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Yang J, Wang Y, Hou Y, Sun M, Xia T, Wu X. Evasion of host defense by Brucella. CELL INSIGHT 2024; 3:100143. [PMID: 38250017 PMCID: PMC10797155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Brucella , an adept intracellular pathogen, causes brucellosis, a zoonotic disease leading to significant global impacts on animal welfare and the economy. Regrettably, there is currently no approved and effective vaccine for human use. The ability of Brucella to evade host defenses is essential for establishing chronic infection and ensuring stable intracellular growth. Brucella employs various mechanisms to evade and undermine the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host through modulating the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), inflammatory responses, or the activation of immune cells like dendritic cells (DCs) to inhibit antigen presentation. Moreover, it regulates multiple cellular processes such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy to establish persistent infection within host cells. This review summarizes the recently discovered mechanisms employed by Brucella to subvert host immune responses and research progress on vaccines, with the aim of advancing our understanding of brucellosis and facilitating the development of more effective vaccines and therapeutic approaches against Brucella .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinke Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuanpan Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mengyao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tian Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Zheng M, Lin R, Zhu J, Dong Q, Chen J, Jiang P, Zhang H, Liu J, Chen Z. Effector Proteins of Type IV Secretion System: Weapons of Brucella Used to Fight Against Host Immunity. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:145-153. [PMID: 36809969 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230222124529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Brucella is an intracellular bacterial pathogen capable of long-term persistence in the host, resulting in chronic infections in livestock and wildlife. The type IV secretion system (T4SS) is an important virulence factor of Brucella and is composed of 12 protein complexes encoded by the VirB operon. T4SS exerts its function through its secreted 15 effector proteins. The effector proteins act on important signaling pathways in host cells, inducing host immune responses and promoting the survival and replication of Brucella in host cells to promote persistent infection. In this article, we describe the intracellular circulation of Brucella-infected cells and survey the role of Brucella VirB T4SS in regulating inflammatory responses and suppressing host immune responses during infection. In addition, the important mechanisms of these 15 effector proteins in resisting the host immune response during Brucella infection are elucidated. For example, VceC and VceA assist in achieving sustained survival of Brucella in host cells by affecting autophagy and apoptosis. BtpB, together with BtpA, controls the activation of dendritic cells during infection, induces inflammatory responses, and controls host immunity. This article reviews the effector proteins secreted by Brucella T4SS and their involvement in immune responses, which can provide a reliable theoretical basis for the subsequent mechanism of hijacking the host cell signaling pathway by bacteria and contribute to the development of better vaccines to effectively treat Brucella bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruiqi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengfei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
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Murugan S, Nandi BR, Mazumdar V, Joshi K, Nandini P, Namani S, Jakka P, Radhakrishnan GK. Outer membrane protein 25 of Brucella suppresses TLR-mediated expression of proinflammatory cytokines through degradation of TLRs and adaptor proteins. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105309. [PMID: 37778729 PMCID: PMC10641269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of innate immunity that serves as the first line of defense against the invaded microorganisms. However, successful infectious pathogens subvert TLR signaling to suppress the activation of innate and adaptive responses. Brucella species are infectious intracellular bacterial pathogens causing the worldwide zoonotic disease, brucellosis, that impacts economic growth of many countries. Brucella species are considered as stealthy bacterial pathogens as they efficiently evade or suppress host innate and adaptive immune responses for their chronic persistence. However, the bacterial effectors and their host targets for modulating the immune responses remain obscure. Brucella encodes various outer membrane proteins (Omps) that facilitate their invasion, intracellular replication, and immunomodulation. Outer membrane protein 25 (Omp25) of Brucella plays an important role in the immune modulation through suppression of proinflammatory cytokines. However, the mechanism and the signaling pathways that are targeted by Omp25 to attenuate the production of proinflammatory cytokines remain obscure. Here, we report that Omp25 and its variants, viz. Omp25b, Omp25c, and Omp25d, suppress production of proinflammatory cytokines that are mediated by various TLRs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Omp25 and its variants promote enhanced ubiquitination and degradation of TLRs and their adaptor proteins to attenuate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Targeting multiple TLRs and adaptor proteins enables Omp25 to effectively suppress the expression of proinflammatory cytokines that are induced by diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns. This can contribute to the defective adaptive immune response and the chronic persistence of Brucella in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subathra Murugan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Binita Roy Nandi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Varadendra Mazumdar
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Kiranmai Joshi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Prachita Nandini
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Swapna Namani
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Padmaja Jakka
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Girish K Radhakrishnan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Dawood AS, Elrashedy A, Nayel M, Salama A, Guo A, Zhao G, Algharib SA, Zaghawa A, Zubair M, Elsify A, Mousa W, Luo W. Brucellae as resilient intracellular pathogens: epidemiology, host-pathogen interaction, recent genomics and proteomics approaches, and future perspectives. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1255239. [PMID: 37876633 PMCID: PMC10591102 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1255239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the most hazardous zoonotic diseases all over the world. It causes formidable economic losses in developed and developing countries. Despite the significant attempts to get rid of Brucella pathogens in many parts of the world, the disease continues to spread widely. Recently, many attempts proved to be effective for the prevention and control of highly contagious bovine brucellosis, which could be followed by others to achieve a prosperous future without rampant Brucella pathogens. In this study, the updated view for worldwide Brucella distribution, possible predisposing factors for emerging Brucella pathogens, immune response and different types of Brucella vaccines, genomics and proteomics approaches incorporated recently in the field of brucellosis, and future perspectives for prevention and control of bovine brucellosis have been discussed comprehensively. So, the current study will be used as a guide for researchers in planning their future work, which will pave the way for a new world without these highly contagious pathogens that have been infecting and threatening the health of humans and terrestrial animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sobhy Dawood
- Engineering Laboratory for Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Alyaa Elrashedy
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nayel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Akram Salama
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- Engineering Laboratory for Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zaghawa
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Muhammed Zubair
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ahmed Elsify
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Walid Mousa
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Wanhe Luo
- Engineering Laboratory for Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, China
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Hu H, Zhang G, Tian M, Guan X, Yin Y, Ding C, Yu S. Brucella abortus Rough-Type Mutant Induces Ferroptosis and More Oxidative Stress in Infected Macrophages. Pathogens 2023; 12:1189. [PMID: 37887705 PMCID: PMC10609801 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella is an intracellular parasitic bacterium that uses multiple strategies to evade the host's defense mechanisms. However, how Brucella manipulates the host-induced oxidative stress and relevant biological processes are still poorly understood. In this study, a comparative transcriptome assay of macrophages infected with Brucella abortus S2308 and its rough mutant RB14 was performed to investigate the differentially expressed genes which might be associated with the pathogenic mechanism of Brucella. Our results showed that numerous host pro-oxidative and antioxidative stress genes were differentially expressed in macrophages infected with B. abortus S2308 and mutant RB14 at 4, 8, 24, and 48 h post-infection. Interestingly, we found that several ferroptosis-associated genes were differentially expressed during B. abortus RB14 infection. Moreover, we found that the rough mutant RB14-induced macrophage death was associated with reduced levels of host glutathione and glutathione peroxidase 4, together with increased free iron, lipid peroxidation, and ROS, all of which are important hallmarks of ferroptosis. The ferroptosis occurring during infection with RB14 was reduced by treatment with the inhibitor ferrostatin-1. However, B. abortus S2308 infection did not induce these hallmarks of ferroptosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ferroptosis is involved in rough B. abortus infection. Investigating how Brucella manipulates oxidative stress and ferroptosis in its host will be helpful to clarify the pathogenicity of B. abortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Guangdong Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xiang Guan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yi Yin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
- Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
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Hysenaj L, de Laval B, Arce-Gorvel V, Bosilkovski M, González-Espinoza G, Debroas G, Sieweke MH, Sarrazin S, Gorvel JP. CD150-dependent hematopoietic stem cell sensing of Brucella instructs myeloid commitment. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20210567. [PMID: 37067792 PMCID: PMC10114919 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
So far, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are considered the source of mature immune cells, the latter being the only ones capable of mounting an immune response. Recent evidence shows HSC can also directly sense cytokines released upon infection/inflammation and pathogen-associated molecular pattern interaction while keeping a long-term memory of previously encountered signals. Direct sensing of danger signals by HSC induces early myeloid commitment, increases myeloid effector cell numbers, and contributes to an efficient immune response. Here, by using specific genetic tools on both the host and pathogen sides, we show that HSC can directly sense B. abortus pathogenic bacteria within the bone marrow via the interaction of the cell surface protein CD150 with the bacterial outer membrane protein Omp25, inducing efficient functional commitment of HSC to the myeloid lineage. This is the first demonstration of direct recognition of a live pathogen by HSC via CD150, which attests to a very early contribution of HSC to immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiena Hysenaj
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bérengère de Laval
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Vilma Arce-Gorvel
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Mile Bosilkovski
- University Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Gabriela González-Espinoza
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Guilhaume Debroas
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Michael H. Sieweke
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandrine Sarrazin
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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Achi SC, Karimilangi S, Lie D, Sayed IM, Das S. The WxxxE proteins in microbial pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:197-213. [PMID: 35287539 PMCID: PMC9737147 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2046546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Effector proteins secreted by pathogens modulate various host cellular processes and help in bacterial pathogenesis. Some of these proteins, injected by enteric pathogens via Type Three Secretion System (T3SS) were grouped together based on a conserved signature motif (WxxxE) present in them. The presence of WxxxE motif is not limited to effectors released by enteric pathogens or the T3SS but has been detected in non-enteric pathogens, plant pathogens and in association with Type II and Type IV secretion systems. WxxxE effectors are involved in actin organization, inflammation regulation, vacuole or tubule formation, endolysosomal signalling regulation, tight junction disruption, and apoptosis. The WxxxE sequence has also been identified in TIR [Toll/interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor] domains of bacteria and host. In the present review, we have focussed on the established and predicted functions of WxxxE effectors secreted by several pathogens, including enteric, non-enteric, and plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sareh Karimilangi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dominique Lie
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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8
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English BC, Savage HP, Mahan SP, Diaz-Ochoa VE, Young BM, Abuaita BH, Sule G, Knight JS, O’Riordan MX, Bäumler AJ, Tsolis RM. The IRE1α-XBP1 Signaling Axis Promotes Glycolytic Reprogramming in Response to Inflammatory Stimuli. mBio 2023; 14:e0306822. [PMID: 36475773 PMCID: PMC9973330 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03068-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells must be able to adjust their metabolic programs to effectively carry out their effector functions. Here, we show that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α) and its downstream transcription factor X box binding protein 1 (XBP1) enhance the upregulation of glycolysis in classically activated macrophages (CAMs). The IRE1α-XBP1 signaling axis supports this glycolytic switch in macrophages when activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation or infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Brucella abortus. Importantly, these different inflammatory stimuli have distinct mechanisms of IRE1α activation; while Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) supports glycolysis under both conditions, TLR4 is required for activation of IRE1α in response to LPS treatment but not B. abortus infection. Though IRE1α and XBP1 are necessary for maximal induction of glycolysis in CAMs, activation of this pathway is not sufficient to increase the glycolytic rate of macrophages, indicating that the cellular context in which this pathway is activated ultimately dictates the cell's metabolic response and that IRE1α activation may be a way to fine-tune metabolic reprogramming. IMPORTANCE The immune system must be able to tailor its response to different types of pathogens in order to eliminate them and protect the host. When confronted with bacterial pathogens, macrophages, frontline defenders in the immune system, switch to a glycolysis-driven metabolism to carry out their antibacterial functions. Here, we show that IRE1α, a sensor of ER stress, and its downstream transcription factor XBP1 support glycolysis in macrophages during infection with Brucella abortus or challenge with Salmonella LPS. Interestingly, these stimuli activate IRE1α by independent mechanisms. While the IRE1α-XBP1 signaling axis promotes the glycolytic switch, activation of this pathway is not sufficient to increase glycolysis in macrophages. This study furthers our understanding of the pathways that drive macrophage immunometabolism and highlights a new role for IRE1α and XBP1 in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin C. English
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hannah P. Savage
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Scott P. Mahan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Vladimir E. Diaz-Ochoa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Briana M. Young
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Basel H. Abuaita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gautam Sule
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason S. Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary X. O’Riordan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Renée M. Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Li J, Qi L, Diao Z, Zhang M, Li B, Zhai Y, Hao M, Zhou D, Liu W, Jin Y, Wang A. Brucella BtpB Manipulates Apoptosis and Autophagic Flux in RAW264.7 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214439. [PMID: 36430916 PMCID: PMC9693124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella transfers effectors into host cells, manipulating cellular processes to its advantage; however, the mechanism by which effectors regulate cellular processes during infection is poorly understood. A growing number of studies have shown that apoptosis and autophagy are critical mechanisms for target cells to cope with pathogens and maintain cellular homeostasis. BtpB is a Brucella type IV secretion system effector with a complex mechanism for manipulating host infection. Here, we show that the ectopic expression of BtpB promoted DNA fragmentation. In contrast, an isogenic mutant strain, ΔbtpB, inhibited apoptosis compared to the wild-type strain B. suis S2 in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, BtpB inhibited autophagy, as determined by LC3-II protein levels, the number of LC3 puncta, and p62 degradation. We also found that BtpB reduced autophagolysosome formation and blocked the complete autophagic flux. Moreover, our results revealed that the autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, reduces Brucella's intracellular survival. Overall, our data unveil new mechanisms of virulence implicating the effector BtpB in regulating host intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Lin Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ziyang Diao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yunyi Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Mingyue Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: or
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10
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Xiao Y, Li M, Guo X, Zeng H, Shuai X, Guo J, Huang Q, Chu Y, Zhou B, Wen J, Liu J, Jiao H. Inflammatory Mechanism of Brucella Infection in Placental Trophoblast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13417. [PMID: 36362199 PMCID: PMC9657658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a severe zoonotic infectious disease caused by the infection of the Brucella, which is widespread and causes considerable economic losses in underdeveloped areas. Brucella is a facultative intracellular bacteria whose main target cells for infection are macrophages, placental trophoblast cells and dendritic cells. The main clinical signs of Brucella infection in livestock are reproductive disorders and abortion. At present, the pathogenesis of placentitis or abortion caused by Brucella in livestock is not fully understood, and further research on the effect of Brucella on placental development is still necessary. This review will mainly introduce the research progress of Brucella infection of placental trophoblast cells as well as the inflammatory response caused by it, explaining the molecular regulation mechanism of Brucella leading to reproductive system disorders and abortion, and also to provide the scientific basis for revealing the pathogenesis and infection mechanism of Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mengjuan Li
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoyi Guo
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuehong Shuai
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingzhou Huang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yujinxiang Street 573, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Jake Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yujinxiang Street 573, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Hanwei Jiao
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- The Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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11
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Orsini M, Ianni A, Zinzula L. Brucella ceti and Brucella pinnipedialis genome characterization unveils genetic features that highlight their zoonotic potential. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1329. [PMID: 36314752 PMCID: PMC9597259 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacteria Brucella ceti and Brucella pinnipedialis circulate in marine environments primarily infecting marine mammals, where they cause an often-fatal disease named brucellosis. The increase of brucellosis among several species of cetaceans and pinnipeds, together with the report of sporadic human infections, raises concerns about the zoonotic potential of these pathogens on a large scale and may pose a threat to coastal communities worldwide. Therefore, the characterization of the B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis genetic features is a priority to better understand the pathological factors that may impact global health. Moreover, an in-depth functional analysis of the B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis genome in the context of virulence and pathogenesis was not undertaken so far. Within this picture, here we present the comparative whole-genome characterization of all B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis genomes available in public resources, uncovering a collection of genetic tools possessed by these aquatic bacterial species compared to their zoonotic terrestrial relatives. We show that B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis genomes display a wide host-range infection capability and a polyphyletic phylogeny within the genus, showing a genomic structure that fits the canonical definition of closeness. Functional genome annotation led to identifying genes related to several pathways involved in mechanisms of infection, others conferring pan-susceptibility to antimicrobials and a set of virulence genes that highlight the similarity of B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis genotypes to those of Brucella spp. displaying human-infecting phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Orsini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and GenomicsLegnaroItaly
| | - Andrea Ianni
- Research Unit in Hygiene, Statistics and Public HealthCampus Bio‐Medico di Roma UniversityRomeItaly
| | - Luca Zinzula
- Department of Molecular Structural BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany,Centro di Educazione Ambientale e alla Sostenibilità (CEAS) Laguna di NoraPulaItaly
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12
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Hu H, Tian M, Yin Y, Zuo D, Guan X, Ding C, Yu S. Brucella induces heme oxygenase-1 expression to promote its infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2697-2711. [PMID: 34918880 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic and contagious infectious disease caused by Brucella spp, which causes substantial economic losses to animal husbandry and leads to severe public health problems. Brucella have evolved multiple strategies to escape host immunity and survive within host cells. Elucidating the immune evasion strategies during Brucella infection will facilitate the control of brucellosis. The host enzyme, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), is a multifunctional protein that functions during inflammatory diseases and microbial infections. However, how HO-1 functions during Brucella infection is rarely studied. In this study, we evaluated the role of HO-1 during Brucella infection. We found that Brucella infection induced HO-1 expression in macrophages. We further showed that HO-1 was regulated by PI3K, AMPK kinase, and nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in macrophages. Interestingly, knocking out HO-1 or inhibiting the activity of HO-1 significantly decreased Brucella intracellular growth. Inducing the expression of HO-1 by treatment with CoPP promoted Brucella intracellular growth. Mechanistic analyses indicated that the effect of HO-1 was not meditated by HO-1 metabolites, but by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), TNF-α, and IL-1β. Moreover, Brucella induced HO-1 expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and mice. When the expression of HO-1 was knocked down in BMDMs, the intracellular survival of Brucella was reduced. Furthermore, the induction of HO-1 by CoPP significantly increased bacterial loads in vivo. Thus, we demonstrated that Brucella induced HO-1 expression to promote its survival and growth in vitro and in vivo. This study also identified HO-1 as a novel innate immune evasion factor during Brucella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zuo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Guan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, P. R. China
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13
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Li C, Wang J, Sun W, Liu X, Wang J, Peng Q. The Brucella Effector BspI Suppresses Inflammation via Inhibition of IRE1 Kinase Activity during Brucella Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:488-497. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mammalian GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) can inhibit innate immunity signaling in a spatiotemporal fashion; however, the role of bacterial GAPs in mediating innate immunity remains unknown. In this study, we show that BspI, a Brucella type IV secretion system (T4SS) effector protein, containing a GAP domain at the C terminus, negatively regulates proinflammatory responses and host protection to Brucella abotus infection in a mouse model. In macrophages, BspI inhibits the activation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) kinase, but it does not inhibit activation of ATF6 and PERK. BspI suppresses induction of proinflammatory cytokines via inhibiting the activity of IRE1 kinase caused by VceC, a type IV secretion system effector protein that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Ectopically expressed BspI interacts with IRE1 in HeLa cells. The inhibitory function of BspI depends on its GAP domain but not on interaction with small GTPase Ras-associated binding protein 1B (RAB1B). Collectively, these data support a model where BspI, in a GAP domain–dependent manner, inhibits activation of IRE1 to prevent proinflammatory cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- *Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- *Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanchun Sun
- *Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- †Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, China; and
| | - Jun Wang
- §Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qisheng Peng
- *Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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14
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Mode S, Ketterer M, Québatte M, Dehio C. Antibiotic persistence of intracellular Brucella abortus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010635. [PMID: 35881641 PMCID: PMC9355222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human brucellosis caused by the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella spp. is an endemic bacterial zoonosis manifesting as acute or chronic infections with high morbidity. Treatment typically involves a combination therapy of two antibiotics for several weeks to months, but despite this harsh treatment relapses occur at a rate of 5–15%. Although poor compliance and reinfection may account for a fraction of the observed relapse cases, it is apparent that the properties of the infectious agent itself may play a decisive role in this phenomenon. Methodology/Principal findings We used B. abortus carrying a dual reporter in a macrophage infection model to gain a better understanding of the efficacy of recommended therapies in cellulo. For this we used automated fluorescent microscopy as a prime read-out and developed specific CellProfiler pipelines to score infected macrophages at the population and the single cell level. Combining microscopy of constitutive and induced reporters with classical CFU determination, we quantified the protective nature of the Brucella intracellular lifestyle to various antibiotics and the ability of B. abortus to persist in cellulo despite harsh antibiotic treatments. Conclusion/Significance We demonstrate that treatment of infected macrophages with antibiotics at recommended concentrations fails to fully prevent growth and persistence of B. abortus in cellulo, which may be explained by a protective nature of the intracellular niche(s). Moreover, we show the presence of bona fide intracellular persisters upon antibiotic treatment, which are metabolically active and retain the full infectious potential, therefore constituting a plausible reservoir for reinfection and relapse. In conclusion, our results highlight the need to extend the spectrum of models to test new antimicrobial therapies for brucellosis to better reflect the in vivo infection environment, and to develop therapeutic approaches targeting the persister subpopulation. Brucellosis is a zoonosis endemic to many low- and middle-income countries around the world. Therapies recommended by the WHO are comprised of at least two antibiotics for several weeks, sometimes months. Relapses are frequent despite these harsh treatments. The underlying reasons for these relapses, besides reinfection and non-compliance to treatment, are unknown. Our study shows that Brucella abortus can form so called “persisters” in rich broth but also inside macrophages. This small bacterial subpopulation survives antibiotic treatment and resumes growth after removal of the antibiotics and could therefore serve as a reservoir for relapses in human brucellosis. Furthermore, we show that the intracellular lifestyle of Brucella has protective properties against recommended antibiotics as observed for other intracellular pathogens, highlighting the necessity to develop new infection models to assess antibiotic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Mode
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Maxime Québatte
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (MQ); (CD)
| | - Christoph Dehio
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (MQ); (CD)
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15
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Pellegrini JM, Gorvel JP, Mémet S. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Brucellosis in Light of Chronic Bacterial Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071260. [PMID: 35888979 PMCID: PMC9324529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the major zoonoses worldwide, constituting a critical livestock and human health concern with a huge socio-economic burden. Brucella genus, its etiologic agent, is composed of intracellular bacteria that have evolved a prodigious ability to elude and shape host immunity to establish chronic infection. Brucella’s intracellular lifestyle and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as its specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are key factors for hiding and hampering recognition by the immune system. Here, we will review the current knowledge of evading and immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by Brucella species to persist stealthily in their hosts, such as those triggered by their LPS and cyclic β-1,2-d-glucan or involved in neutrophil and monocyte avoidance, antigen presentation impairment, the modulation of T cell responses and immunometabolism. Attractive strategies exploited by other successful chronic pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Chlamydia, will be also discussed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms operating in brucellosis, such as granuloma formation, pyroptosis, and manipulation of type I and III IFNs, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, and host lipids. A better understanding of these stratagems is essential to fighting bacterial chronic infections and designing innovative treatments and vaccines.
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16
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Design of a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Brucella melitensis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10146. [PMID: 35710873 PMCID: PMC9202987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella is a typical facultative intracellular bacterium that can cause zoonotic infections. For Brucella, it is difficult to eliminate with current medical treatment. Therefore, a multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) should be designed to prevent Brucella infection. For this purpose, we applied the reverse vaccinology approach from Omp10, Omp25, Omp31 and BtpB. Finally, we obtained 13 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, 17 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, 9 linear B cell epitopes, and 2 conformational B cell epitopes for further study. To keep the protein folded normally, we linked AAY, GPGPG, and KK to CTL epitopes, HTL epitopes, and B cell epitopes, respectively. The N-terminal of the vaccine peptide is supplemented with appropriate adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity. To evaluate its immunogenicity, stability, safety, and feasibility, a final MEV containing 806 amino acids was constructed by linking linkers and adjuvants. In addition, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to verify the affinity and stability of the MEV-TLR4. Then, codon adaptation and in silico cloning studies were carried out to identify the possible codons for expressing the MEV. In animal experiments, the results demonstrated that the MEV had high immunogenicity. Collectively, this study provided a theoretical basis for the development of a Brucella vaccine.
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17
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Li J, Zhang G, Zhi F, Zhai Y, Zhou D, Chen H, Lin P, Tang K, Liu W, Jin Y, Wang A. BtpB inhibits innate inflammatory responses in goat alveolar macrophages through the TLR/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome during Brucella infection. Microb Pathog 2022; 166:105536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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18
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Antibiogram Screening and Detection of Virulence-Associated Genes in Brucella Species Acquired from Cattle in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052813. [PMID: 35270507 PMCID: PMC8909984 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic illness, and it poses serious public health and economic risks. The purpose of this investigation is to look at the antimicrobial susceptibility of unpasteurized milk, blood, and lymph node specimens from cattle, goats, and sheep, as well as to identify virulence-associated genes. In this investigation, a total of 123 isolates were examined. The activity of 15 antimicrobials against Brucella pathogens were assessed using the Kirby−Bauer disk diffusion technique. Nine virulence factors were detected with polymerase chain reaction analysis. Five antibiotics were 100% effective against Brucella isolates. A high level of resistance (100%) was documented with streptomycin, penicillin, and seven more antibiotics. Doxycycline resistance was found in 12% of goat isolates, and tetracycline resistance was found in 21% and 44% of goat and sheep isolates, respectively. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index >0.2 was found in 38.2% (47/123) of Brucella isolates. VecC and BetB, two B. abortus genes, were confirmed to be comparable. The findings of this study suggests that Brucella spp. are reservoirs of antibiotic resistance in the Eastern Cape Province. As such, they represent a potential pool of antibiotic genes that might be transferred to other pathogens in the community, and thus continue to pose a healthcare hazard.
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19
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Petit TJ, Lebreton A. Adaptations of intracellular bacteria to vacuolar or cytosolic niches. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:736-748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Xiong X, Li B, Zhou Z, Gu G, Li M, Liu J, Jiao H. The VirB System Plays a Crucial Role in Brucella Intracellular Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413637. [PMID: 34948430 PMCID: PMC8707931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a highly prevalent zoonotic disease caused by Brucella. Brucella spp. are gram-negative facultative intracellular parasitic bacteria. Its intracellular survival and replication depend on a functional virB system, an operon encoded by VirB1–VirB12. Type IV secretion system (T4SS) encoded by the virB operon is an important virulence factor of Brucella. It can subvert cellular pathway and induce host immune response by secreting effectors, which promotes Brucella replication in host cells and induce persistent infection. Therefore, this paper summarizes the function and significance of the VirB system, focusing on the structure of the VirB system where VirB T4SS mediates biogenesis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived replicative Brucella-containing vacuole (rBCV), the effectors of T4SS and the cellular pathways it subverts, which will help better understand the pathogenic mechanism of Brucella and provide new ideas for clinical vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (X.X.); (B.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Bowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (X.X.); (B.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Zhixiong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (X.X.); (B.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Guojing Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (X.X.); (B.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengjuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (X.X.); (B.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Jun Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yujinxiang Street 573, Changchun 130122, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Hanwei Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (X.X.); (B.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.G.); (M.L.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing 402460, China
- Veterinary Scientific Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 402460, China
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (H.J.)
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21
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Undercover Agents of Infection: The Stealth Strategies of T4SS-Equipped Bacterial Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100713. [PMID: 34679006 PMCID: PMC8539587 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens establish their replicative niches within membrane-encompassed compartments, called vacuoles. A subset of these bacteria uses a nanochannel called the type 4 secretion system (T4SS) to inject effector proteins that subvert the host cell machinery and drive the biogenesis of these compartments. These bacteria have also developed sophisticated ways of altering the innate immune sensing and response of their host cells, which allow them to cause long-lasting infections and chronic diseases. This review covers the mechanisms employed by intravacuolar pathogens to escape innate immune sensing and how Type 4-secreted bacterial effectors manipulate host cell mechanisms to allow the persistence of bacteria.
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22
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Roussin M, Salcedo SP. NAD+-targeting by bacteria: an emerging weapon in pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6315328. [PMID: 34223888 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a major cofactor in redox reactions in all lifeforms. A stable level of NAD+ is vital to ensure cellular homeostasis. Some pathogens can modulate NAD+ metabolism to their advantage and even utilize or cleave NAD+ from the host using specialized effectors known as ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins and NADases, leading to energy store depletion, immune evasion, or even cell death. This review explores recent advances in the field of bacterial NAD+-targeting toxins, highlighting the relevance of NAD+ modulation as an emerging pathogenesis strategy. In addition, we discuss the role of specific NAD+-targeting toxins in niche colonization and bacterial lifestyle as components of Toxin/Antitoxin systems and key players in inter-bacterial competition. Understanding the mechanisms of toxicity, regulation, and secretion of these toxins will provide interesting leads in the search for new antimicrobial treatments in the fight against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Roussin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5086, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Suzana P Salcedo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5086, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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23
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Ittensohn J, Hemberger J, Griffiths H, Keller M, Albrecht S, Miethke T. Regulation of Expression of the TIR-Containing Protein C Gene of the Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strain CFT073. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050549. [PMID: 34062817 PMCID: PMC8147327 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain CFT073 causes kidney abscesses in mice Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing protein C (TcpC) dependently and the corresponding gene is present in around 40% of E. coli isolates of pyelonephritis patients. It impairs the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling chain and the NACHT leucin-rich repeat PYD protein 3 inflammasome (NLRP3) by binding to TLR4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 as well as to NLRP3 and caspase-1, respectively. Overexpression of the tcpC gene stopped replication of CFT073. Overexpression of several tcpC-truncation constructs revealed a transmembrane region, while its TIR domain induced filamentous bacteria. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that tcpC expression is presumably tightly controlled. We tested two putative promoters designated P1 and P2 located at 5′ of the gene c2397 and 5′ of the tcpC gene (c2398), respectively, which may form an operon. High pH and increasing glucose concentrations stimulated a P2 reporter construct that was considerably stronger than a P1 reporter construct, while increasing FeSO4 concentrations suppressed their activity. Human urine activated P2, demonstrating that tcpC might be induced in the urinary tract of infected patients. We conclude that P2, consisting of a 240 bp region 5′ of the tcpC gene, represents the major regulator of tcpC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ittensohn
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (J.I.); (J.H.); (H.G.); (M.K.); (S.A.)
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Hemberger
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (J.I.); (J.H.); (H.G.); (M.K.); (S.A.)
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hannah Griffiths
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (J.I.); (J.H.); (H.G.); (M.K.); (S.A.)
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maren Keller
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (J.I.); (J.H.); (H.G.); (M.K.); (S.A.)
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simone Albrecht
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (J.I.); (J.H.); (H.G.); (M.K.); (S.A.)
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Miethke
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (J.I.); (J.H.); (H.G.); (M.K.); (S.A.)
- Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Roop RM, Barton IS, Hopersberger D, Martin DW. Uncovering the Hidden Credentials of Brucella Virulence. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e00021-19. [PMID: 33568459 PMCID: PMC8549849 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00021-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in the genus Brucella are important human and veterinary pathogens. The abortion and infertility they cause in food animals produce economic hardships in areas where the disease has not been controlled, and human brucellosis is one of the world's most common zoonoses. Brucella strains have also been isolated from wildlife, but we know much less about the pathobiology and epidemiology of these infections than we do about brucellosis in domestic animals. The brucellae maintain predominantly an intracellular lifestyle in their mammalian hosts, and their ability to subvert the host immune response and survive and replicate in macrophages and placental trophoblasts underlies their success as pathogens. We are just beginning to understand how these bacteria evolved from a progenitor alphaproteobacterium with an environmental niche and diverged to become highly host-adapted and host-specific pathogens. Two important virulence determinants played critical roles in this evolution: (i) a type IV secretion system that secretes effector molecules into the host cell cytoplasm that direct the intracellular trafficking of the brucellae and modulate host immune responses and (ii) a lipopolysaccharide moiety which poorly stimulates host inflammatory responses. This review highlights what we presently know about how these and other virulence determinants contribute to Brucella pathogenesis. Gaining a better understanding of how the brucellae produce disease will provide us with information that can be used to design better strategies for preventing brucellosis in animals and for preventing and treating this disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martin Roop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ian S Barton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dariel Hopersberger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel W Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Alaidarous M. In silico structural homology modeling and characterization of multiple N-terminal domains of selected bacterial Tcps. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10143. [PMID: 33194392 PMCID: PMC7646307 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bacterial pathogens produce Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing protein homologs that are important for subverting the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling cascades in hosts. Consequently, promoting the persistence and survival of the bacterial pathogens. However, the exact molecular mechanisms elucidating the functional characteristics of these bacterial proteins are not clear. Physicochemical and homology modeling characterization studies have been conducted to predict the conditions suitable for the stability and purification of these proteins and to predict their structural properties. The outcomes of these studies have provided important preliminary data for the drug discovery pipeline projects. Here, using in silico physicochemical and homology modeling tools, we have reported the primary, secondary and tertiary structural characteristics of multiple N-terminal domains of selected bacterial TIR domain-containing proteins (Tcps). The results show variations between the primary amino acid sequences, secondary structural components and three-dimensional models of the proteins, suggesting the role of different molecular mechanisms in the functioning of these proteins in subverting the host immune system. This study could form the basis of future experimental studies advancing our understanding of the molecular basis of the inhibition of the host immune response by the bacterial Tcps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alaidarous
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia.,Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
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Rajendhran J. Genomic insights into Brucella. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 87:104635. [PMID: 33189905 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by certain species of Brucella. Each species has its preferred host animal, though it can infect other animals too. For a longer period, only six classical species were recognized in the genus Brucella. No vaccine is available for human brucellosis. Therefore, human brucellosis can be controlled only by controlling brucellosis in animals. The genus is now expanding with the newly isolated atypical strains from various animals, including marine mammals. Presently, 12 species of Brucella have been recognized. The first genome of Brucella was released in 2002, and today, we have more than 1500 genomes of Brucella spp. isolated worldwide. Multiple genome sequences are available for the major zoonotic species, B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis. The Brucella genome has two chromosomes with the approximate sizes of 2.1 and 1.2 Mbp. The genome of Brucella is highly conserved across all the species at the nucleotide level. One of the unanswered questions is what makes host preference in different species of Brucella. Here, I summarize the recent advancements in the Brucella genomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaprakash Rajendhran
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Belhaouane I, Hoffmann E, Chamaillard M, Brodin P, Machelart A. Paradoxical Roles of the MAL/Tirap Adaptor in Pathologies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:569127. [PMID: 33072109 PMCID: PMC7544743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.569127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are at the forefront of pathogen recognition ensuring host fitness and eliciting protective cellular and humoral responses. Signaling pathways downstream of TLRs are tightly regulated for preventing collateral damage and loss of tolerance toward commensals. To trigger effective intracellular signaling, these receptors require the involvement of adaptor proteins. Among these, Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein (Tirap or MAL) plays an important role in establishing immune responses. Loss of function of MAL was associated with either disease susceptibility or resistance. These opposite effects reveal paradoxical functions of MAL and their importance in containing infectious or non-infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the signaling pathways involving MAL in different pathologies and their impact on inducing protective or non-protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imène Belhaouane
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eik Hoffmann
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, INSERM U1003, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Machelart
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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Zhou Y, Bu Z, Qian J, Chen Y, Qiao L, Yang S, Chen S, Wang X, Ren L, Yang Y. The UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase of Brucella melitensis inhibits the activation of NF-κB via regulating the bacterial type IV secretion system. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3098-3104. [PMID: 32827613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) is an important pyrophosphatase that reversibly catalyzes the synthesis of UDP-glucose during glucose metabolism. We previously found that the deletion of UGPase may affect structure, growth, the virulence of Brucella, and the activation of cellular NF-κB. However, the exact mechanism of activation of NF-κB regulated by Brucella UGPase is still unclear. Here, we found for the first time that UGPase can regulate the expression of virB proteins (virB3, virB4, virB5, virB6, virB8, virB9, virB10, and virB11) of type IV secretion system (T4SS) as well as effectors (vceC, btpA, btpB, ricA, bspB, bspC, and bspF) of Brucella by promoting the expression of ribosomal S12 protein (rpsL), BMEI1825, and quinone of 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine (topA) proteins, and further inhibits the activation of cellular NF-κB and affects the virulence of Brucella. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism used by Brucella to escape the immune recognition, which is expected to be of great value in the designing of Brucella vaccines and the screening of drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Zhaoyang Bu
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yuening Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Lianjiang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Sen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Shipeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yanling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China.
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Gómez LA, Alvarez FI, Molina RE, Soto-Shara R, Daza-Castro C, Flores MR, León Y, Oñate AA. A Zinc-Dependent Metalloproteinase of Brucella abortus Is Required in the Intracellular Adaptation of Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1586. [PMID: 32765455 PMCID: PMC7379133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus is a pathogen that survives in macrophages. Several virulence factors participate in this process, including the open reading frame (ORF) BAB1_0270 codifying for a zinc-dependent metalloproteinase (ZnMP). Here, its contribution in the intracellular adaptation of B. abortus was analyzed by infecting RAW264.7 macrophages with the mutant B. abortus Δ270 strain. Results showed that this ZnMP did not participated in either the adherence or the initial intracellular traffic of B. abortus in macrophages. Nevertheless, its deletion significantly increased the co-localization of B. abortus Δ270 with phagolysosomal cathepsin D and reduced its co-localization with calnexin present in endoplasmic reticulum (RE)-derived vesicles. Although B. abortus Δ270 showed an upregulated expression of genes involved in virulence (vjbR, hutC, bvrR, virB1), it was insufficient to reach a successful intracellular replication within macrophages. Furthermore, its attenuation favored in macrophages infected the production of high levels of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and co-stimulatory proteins (CD80 and CD86), signals required in T cell activation. Finally, its deletion significantly reduced the ability of B. abortus Δ270 to adapt, grow and express several virulence factors under acidic conditions. Based on these results, and considering that this ZnMP has homology with ImmA/IrrE proteases, we discuss its role in the virulence of this pathogen, concluding that ZnMP is required in the intracellular adaptation of B. abortus 2308 during the infection of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Angel A. Oñate
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Inhibits Porcine Beta-Defensin 2 Production by Blocking the Unfolded Protein Response To Facilitate Epithelial Adhesion and Infection. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00164-20. [PMID: 32312764 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00164-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes the disease porcine enzootic pneumonia, a highly contagious and chronic disease affecting pigs. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of its pathogenicity is critical for developing effective interventions to control this swine respiratory disease. Here, we describe a novel virulence mechanism by which M. hyopneumoniae interferes with the host unfolded protein response (UPR) and eventually facilitates bacterial adhesion and infection. We observed that M. hyopneumoniae infection suppressed the UPR target molecules GRP78 and CHOP by reducing PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (PERK/eIF2α) phosphorylation, ATF6 cleavage, and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) splicing. Interestingly, further analyses revealed that host UPR inhibition subsequently suppressed the NF-κB pathway, leading to the reduced production of porcine beta-defensin 2 (PBD-2), thus facilitating M. hyopneumoniae adherence and infection. This study provides new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of M. hyopneumoniae and sheds light upon its interactions with the host.
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Zavattieri L, Ferrero MC, Alonso Paiva IM, Sotelo AD, Canellada AM, Baldi PC. Brucella abortus Proliferates in Decidualized and Non-Decidualized Human Endometrial Cells Inducing a Proinflammatory Response. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050369. [PMID: 32408491 PMCID: PMC7281465 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. have been associated with abortion in humans and animals. Although the mechanisms involved are not well established, it is known that placental Brucella infection is accompanied by inflammatory phenomena. The ability of Brucella abortus to infect and survive in human endometrial stromal cells (T-HESC cell line) and the cytokine response elicited were evaluated. B. abortus was able to infect and proliferate in both non-decidualized and decidualized T-HESC cells. Intracellular proliferation depended on the expression of a functional virB operon in the pathogen. B. abortus internalization was inhibited by cytochalasin D and to a lower extent by colchicine, but was not affected by monodansylcadaverine. The infection did not induce cytotoxicity and did not alter the decidualization status of cells. B. abortus infection elicited the secretion of IL-8 and MCP-1 in either decidualized or non-decidualized T-HESC, a response also induced by heat-killed B. abortus and outer membrane vesicles derived from this bacterium. The stimulation of T-HESC with conditioned media from Brucella-infected macrophages induced the production of IL-6, MCP-1 and IL-8 in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was shown to depend on IL-1β and TNF-α. The proinflammatory responses of T-HESC to B. abortus and to factors produced by infected macrophages may contribute to the gestational complications of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Zavattieri
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Mariana C. Ferrero
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Iván M. Alonso Paiva
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Agustina D. Sotelo
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Andrea M. Canellada
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Pablo C. Baldi
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-11-5287-4419
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Abstract
Brucella spp. are Gram negative intracellular bacteria responsible for brucellosis, a worldwide distributed zoonosis. A prominent aspect of the Brucella life cycle is its ability to invade, survive and multiply within host cells. Comprehensive approaches, such as proteomics, have aided in unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying Brucella pathogenesis. Technological and methodological advancements such as increased instrument performance and multiplexed quantification have broadened the range of proteome studies, enabling new and improved analyses, providing deeper and more accurate proteome coverage. Indeed, proteomics has demonstrated its contribution to key research questions in Brucella biology, i.e., immunodominant proteins, host-cell interaction, stress response, antibiotic targets and resistance, protein secretion. Here, we review the proteomics of Brucella with a focus on more recent works and novel findings, ranging from reconfiguration of the intracellular bacterial proteome and studies on proteomic profiles of Brucella infected tissues, to the identification of Brucella extracellular proteins with putative roles in cell signaling and pathogenesis. In conclusion, proteomics has yielded copious new candidates and hypotheses that require future verification. It is expected that proteomics will continue to be an invaluable tool for Brucella and applications will further extend to the currently ill-explored aspects including, among others, protein processing and post-translational modification.
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The TIR-domain containing effectors BtpA and BtpB from Brucella abortus impact NAD metabolism. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1007979. [PMID: 32298382 PMCID: PMC7188309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella species are facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacteria relevant to animal and human health. Their ability to establish an intracellular niche and subvert host cell pathways to their advantage depends on the delivery of bacterial effector proteins through a type IV secretion system. Brucella Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR)-domain-containing proteins BtpA (also known as TcpB) and BtpB are among such effectors. Although divergent in primary sequence, they interfere with Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling to inhibit the innate immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms implicated still remain unclear. To gain insight into the functions of BtpA and BtpB, we expressed them in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a eukaryotic cell model. We found that both effectors were cytotoxic and that their respective TIR domains were necessary and sufficient for yeast growth inhibition. Growth arrest was concomitant with actin depolymerization, endocytic block and a general decrease in kinase activity in the cell, suggesting a failure in energetic metabolism. Indeed, levels of ATP and NAD+ were low in yeast cells expressing BtpA and BtpB TIR domains, consistent with the recently described enzymatic activity of some TIR domains as NAD+ hydrolases. In human epithelial cells, both BtpA and BtpB expression reduced intracellular total NAD levels. In infected cells, both BtpA and BtpB contributed to reduction of total NAD, indicating that their NAD+ hydrolase functions are active intracellularly during infection. Overall, combining the yeast model together with mammalian cells and infection studies our results show that BtpA and BtpB modulate energy metabolism in host cells through NAD+ hydrolysis, assigning a novel role for these TIR domain-containing effectors in Brucella pathogenesis. Brucella is a genus of zoonotic bacteria that cause severe disease in a variety of mammals, ranging from farm animals (as bovines, swine and ovine) to marine mammals. Transmission to humans, often by ingestion of non-treated dairy products, leads to serious systemic infection. Brucella abortus invades host cells and replicates intracellularly. Such behavior relies on the injection of bacterial proteins into the host cytoplasm via specialized secretion systems. Our work focuses on the study of two of these factors, BtpA and BtpB, previously described to contain Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR)-domains that modulate innate immunity. We use here two biological models: the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human cell lines. We found that the TIR domains of both Brucella proteins were necessary and sufficient to collapse energy metabolism in yeast by depleting ATP and NAD+. This result was translatable to higher cells and consistent with the recently described NADase activity of some TIR domains both in mammalian and bacterial proteins. Importantly, we demonstrate that Brucella down-regulates total NAD levels in host cells by using both BtpA and BtpB effectors. Our results show that NAD+ is targeted by Brucella during infection, which may constitute a novel mechanism for its pathogenicity.
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Smith EP, Cotto-Rosario A, Borghesan E, Held K, Miller CN, Celli J. Epistatic Interplay between Type IV Secretion Effectors Engages the Small GTPase Rab2 in the Brucella Intracellular Cycle. mBio 2020; 11:e03350-19. [PMID: 32234817 PMCID: PMC7157780 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03350-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens remodel cellular functions during their infectious cycle via the coordinated actions of effector molecules delivered through dedicated secretion systems. While the function of many individual effectors is known, how they interact to promote pathogenesis is rarely understood. The zoonotic bacterium Brucella abortus, the causative agent of brucellosis, delivers effector proteins via its VirB type IV secretion system (T4SS) which mediate biogenesis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived replicative Brucella-containing vacuole (rBCV). Here, we show that T4SS effectors BspB and RicA display epistatic interactions in Brucella replication. Defects in rBCV biogenesis and Brucella replication caused by deletion of bspB were dependent on the host GTPase Rab2a and suppressed by the deletion of ricA, indicating a role of Rab2-binding effector RicA in these phenotypic defects. Rab2a requirements for rBCV biogenesis and Brucella intracellular replication were abolished upon deletion of both bspB and ricA, demonstrating that the functional interaction of these effectors engages Rab2-dependent transport in the Brucella intracellular cycle. Expression of RicA impaired host secretion and caused Golgi fragmentation. While BspB-mediated changes in ER-to-Golgi transport were independent of RicA and Rab2a, BspB-driven alterations in Golgi vesicular traffic also involved RicA and Rab2a, defining BspB and RicA's functional interplay at the Golgi interface. Altogether, these findings support a model where RicA modulation of Rab2a functions impairs Brucella replication but is compensated by BspB-mediated remodeling of Golgi apparatus-associated vesicular transport, revealing an epistatic interaction between these T4SS effectors.IMPORTANCE Bacterial pathogens with an intracellular lifestyle modulate many host cellular processes to promote their infectious cycle. They do so by delivering effector proteins into host cells via dedicated secretion systems that target specific host functions. While the roles of many individual effectors are known, how their modes of action are coordinated is rarely understood. Here, we show that the zoonotic bacterium Brucella abortus delivers the BspB effector that mitigates the negative effect on bacterial replication that the RicA effector exerts via modulation of the host small GTPase Rab2. These findings provide an example of functional integration between bacterial effectors that promotes proliferation of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P Smith
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Alexis Cotto-Rosario
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth Borghesan
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Kiara Held
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Cheryl N Miller
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Jean Celli
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Avila-Calderón ED, Flores-Romo L, Sharon W, Donis-Maturano L, Becerril-García MA, Arreola MGA, Reynoso BA, Güemes FS, Contreras-Rodríguez A. Dendritic cells and Brucella spp. interaction: the sentinel host and the stealthy pathogen. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:1-16. [PMID: 30783994 PMCID: PMC7224029 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As dendritic cells (DCs) are among the first cells to encounter antigens, these cells trigger both innate and T cell responses, and are the most potent antigen-presenting cells. Brucella spp., which is an intracellular facultative and stealthy pathogen, is able to evade the bactericidal activities of professional phagocytes. Several studies have demonstrated that Brucella can survive and replicate intracellularly, thereby provoking impaired maturation of DCs. Therefore, the interaction between DCs and Brucella becomes an interesting model to study the immune response. In this review, we first will describe the most common techniques for DCs differentiation in vitro as well as general features of brucellosis. Then, the interaction of DCs and Brucella, including pathogen recognition, molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis, and intracellular trafficking of Brucella to subvert innate response, will be reviewed. Finally, we will debate diversity in immunological DC response and the controversial role of DC activation against Brucella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Daniel Avila-Calderón
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN No 2508, Zacatenco, C.P 07330, Mexico city, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN No 2508, Zacatenco, C.P 07330, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Witonsky Sharon
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases/Center for One Health, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0442, USA
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0442, USA
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Becerril-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Francisco I Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño S/N Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ma Guadalupe Aguilera Arreola
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Arellano Reynoso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Francisco Suarez Güemes
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico city, Mexico.
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Brucella abortus Depends on l-Serine Biosynthesis for Intracellular Proliferation. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00840-19. [PMID: 31740531 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00840-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
l-Serine is a nonessential amino acid and a key intermediate in several relevant metabolic pathways. In bacteria, the major source of l-serine is the phosphorylated pathway, which comprises three enzymes: d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH; SerA), phosphoserine amino transferase (PSAT; SerC), and l-phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP; SerB). The Brucella abortus genome encodes two PGDHs (SerA-1 and SerA-2), involved in the first step in l-serine biosynthesis, and one PSAT and one PSP, responsible for the second and third steps, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that the serA1 serA2 double mutant and the serC and serB single mutants are auxotrophic for l-serine. These auxotrophic mutants can be internalized but are unable to replicate in HeLa cells and in J774A.1 macrophage-like cells. Replication defects of auxotrophic mutants can be reverted by cell medium supplementation with l-serine at early times postinfection. In addition, the serB mutant is attenuated in the murine intraperitoneal infection model and has an altered lipid composition, since the lack of l-serine abrogates phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis in this strain. Taken together, these results reveal that limited availability of l-serine within the host cell impairs proliferation of the auxotrophic strains, highlighting the relevance of this biosynthetic pathway in Brucella pathogenicity.
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Hu H, Tian M, Li P, Guan X, Lian Z, Yin Y, Shi W, Ding C, Yu S. Brucella Infection Regulates Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein Expression to Facilitate Intracellular Survival by Reducing the Production of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:632-643. [PMID: 31852753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a multifunctional protein that functions in tumor suppression, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. However, how TXNIP functions during microbial infections is rarely reported. In this study, we demonstrate that Brucella infection decreased TXNIP expression to promote its intracellular growth in macrophages by decreasing the production of NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Following Brucella abortus infection, TXNIP knockout RAW264.7 cells produced significantly lower levels of NO and ROS, compared with wild-type RAW264.7 cells. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibitor treatment reduced NO levels, which resulted in a dose-dependent restoration of TXNIP expression, demonstrating that the expression of TXNIP is regulated by NO. In addition, the expression of iNOS and the production of NO were dependent on the type IV secretion system of Brucella Moreover, Brucella infection reduced TXNIP expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages and mouse lung and spleen. Knocked down of the TXNIP expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages increased intracellular survival of Brucella These findings revealed the following: 1) TXNIP is a novel molecule to promote Brucella intracellular survival by reducing the production of NO and ROS; 2) a negative feedback-regulation system of NO confers protection against iNOS-mediated antibacterial effects. The elucidation of this mechanism may reveal a novel host surveillance pathway for bacterial intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201100, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201100, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201100, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Xiang Guan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201100, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Zhengmin Lian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201100, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yi Yin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201100, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Wentao Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201100, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201100, People's Republic of China; and.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201100, People's Republic of China; and .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
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Liu T, Wang E, Wei W, Wang K, Yang Q, Ai X. TcpA, a novel Yersinia ruckeri TIR-containing virulent protein mediates immune evasion by targeting MyD88 adaptors. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:58-65. [PMID: 31470137 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
TIR domain-containing protein is an important member for some bacterial pathogens to subvert host defenses. Here we described a fish virulent Yersinia ruckeri SC09 strain that interfered directly with Toll-like receptor (TLR) function by a TIR-containing protein. Firstly, the novel TIR-containing protein was identified by bioinformatics analysis and named as TcpA. Secondly, the toxic effects of TcpA in fish was demonstrated in vivo challenge experiments through knockout mutant and complement mutant of tcpA gene. Thirdly, The study in vitro revealed that TcpA could down-regulate the expression and secretion of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α. Finally, we demonstrated that TcpA could inhibit the TLR signaling pathway through interaction with myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in experiments such as NF-κB dependent luciferase reporter system, co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down and yeast two-hybrid. The study revealed that TcpA was essential for virulence and was able to interact with the TIR adaptor protein MyD88 and inhibit the pre-inflammatory signal of immune cells and promote the intracellular survival of pathogenic Yersinia ruckeri SC09 strain. In conclusion, our results showed that TcpA acted as a new virulence factor in Y. ruckeri could suppress innate immune response and increase virulence by inhibiting TLR and MyD88-mediated specific signaling, highlighting a novel strategy for innate immune evasion in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary, Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Erlong Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wenyan Wei
- Institute of Fisheries of Chengdu Agriculture and Forestry Academy, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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A Yersinia ruckeri TIR Domain-Containing Protein (STIR-2) Mediates Immune Evasion by Targeting the MyD88 Adaptor. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184409. [PMID: 31500298 PMCID: PMC6769684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TIR domain-containing proteins are essential for bacterial pathogens to subvert host defenses. This study describes a fish pathogen, Yersinia ruckeri SC09 strain, with a novel TIR domain-containing protein (STIR-2) that affects Toll-like receptor (TLR) function. STIR-2 was identified in Y. ruckeri by bioinformatics analysis. The toxic effects of this gene on fish were determined by in vivo challenge experiments in knockout mutants and complement mutants of the stir-2 gene. In vitro, STIR-2 downregulated the expression and secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Furthermore, the results of NF-κB-dependent luciferase reporter system, co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down assays, and yeast two-hybrid assay indicated that STIR-2 inhibited the TLR signaling pathway by interacting with myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). In addition, STIR-2 promoted the intracellular survival of pathogenic Yersinia ruckeri SC09 strain by binding to the TIR adaptor protein MyD88 and inhibiting the pre-inflammatory signal of immune cells. These results showed that STIR-2 increased virulence in Y. ruckeri and suppressed the innate immune response by inhibiting TLR and MyD88-mediated signaling, serving as a novel strategy for innate immune evasion.
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40
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Głowacka P, Żakowska D, Naylor K, Niemcewicz M, Bielawska-Drózd A. Brucella - Virulence Factors, Pathogenesis and Treatment. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 67:151-161. [PMID: 30015453 PMCID: PMC7256693 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellae are Gram-negative, small rods infecting mammals and capable of causing disease called brucellosis. The infection results in abortion and sterility in domestic animals (sheeps, pigs, rams etc). Especially dangerous for humans are: Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella abortus, and Brucella canis that trigger unspecific symptoms (flu-like manifestation). Brucella rods are introduced via host cells, by inhalation, skin abrasions, ingestion or mucosal membranes. The most important feature of Brucella is the ability to survive and multiply within both phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. Brucella does not produce classical virulence factors: exotoxin, cytolisins, exoenzymes, plasmids, fimbria, and drug resistant forms. Major virulence factors are: lipopolysaccharide (LPS), T4SS secretion system and BvrR/BvrS system, which allow interaction with host cell surface, formation of an early, late BCV (Brucella Containing Vacuole) and interaction with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when the bacteria multiply. The treatment of brucellosis is based on two-drug therapy, the most common combinations of antibiotics are: doxycycline with rifampicin or fluoroquinolones with rifampicin. Currently, also other methods are used to disrupt Brucella intracellular replication (tauroursodeoxycholic acid or ginseng saponin fraction A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Głowacka
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center of the General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology,Puławy,Poland
| | - Dorota Żakowska
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center of the General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology,Puławy,Poland
| | - Katarzyna Naylor
- Lublin Medical University, Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation,Lublin,Poland
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center of the General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology,Puławy,Poland
| | - Agata Bielawska-Drózd
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center of the General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology,Puławy,Poland
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Dehio C, Tsolis RM. Type IV Effector Secretion and Subversion of Host Functions by Bartonella and Brucella Species. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019. [PMID: 29536363 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75241-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Bartonella and Brucella species comprise closely related genera of the order Rhizobiales within the class α-proteobacteria. Both groups of bacteria are mammalian pathogens with a facultative intracellular lifestyle and are capable of causing chronic infections, but members of each genus have evolved broadly different infection and transmission strategies. While Brucella spp. transmit in general via the reproductive tract in their natural hosts, the Bartonella spp. have evolved to transmit via arthropod vectors. However, a shared feature of both groups of pathogens is their reliance on type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) to interact with cells in their mammalian hosts. The genomes of Bartonella spp. encode three types of T4SS, Trw, Vbh/TraG, and VirB/VirD4, whereas those of Brucella spp. uniformly contain a single T4SS of the VirB type. The VirB systems of Bartonella and Brucella are associated with distinct groups of effector proteins that collectively mediate interactions with host cells. This chapter discusses recent findings on the role of T4SS in the biology of Bartonella spp. and Brucella spp. with emphasis on effector repertoires, on recent advances in our understanding of their evolution, how individual effectors function at the molecular level, and on the consequences of these interactions for cellular and immune responses in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renée M Tsolis
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Brucella colonize a wide variety of mammalian hosts, in which their infectious cycle and ability to cause disease predominantly rely on an intracellular lifestyle within phagocytes. Upon entry into host cells, Brucella organisms undergo a complex, multistage intracellular cycle in which they sequentially traffic through, and exploit functions of, the endocytic, secretory, and autophagic compartments via type IV secretion system (T4SS)-mediated delivery of bacterial effectors. These effectors modulate an array of host functions and machineries to first promote conversion of the initial endosome-like Brucella-containing vacuole (eBCV) into a replication-permissive organelle derived from the host endoplasmic reticulum (rBCV) and then to an autophagy-related vacuole (aBCV) that mediates bacterial egress. Here we detail and discuss our current knowledge of cellular and molecular events of the Brucella intracellular cycle. We discuss the importance of the endosomal stage in determining T4SS competency, the roles of autophagy in rBCV biogenesis and aBCV formation, and T4SS-driven mechanisms of modulation of host secretory traffic in rBCV biogenesis and bacterial egress.
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Li P, Tian M, Hu H, Yin Y, Guan X, Ding C, Wang S, Yu S. Lable-free based comparative proteomic analysis of secretory proteins of rough Brucella mutants. J Proteomics 2019; 195:66-75. [PMID: 30659936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella rough mutants are reported to induce infected macrophage death, which is type IV secretion system (T4SS) dependent. T4SS and its secretory proteins play a major role in host-bacteria interactions, but the crucial secretory proteins to promote macrophage death during Brucella rough mutant infection have not been characterized. In this study, we found that T4SS components played no role for macrophage death induced by Brucella rough mutant infection, but some T4SS effectors did. Proteomics of secretory proteins from Brucella rough mutants ΔrfbE and ΔrfbEΔvirB123 was analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and 861 unique proteins were identified, among which 37 were differential secretory proteins. Gene ontology and pathway analysis showed that differential secretory proteins involved in cellular process and metabolic process, distributed in the cell and membrane, possessed molecular function of catalytic activity and binding, and were associated with ribosome, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, two-component system and bacterial secretion system. Cell death analysis showed that T4SS effector VceC, and two differential secretory proteins OmpW family protein (BAB1_1579) and protein BAB1_1185 were associated with Brucella cytotoxicity. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms associated with Brucella cytotoxicity and valuable information for screening vaccine candidates for Brucella. SIGNIFICANCE: Brucella rough mutants induce infected macrophage death, which is T4SS dependent. In the present report, a comparative proteomics analysis revealed 37 differential secretory proteins between Brucella rough mutants ΔrfbE and ΔrfbEΔvirB123. Further study demonstrated OmpW family protein (BAB1_1579) and uncharacterized protein BAB1_1185, two differential secretory proteins, were associated with Brucella cytotoxicity. This study provides novel information of the secretory proteins from the Brucella rough mutants and their effects on the Brucella cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Hai Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yi Yin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Xiang Guan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, PR China.
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Saqib U, Baig MS. Scaffolding role of TcpB in disrupting TLR4‐Mal interactions: Three to tango. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3455-3458. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Saqib
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore Indore Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI) Madhya Pradesh India
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Nanson JD, Rahaman MH, Ve T, Kobe B. Regulation of signaling by cooperative assembly formation in mammalian innate immunity signalosomes by molecular mimics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 99:96-114. [PMID: 29738879 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity pathways constitute the first line of defense against infections and cellular damage. An emerging concept in these pathways is that signaling involves the formation of finite (e.g. rings in NLRs) or open-ended higher-order assemblies (e.g. filamentous assemblies by members of the death-fold family and TIR domains). This signaling by cooperative assembly formation (SCAF) mechanism allows rapid and strongly amplified responses to minute amounts of stimulus. While the characterization of the molecular mechanisms of SCAF has seen rapid progress, little is known about its regulation. One emerging theme involves proteins produced both in host cells and by pathogens that appear to mimic the signaling components. Recently characterized examples involve the capping of the filamentous assemblies formed by caspase-1 CARDs by the CARD-only protein INCA, and those formed by caspase-8 by the DED-containing protein MC159. By contrast, the CARD-only protein ICEBERG and the DED-containing protein cFLIP incorporate into signaling filaments and presumably interfere with proximity based activation of caspases. We review selected examples of SCAF in innate immunity pathways and focus on the current knowledge on signaling component mimics produced by mammalian and pathogen cells and what is known about their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Nanson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Md Habibur Rahaman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Guidolin LS, Arce-Gorvel V, Ciocchini AE, Comerci DJ, Gorvel JP. Cyclic β-glucans at the bacteria-host cells interphase: One sugar ring to rule them all. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12850. [PMID: 29624823 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic β-1,2-D-glucans (CβG) are natural bionanopolymers present in the periplasmic space of many Proteobacteria. These molecules are sugar rings made of 17 to 25 D-glucose units linked exclusively by β-1,2-glycosidic bonds. CβG are important for environmental sensing and osmoadaptation in bacteria, but most importantly, they play key roles in complex host-cell interactions such as symbiosis, pathogenesis, and immunomodulation. In the last years, the identification and characterisation of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of CβG allowed to know in detail the steps necessary for the formation of these sugar rings. Due to its peculiar structure, CβG can complex large hydrophobic molecules, a feature possibly related to its function in the interaction with the host. The capabilities of the CβG to function as molecular boxes and to solubilise hydrophobic compounds are attractive for application in the development of drugs, in food industry, nanotechnology, and chemistry. More importantly, its excellent immunomodulatory properties led to the proposal of CβG as a new class of adjuvants for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia S Guidolin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, IIB-INTECH CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Andrés E Ciocchini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, IIB-INTECH CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego J Comerci
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, IIB-INTECH CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, CNEA, Grupo Pecuario, Centro Atómico Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Conde-Álvarez R, Palacios-Chaves L, Gil-Ramírez Y, Salvador-Bescós M, Bárcena-Varela M, Aragón-Aranda B, Martínez-Gómez E, Zúñiga-Ripa A, de Miguel MJ, Bartholomew TL, Hanniffy S, Grilló MJ, Vences-Guzmán MÁ, Bengoechea JA, Arce-Gorvel V, Gorvel JP, Moriyón I, Iriarte M. Identification of lptA, lpxE, and lpxO, Three Genes Involved in the Remodeling of Brucella Cell Envelope. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2657. [PMID: 29375522 PMCID: PMC5767591 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The brucellae are facultative intracellular bacteria that cause a worldwide extended zoonosis. One of the pathogenicity mechanisms of these bacteria is their ability to avoid rapid recognition by innate immunity because of a reduction of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), free-lipids, and other envelope molecules. We investigated the Brucella homologs of lptA, lpxE, and lpxO, three genes that in some pathogens encode enzymes that mask the LPS PAMP by upsetting the core-lipid A charge/hydrophobic balance. Brucella lptA, which encodes a putative ethanolamine transferase, carries a frame-shift in B. abortus but not in other Brucella spp. and phylogenetic neighbors like the opportunistic pathogen Ochrobactrum anthropi. Consistent with the genomic evidence, a B. melitensis lptA mutant lacked lipid A-linked ethanolamine and displayed increased sensitivity to polymyxin B (a surrogate of innate immunity bactericidal peptides), while B. abortus carrying B. melitensis lptA displayed increased resistance. Brucella lpxE encodes a putative phosphatase acting on lipid A or on a free-lipid that is highly conserved in all brucellae and O. anthropi. Although we found no evidence of lipid A dephosphorylation, a B. abortus lpxE mutant showed increased polymyxin B sensitivity, suggesting the existence of a hitherto unidentified free-lipid involved in bactericidal peptide resistance. Gene lpxO putatively encoding an acyl hydroxylase carries a frame-shift in all brucellae except B. microti and is intact in O. anthropi. Free-lipid analysis revealed that lpxO corresponded to olsC, the gene coding for the ornithine lipid (OL) acyl hydroxylase active in O. anthropi and B. microti, while B. abortus carrying the olsC of O. anthropi and B. microti synthesized hydroxylated OLs. Interestingly, mutants in lptA, lpxE, or olsC were not attenuated in dendritic cells or mice. This lack of an obvious effect on virulence together with the presence of the intact homolog genes in O. anthropi and B. microti but not in other brucellae suggests that LptA, LpxE, or OL β-hydroxylase do not significantly alter the PAMP properties of Brucella LPS and free-lipids and are therefore not positively selected during the adaptation to intracellular life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Conde-Álvarez
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leyre Palacios-Chaves
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Pública de Navarra - Gobierno de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gil-Ramírez
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Salvador-Bescós
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marina Bárcena-Varela
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Aragón-Aranda
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Estrella Martínez-Gómez
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Zúñiga-Ripa
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J de Miguel
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón - Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Toby Leigh Bartholomew
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Hanniffy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France
| | - María-Jesús Grilló
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Pública de Navarra - Gobierno de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - José A Bengoechea
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Vilma Arce-Gorvel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Ignacio Moriyón
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Iriarte
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Valguarnera E, Spera JM, Czibener C, Fulgenzi FR, Casabuono AC, Altabe SG, Pasquevich KA, Guaimas F, Cassataro J, Couto AS, Ugalde JE. RomA, A Periplasmic Protein Involved in the Synthesis of the Lipopolysaccharide, Tunes Down the Inflammatory Response Triggered by Brucella. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:1257-1266. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Valguarnera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Juan M Spera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Cecilia Czibener
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Fabiana R Fulgenzi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Adriana C Casabuono
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica–Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires
| | - Silvia G Altabe
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR) and Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Karina A Pasquevich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Francisco Guaimas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Juliana Cassataro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Alicia S Couto
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica–Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires
| | - Juan E Ugalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
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Alves-Silva J, Tavares IP, Guimarães ES, Costa Franco MM, Figueiredo BC, Marques JT, Splitter G, Oliveira SC. Modulation of Microtubule Dynamics Affects Brucella abortus Intracellular Survival, Pathogen-Containing Vacuole Maturation, and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production in Infected Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2217. [PMID: 29184543 PMCID: PMC5694624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton regulates several cellular processes related to the immune system. For instance, an intricate intracellular transport mediated by MTs is responsible for the proper localization of vesicular receptors of innate immunity and its adaptor proteins. In the present study, we used nocodazole to induce MTs depolymerization and paclitaxel or recombinant (r) TIR (Toll/interleukin-1 receptor) domain containing protein (TcpB) to induce MT stabilization in bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with Brucella abortus. Following treatment of the cells, we evaluated their effects on pathogen intracellular replication and survival, and in pro-inflammatory cytokine production. First, we observed that intracellular trafficking and maturation of Brucella-containing vesicles (BCVs) is affected by partial destabilization or stabilization of the MTs network. A typical marker of early BCVs, LAMP-1, is retained in late BCVs even 24 h after infection in the presence of low doses of nocodazole or paclitaxel and in the presence of different amounts of rTcpB. Second, microscopy and colony forming unit analysis revealed that bacterial load was increased in infected macrophages treated with lower doses of nocodazole or paclitaxel and with rTcpB compared to untreated cells. Third, innate immune responses were also affected by disturbing MT dynamics. MT depolymerization by nocodazole reduced IL-12 production in infected macrophages. Conversely, rTcpB-treated cells augmented IL-12 and IL-1β secretion in infected cells. In summary, these findings demonstrate that modulation of MTs affects several crucial steps of B. abortus pathogenesis, including BCV maturation, intracellular survival and IL-12 secretion in infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Alves-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isabela P Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erika S Guimarães
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Miriam M Costa Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Barbara C Figueiredo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João T Marques
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gary Splitter
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sergio C Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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50
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Jakka P, Namani S, Murugan S, Rai N, Radhakrishnan G. The Brucella effector protein TcpB induces degradation of inflammatory caspases and thereby subverts non-canonical inflammasome activation in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20613-20627. [PMID: 29061850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome contains intracellular receptors that recognize various pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play crucial roles in innate immune responses to invading pathogens. Non-canonical inflammasome activation is mediated by caspase-4/11, which recognizes intracellular LPS and promotes pyroptosis and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Brucella species are infectious intracellular pathogens that replicate in professional and non-professional phagocytic cells and subvert immune responses for chronic persistence in the host. The Brucella effector protein TcpB suppresses Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)- and TLR4-mediated innate immune responses by targeted degradation of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein. TcpB is a cell-permeable protein with multiple functions, and its intracellular targets other than TIR domain-containing adaptor protein remain unclear. Here, we report that TcpB induces ubiquitination and degradation of the inflammatory caspases 1, 4, and 11. Furthermore, in both mouse and human macrophages, TcpB attenuated LPS-induced non-canonical inflammasome activation and suppressed pyroptosis and secretion of IL-1α and IL-1β induced by intracellular LPS delivery. The intact TIR domain was essential for TcpB to subvert the non-canonical inflammasome activation as a TcpB(G158A) mutant failed to suppress pyroptotic cell death and inflammatory responses. Brucella-infected macrophages exhibited minimal pyroptosis but secreted IL-1β, which was suppressed by TcpB. We also demonstrated that TcpB protein can efficiently attenuate Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-induced pyroptosis and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in macrophages. Because TcpB suppresses both TLR4- and caspase-4/11-mediated inflammation, TcpB might be a candidate target for developing drugs against LPS-induced septicemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Jakka
- From the Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500049, India and.,Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Swapna Namani
- From the Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500049, India and
| | - Subathra Murugan
- From the Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500049, India and
| | - Nivedita Rai
- From the Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500049, India and
| | - Girish Radhakrishnan
- From the Laboratory of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500049, India and
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