1
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Lee JY, Tiffany CR, Mahan SP, Kellom M, Rogers AWL, Nguyen H, Stevens ET, Masson HLP, Yamazaki K, Marco ML, Eloe-Fadrosh EA, Turnbaugh PJ, Bäumler AJ. High fat intake sustains sorbitol intolerance after antibiotic-mediated Clostridia depletion from the gut microbiota. Cell 2024; 187:1191-1205.e15. [PMID: 38366592 PMCID: PMC11023689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate intolerance, commonly linked to the consumption of lactose, fructose, or sorbitol, affects up to 30% of the population in high-income countries. Although sorbitol intolerance is attributed to malabsorption, the underlying mechanism remains unresolved. Here, we show that a history of antibiotic exposure combined with high fat intake triggered long-lasting sorbitol intolerance in mice by reducing Clostridia abundance, which impaired microbial sorbitol catabolism. The restoration of sorbitol catabolism by inoculation with probiotic Escherichia coli protected mice against sorbitol intolerance but did not restore Clostridia abundance. Inoculation with the butyrate producer Anaerostipes caccae restored a normal Clostridia abundance, which protected mice against sorbitol-induced diarrhea even when the probiotic was cleared. Butyrate restored Clostridia abundance by stimulating epithelial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) signaling to restore epithelial hypoxia in the colon. Collectively, these mechanistic insights identify microbial sorbitol catabolism as a potential target for approaches for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of sorbitol intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Yon Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Connor R Tiffany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Scott P Mahan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matthew Kellom
- Environmental Genomics & Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew W L Rogers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Henry Nguyen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric T Stevens
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hugo L P Masson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kohei Yamazaki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Emiley A Eloe-Fadrosh
- Environmental Genomics & Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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2
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Barnes V L, Heithoff DM, Mahan SP, House JK, Mahan MJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing to evaluate minimum inhibitory concentration values of clinically relevant antibiotics. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102512. [PMID: 37566547 PMCID: PMC10448204 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the standard measurement of antibiotic activity. Here, we present a protocol for evaluating MIC values of clinically relevant antibiotics against bacterial isolates cultured in standard bacteriologic medium and in mammalian cell culture medium. We describe steps for pathogen identification, culturing bacteria, preparing MIC plates, MIC assay incubation, and determining MIC. This protocol can potentially optimize the use of existing antibiotics while enhancing efforts to discover new ones. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Heithoff et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Barnes V
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Douglas M Heithoff
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Scott P Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John K House
- Faculty of Science, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Michael J Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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3
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Heithoff DM, Barnes V L, Mahan SP, Fried JC, Fitzgibbons LN, House JK, Mahan MJ. Re-evaluation of FDA-approved antibiotics with increased diagnostic accuracy for assessment of antimicrobial resistance. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101023. [PMID: 37116500 PMCID: PMC10213814 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of antibiotic susceptibility is critical for treatment of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) infections. Here, we examine whether antimicrobial susceptibility testing in media more physiologically representative of in vivo conditions improves prediction of clinical outcome relative to standard bacteriologic medium. This analysis reveals that ∼15% of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values obtained in physiologic media predicted a change in susceptibility that crossed a clinical breakpoint used to categorize patient isolates as susceptible or resistant. The activities of antibiotics having discrepant results in different media were evaluated in murine sepsis models. Testing in cell culture medium improves the accuracy by which MIC assays predict in vivo efficacy. This analysis identifies several antibiotics for treatment of AMR infections that standard testing failed to identify and those that are ineffective despite indicated use by standard testing. Methods with increased diagnostic accuracy mitigate the AMR crisis via utilizing existing agents and optimizing drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Heithoff
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Lucien Barnes V
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Scott P Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Fried
- Department of Medical Education, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA
| | - Lynn N Fitzgibbons
- Department of Medical Education, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA
| | - John K House
- Faculty of Science, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
| | - Michael J Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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4
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Heithoff DM, Mahan SP, Barnes V L, Leyn SA, George CX, Zlamal JE, Limwongyut J, Bazan GC, Fried JC, Fitzgibbons LN, House JK, Samuel CE, Osterman AL, Low DA, Mahan MJ. A broad-spectrum synthetic antibiotic that does not evoke bacterial resistance. EBioMedicine 2023; 89:104461. [PMID: 36801104 PMCID: PMC10025758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical threat to public health and disproportionately affects the health and well-being of persons in low-income and middle-income countries. Our aim was to identify synthetic antimicrobials termed conjugated oligoelectrolytes (COEs) that effectively treated AMR infections and whose structures could be readily modified to address current and anticipated patient needs. METHODS Fifteen chemical variants were synthesized that contain specific alterations to the COE modular structure, and each variant was evaluated for broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and for in vitro cytotoxicity in cultured mammalian cells. Antibiotic efficacy was analyzed in murine models of sepsis; in vivo toxicity was evaluated via a blinded study of mouse clinical signs as an outcome of drug treatment. FINDINGS We identified a compound, COE2-2hexyl, that displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. This compound cured mice infected with clinical bacterial isolates derived from patients with refractory bacteremia and did not evoke bacterial resistance. COE2-2hexyl has specific effects on multiple membrane-associated functions (e.g., septation, motility, ATP synthesis, respiration, membrane permeability to small molecules) that may act together to negate bacterial cell viability and the evolution of drug-resistance. Disruption of these bacterial properties may occur through alteration of critical protein-protein or protein-lipid membrane interfaces-a mechanism of action distinct from many membrane disrupting antimicrobials or detergents that destabilize membranes to induce bacterial cell lysis. INTERPRETATION The ease of molecular design, synthesis and modular nature of COEs offer many advantages over conventional antimicrobials, making synthesis simple, scalable and affordable. These COE features enable the construction of a spectrum of compounds with the potential for development as a new versatile therapy for an imminent global health crisis. FUNDING U.S. Army Research Office, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Heithoff
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Scott P Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lucien Barnes V
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Semen A Leyn
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Cyril X George
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jaime E Zlamal
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jakkarin Limwongyut
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey C Fried
- Department of Medical Education, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA, 93105, USA; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA, 93105, USA
| | - Lynn N Fitzgibbons
- Department of Medical Education, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA, 93105, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA, 93105, USA
| | - John K House
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - Charles E Samuel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Andrei L Osterman
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - David A Low
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Michael J Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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5
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English BC, Savage HP, Mahan SP, Diaz-Ochoa VE, Young BM, Abuaita BH, Sule G, Knight JS, O’Riordan MX, Bäumler AJ, Tsolis RM. The IRE1α-XBP1 Signaling Axis Promotes Glycolytic Reprogramming in Response to Inflammatory Stimuli. mBio 2023; 14:e0306822. [PMID: 36475773 PMCID: PMC9973330 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03068-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells must be able to adjust their metabolic programs to effectively carry out their effector functions. Here, we show that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α) and its downstream transcription factor X box binding protein 1 (XBP1) enhance the upregulation of glycolysis in classically activated macrophages (CAMs). The IRE1α-XBP1 signaling axis supports this glycolytic switch in macrophages when activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation or infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Brucella abortus. Importantly, these different inflammatory stimuli have distinct mechanisms of IRE1α activation; while Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) supports glycolysis under both conditions, TLR4 is required for activation of IRE1α in response to LPS treatment but not B. abortus infection. Though IRE1α and XBP1 are necessary for maximal induction of glycolysis in CAMs, activation of this pathway is not sufficient to increase the glycolytic rate of macrophages, indicating that the cellular context in which this pathway is activated ultimately dictates the cell's metabolic response and that IRE1α activation may be a way to fine-tune metabolic reprogramming. IMPORTANCE The immune system must be able to tailor its response to different types of pathogens in order to eliminate them and protect the host. When confronted with bacterial pathogens, macrophages, frontline defenders in the immune system, switch to a glycolysis-driven metabolism to carry out their antibacterial functions. Here, we show that IRE1α, a sensor of ER stress, and its downstream transcription factor XBP1 support glycolysis in macrophages during infection with Brucella abortus or challenge with Salmonella LPS. Interestingly, these stimuli activate IRE1α by independent mechanisms. While the IRE1α-XBP1 signaling axis promotes the glycolytic switch, activation of this pathway is not sufficient to increase glycolysis in macrophages. This study furthers our understanding of the pathways that drive macrophage immunometabolism and highlights a new role for IRE1α and XBP1 in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin C. English
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hannah P. Savage
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Scott P. Mahan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Vladimir E. Diaz-Ochoa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Briana M. Young
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Basel H. Abuaita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gautam Sule
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason S. Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary X. O’Riordan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Renée M. Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
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6
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Liou MJ, Miller BM, Litvak Y, Nguyen H, Natwick DE, Savage HP, Rixon JA, Mahan SP, Hiyoshi H, Rogers AWL, Velazquez EM, Butler BP, Collins SR, McSorley SJ, Harshey RM, Byndloss MX, Simon SI, Bäumler AJ. Host cells subdivide nutrient niches into discrete biogeographical microhabitats for gut microbes. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:836-847.e6. [PMID: 35568027 PMCID: PMC9187619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the microbiota composition are associated with many human diseases, but factors that govern strain abundance remain poorly defined. We show that a commensal Escherichia coli strain and a pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolate both utilize nitrate for intestinal growth, but each accesses this resource in a distinct biogeographical niche. Commensal E. coli utilizes epithelial-derived nitrate, whereas nitrate in the niche occupied by S. Typhimurium is derived from phagocytic infiltrates. Surprisingly, avirulent S. Typhimurium was shown to be unable to utilize epithelial-derived nitrate because its chemotaxis receptors McpB and McpC exclude the pathogen from the niche occupied by E. coli. In contrast, E. coli invades the niche constructed by S. Typhimurium virulence factors and confers colonization resistance by competing for nitrate. Thus, nutrient niches are not defined solely by critical resources, but they can be further subdivided biogeographically within the host into distinct microhabitats, thereby generating new niche opportunities for distinct bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Liou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brittany M Miller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yael Litvak
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Henry Nguyen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dean E Natwick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hannah P Savage
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jordan A Rixon
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Scott P Mahan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hirotaka Hiyoshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Andrew W L Rogers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric M Velazquez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian P Butler
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rasika M Harshey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mariana X Byndloss
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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7
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Heithoff DM, Pimienta G, Mahan SP, Yang WH, Le DT, House JK, Marth JD, Smith JW, Mahan MJ. Coagulation factor protein abundance in the pre-septic state predicts coagulopathic activities that arise during late-stage murine sepsis. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103965. [PMID: 35349828 PMCID: PMC8965145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although sepsis accounts for 1 in 5 deaths globally, few molecular therapies exist for this condition. The development of effective biomarkers and treatments for sepsis requires a more complete understanding of host responses and pathogenic mechanisms at early stages of disease to minimize host-driven pathology. METHODS An alternative to the current symptom-based approach used to diagnose sepsis is a precise assessment of blood proteomic changes during the onset and progression of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) murine sepsis. FINDINGS A distinct pattern of coagulation factor protein abundance was identified in the pre-septic state- prior to overt disease symptoms or bacteremia- that was predictive of the dysregulation of fibrinolytic and anti-coagulant activities and resultant consumptive coagulopathy during ST murine sepsis. Moreover, the changes in protein abundance observed generally have the same directionality (increased or decreased abundance) reported for human sepsis. Significant overlap of ST coagulopathic activities was observed in Gram-negative Escherichia coli- but not in Gram-positive staphylococcal or pneumococcal murine sepsis models. Treatment with matrix metalloprotease inhibitors prevented aberrant inflammatory and coagulopathic activities post-ST infection and increased survival. Antibiotic treatment regimens initiated after specific changes arise in the plasma proteome post-ST infection were predictive of an increase in disease relapse and death after cessation of antibiotic treatment. INTERPRETATION Altered blood proteomics provides a platform to develop rapid and easy-to-perform tests to predict sepsis for early intervention via biomarker incorporation into existing blood tests prompted by patient presentation with general malaise, and to stratify Gram-negative and Gram-positive infections for appropriate treatment. Antibiotics are less effective in microbial clearance when initiated after the onset of altered blood proteomics as evidenced by increased disease relapse and death after termination of antibiotic therapy. Treatment failure is potentially due to altered bacterial / host-responses and associated increased host-driven pathology, providing insight into why delays in antibiotic administration in human sepsis are associated with increased risk for death. Delayed treatment may thus require prolonged therapy for microbial clearance despite the prevailing notion of antibiotic de-escalation and shortened courses of antibiotics to improve drug stewardship. FUNDING National Institutes of Health, U.S. Army.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M. Heithoff
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA,Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Genaro Pimienta
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Scott P. Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA,Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Won Ho Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA,Glycosylation Network Research Center and Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea,Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dzung T. Le
- Department of Pathology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - John K. House
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Jamey D. Marth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA,Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Smith
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael J. Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA,Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106, USA.
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8
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Heithoff DM, Barnes L, Mahan SP, Fox GN, Arn KE, Ettinger SJ, Bishop AM, Fitzgibbons LN, Fried JC, Low DA, Samuel CE, Mahan MJ. Assessment of a Smartphone-Based Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Viruses. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2145669. [PMID: 35089353 PMCID: PMC8800074 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.45669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance A critical need exists in low-income and middle-income countries for low-cost, low-tech, yet highly reliable and scalable testing for SARS-CoV-2 virus that is robust against circulating variants. Objective To assess whether a smartphone-based assay is suitable for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus testing without requiring specialized equipment, accessory devices, or custom reagents. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study enrolled 2 subgroups of participants (symptomatic and asymptomatic) at Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital. The symptomatic group consisted of 20 recruited patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with symptoms; 30 asymptomatic patients were recruited from the same community, through negative admission screening tests for SARS-CoV-2. The smartphone-based real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (smaRT-LAMP) was first optimized for analysis of human saliva samples spiked with either SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A or B virus; these results then were compared with those obtained by side-by-side analysis of spiked samples using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criterion-standard reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. Next, both assays were used to test for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses present in blinded clinical saliva samples obtained from 50 hospitalized patients. Statistical analysis was performed from May to June 2021. Exposures Testing for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A and B viruses. Main Outcomes and Measures SARS-CoV-2 and influenza infection status and quantitative viral load were determined. Results Among the 50 eligible participants with no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection included in the study, 29 were men. The mean age was 57 years (range, 21 to 93 years). SmaRT-LAMP exhibited 100% concordance (50 of 50 patient samples) with the CDC criterion-standard diagnostic for SARS-CoV-2 sensitivity (20 of 20 positive and 30 of 30 negative) and for quantitative detection of viral load. This platform also met the CDC criterion standard for detection of clinically similar influenza A and B viruses in spiked saliva samples (n = 20), and in saliva samples from hospitalized patients (50 of 50 negative). The smartphone-based LAMP assay was rapid (25 minutes), sensitive (1000 copies/mL), low-cost (<$7/test), and scalable (96 samples/phone). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of saliva samples from patients, the smartphone-based LAMP assay detected SARS-CoV-2 infection and exhibited concordance with RT-qPCR tests. These findings suggest that this tool could be adapted in response to novel CoV-2 variants and other pathogens with pandemic potential including influenza and may be useful in settings with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Heithoff
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
| | - Lucien Barnes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
| | - Scott P Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis
| | - Gary N Fox
- Department of Materials and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
| | - Katherine E Arn
- Department of Medical Education, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Sarah J Ettinger
- Department of Medical Education, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Andrew M Bishop
- Department of Medical Education, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Lynn N Fitzgibbons
- Department of Medical Education, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, California
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Jeffrey C Fried
- Department of Medical Education, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, California
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, California
| | - David A Low
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
| | - Charles E Samuel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
| | - Michael J Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
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Edwards W, Mahan SP. Organized labor in non-profit agencies. Am J Occup Ther 1970; 24:128-31. [PMID: 5414854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Ayers GE, Mahan SP. A sheltered workshop meets authentic needs of the chronically disabled. Hospitals 1967; 41:103-8. [PMID: 4228668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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