ability of PEs. A series of vitrimeric PILs by varying both monomers ratio and lithium salt (LiTFSI) content was synthesized and characterized. The conductivity reached 10-5 S cm-1 at 50 °C in the optimized composition. Moreover, the PILs rheological properties fit the required melt flow behavior (above 120 °C) for 3D printing via fused deposition modeling (FDM), offering the possibility to design batteries with more complex and diverse architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zviadi Katcharava
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Xiaozhuang Zhou
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Rajesh Bhandary
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Rene Sattler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS Walter Hülse Str. 1 D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Heiko Huth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS Walter Hülse Str. 1 D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Mario Beiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS Walter Hülse Str. 1 D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Anja Marinow
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
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Marinow A, Katcharava Z, Binder WH. Self-Healing Polymer Electrolytes for Next-Generation Lithium Batteries. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051145. [PMID: 36904385 PMCID: PMC10007462 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of polymer materials with self-healing features into advanced lithium batteries is a promising and attractive approach to mitigate degradation and, thus, improve the performance and reliability of batteries. Polymeric materials with an ability to autonomously repair themselves after damage may compensate for the mechanical rupture of an electrolyte, prevent the cracking and pulverization of electrodes or stabilize a solid electrolyte interface (SEI), thus prolonging the cycling lifetime of a battery while simultaneously tackling financial and safety issues. This paper comprehensively reviews various categories of self-healing polymer materials for application as electrolytes and adaptive coatings for electrodes in lithium-ion (LIBs) and lithium metal batteries (LMBs). We discuss the opportunities and current challenges in the development of self-healable polymeric materials for lithium batteries in terms of their synthesis, characterization and underlying self-healing mechanism, as well as performance, validation and optimization.
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Cai C, Wu S, Zhang Y, Li F, Tan Z, Dong S. Poly(thioctic acid): From Bottom-Up Self-Assembly to 3D-Fused Deposition Modeling Printing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203630. [PMID: 36220340 PMCID: PMC9685451 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the bottom-up assembly in nature, an artificial self-assembly pattern is introduced into 3D-fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing to achieve additive manufacturing on the macroscopic scale. Thermally activated polymerization of thioctic acid (TA) enabled the bulk construction of poly(TA), and yielded unique time-dependent self-assembly. Freshly prepared poly(TA) can spontaneously and continuously transfer into higher-molecular-weight species and low-molecular-weight TA monomers. Poly(TA) and the newly formed TA further assembled into self-reinforcing materials via microscopic-phase separation. Bottom-up self-assembly patterns on different scales are fully realized by 3D FDM printing of poly(TA): thermally induced polymerization of TA (microscopic-scale assembly) to poly(TA) and 3D printing (macroscopic-scale assembly) of poly(TA) are simultaneously achieved in the 3D-printing process; after 3D printing, the poly(TA) modes show mechanically enhanced features over time, arising from the microscopic self-assembly of poly(TA) and TA. This study clearly demonstrates that micro- and macroscopic bottom-up self-assembly can be applied in 3D additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Cai
- Department of Organic ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082China
| | - Shuanggen Wu
- Department of Organic ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Department of Organic ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082China
| | - Fenfang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangsha410083China
| | - Zhijian Tan
- Institute of Bast Fiber CropsChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangsha410205China
| | - Shengyi Dong
- Department of Organic ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082China
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Du F, Rupp H, Jariyavidyanont K, Janke A, Petzold A, Binder W, Androsch R. 3D-printing of the polymer/insect-repellent system poly(l-lactic acid)/ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (PLLA/IR3535). Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122023. [PMID: 35843363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The polymer/solvent system poly(l-lactic acid)/ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (PLLA/IR3535) is regarded as an insect-repellent-delivery system, serving, e.g., for fighting mosquito-borne tropical diseases. In such systems the solid polymer hosts the liquid repellent, with the latter slowly released to the environment, expelling mosquitoes. As a new approach, exceeding prior work about application of different technologies to obtain such devices, in this work, samples of the polymer/repellent system PLLA/IR3535 were prepared by 3D-printing. The experiments showed that it is possible to print 3D-parts containing up to 25 m% repellent, with an only minor loss of repellent during the printing process. For samples containing low amount of repellent, crystallization of PLLA was suppressed due to the rather fast cooling step and the low bed temperature of around 25 °C, being lower than the glass transition temperature of the homogeneous polymer/repellent strands. At higher repellent concentration, due to the lowering of the glass transition temperature to near or even below ambient temperature, the crystallinity slowly increased during storage after printing. For all samples, regardless of the initial repellent concentration, the repellent-release rate increases with temperature, and at ambient temperature the release-time constant is in the order of 10 days. The study successfully proved the applicability of the technology of extrusion-based 3D-printing for the preparation of polymer parts with a specific shape/design containing mosquito-repellent at a concentration which raises the expectation to be used as a repellent delivery-device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Du
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Harald Rupp
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Andreas Janke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albrecht Petzold
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Binder
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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3D Printable Composite Polymer Electrolytes: Influence of SiO2 Nanoparticles on 3D-Printability. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111859. [PMID: 35683714 PMCID: PMC9181955 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We here demonstrate the preparation of composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) for Li-ion batteries, applicable for 3D printing process via fused deposition modeling. The prepared composites consist of modified poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and SiO2-based nanofillers. PEG was successfully end group modified yielding telechelic PEG containing either ureidopyrimidone (UPy) or barbiturate moieties, capable to form supramolecular networks via hydrogen bonds, thus introducing self-healing to the electrolyte system. Silica nanoparticles (NPs) were used as a filler for further adjustment of mechanical properties of the electrolyte to enable 3D-printability. The surface functionalization of the NPs with either ionic liquid (IL) or hydrophobic alkyl chains is expected to lead to an improved dispersion of the NPs within the polymer matrix. Composites with different content of NPs (5%, 10%, 15%) and LiTFSI salt (EO/Li+ = 5, 10, 20) were analyzed via rheology for a better understanding of 3D printability, and via Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) for checking their ionic conductivity. The composite electrolyte PEG 1500 UPy2/LiTFSI (EO:Li 5:1) mixed with 15% NP-IL was successfully 3D printed, revealing its suitability for application as printable composite electrolytes.
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Kundrata I, Barr MKS, Tymek S, Döhler D, Hudec B, Brüner P, Vanko G, Precner M, Yokosawa T, Spiecker E, Plakhotnyuk M, Fröhlich K, Bachmann J. Additive Manufacturing in Atomic Layer Processing Mode. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101546. [PMID: 35277944 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (3D printing) has not been applicable to micro- and nanoscale engineering due to the limited resolution. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a technique for coating large areas with atomic thickness resolution based on tailored surface chemical reactions. Thus, combining the principles of additive manufacturing with ALD could open up a completely new field of manufacturing. Indeed, it is shown that a spatially localized delivery of ALD precursors can generate materials patterns. In this "atomic-layer additive manufacturing" (ALAM), the vertical resolution of the solid structure deposited is about 0.1 nm, whereas the lateral resolution is defined by the microfluidic gas delivery. The ALAM principle is demonstrated by generating lines and patterns of pure, crystalline TiO2 and Pt on planar substrates and conformal coatings of 3D nanostructures. The functional quality of ALAM patterns is exemplified with temperature sensors, which achieve a performance similar to the industry standard. This general method of multimaterial direct patterning is much simpler than standard multistep lithographic microfabrication. It offers process flexibility, saves processing time, investment, materials, waste, and energy. It is envisioned that together with etching, doping, and cleaning performed in a similar local manner, ALAM will create the "atomic-layer advanced manufacturing" family of techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kundrata
- ATLANT 3D Nanosystems, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
| | - Maïssa K S Barr
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sarah Tymek
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Döhler
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Boris Hudec
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
| | | | - Gabriel Vanko
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
| | - Marian Precner
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
| | - Tadahiro Yokosawa
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), IZNF, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), IZNF, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Karol Fröhlich
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 11, Slovakia
| | - Julien Bachmann
- ATLANT 3D Nanosystems, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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O'Donnell A, Salimi S, Hart L, Babra T, Greenland B, Hayes W. Applications of supramolecular polymer networks. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
The creation of innovative tools, objects and artifacts that introduce abstract ideas in the real world is a necessary step for the evolution process and characterize the creative capacity of civilization. Sculpture is based on the available technology for its creation process and is strongly related to the level of technological sophistication of each era. This paper analyzes the evolution of basic sculpture techniques (carving, lost-wax casting and 3D scanning/printing), and their importance as a culture footprint. It also presents and evaluates the added creative capacities of each technological step and the different methods of 3D scanning/printing concerning sculpture. It is also an attempt to define the term “material poetics”, which is connected to sculpture artifacts. We conclude that 3D scanning/printing is an important sign of civilization, although artifacts lose a part of material poetics with additive manufacturing. Subsequently, there are various causes of the destruction of sculptures, leaving a hole in the history of art. Finally, this paper showcases the importance of 3D scanning/printing in salvaging cultural heritage, as it has radically altered the way we “backup” objects.
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