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Zayed N, Vertommen R, Simoens K, Bernaerts K, Boon N, Srivastava MG, Braem A, Van Holm W, Castro AB, Teughels W. How well do antimicrobial mouth rinses prevent dysbiosis in an in vitro periodontitis biofilm model? J Periodontol 2024. [PMID: 38946115 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal diseases are associated with dysbiosis in the oral microbial communities. Managing oral biofilms is therefore key for preventing these diseases. Management protocols often include over-the-counter antimicrobial mouth rinses, which lack data on their effects on the oral microbiome's ecology, bacterial composition, metabolic activity, and dysbiosis resilience. This study examined the efficacy of antimicrobial mouth rinses to halt dysbiosis in in vitro oral biofilms under periodontitis-simulating conditions. METHODS Multispecies oral biofilms were grown on hydroxyapatite discs (HADs) and rinsed daily with one of six mouth rinses. Positive and negative controls were included. After three rinses, biofilms were analyzed with viability quantitative polymerase chain reaction and visualized using scanning electron microscopy. Supernatants of rinsed biofilms were used for metabolic activity analysis. In addition, human oral keratinocytes were exposed to rinsed biofilms to assess their inflammatory response. All outputs were analyzed for correlation using Spearman coefficient. RESULTS Product-related changes were observed in the rinsed biofilms. Three of the six tested mouth rinses could significantly prevent dysbiosis with ≥30% reduction in pathobiont abundance relative to the control. These biofilms had lower metabolic activity, and the exposed human oral keratinocyte produced less interleukin-8. Interleukin-8 production correlated to both pathobiont quantity and the metabolic activity of the biofilms. CONCLUSION Some mouth rinses could support biofilm resilience and stop dysbiosis evolution in the biofilm model, with a clear product-related effect. Such mouth rinses can be considered for patients under maintenance/supportive periodontal therapy to prevent/delay disease recurrence. Others are more useful for different periodontal therapy stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiera Zayed
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Rik Vertommen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Simoens
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Mrinal Gaurav Srivastava
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annabel Braem
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wannes Van Holm
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Ana B Castro
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Leventis M, Deliberador T, Alshehri F, Alghamdi H. Topical oxygen therapy as a novel strategy to promote wound healing and control the bacteria in implantology, oral surgery and periodontology: A review. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:841-854. [PMID: 38883907 PMCID: PMC11178966 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, oral infections and inflammatory lesions persist as substantial public health concerns, necessitating the introduction of novel oral treatment protocols. Oral diseases are linked to various causative factors, with dental plaque/biofilm resulting from inadequate hygiene practices playing a predominant role. The strategic implementation of novel topical therapies holds promise for effectively controlling the biofilms, addressing oral infections and promoting enhanced oral wound healing. This review aims to providing a comprehensive overview of the available evidence pertaining to the potential efficacy of topical oxygen and lactoferrin-releasing biomaterials, exemplified by the blue®m formula, as novel oral care interventions within the scope of contemporary implantology, oral surgery and periodontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas Leventis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Tatiana Deliberador
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India, and Latin American Institute of Dental Research and Education - ILAPEO, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
| | - Fahad Alshehri
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan Alghamdi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Hart I, Wells C, Tsigarida A, Bezerra B. Effectiveness of mechanical and chemical decontamination methods for the treatment of dental implant surfaces affected by peri-implantitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res 2024; 10:e839. [PMID: 38345466 PMCID: PMC10847712 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess which decontamination method(s) used for the debridement of titanium surfaces (disks and dental implants) contaminated with bacterial, most efficiently eliminate bacterial biofilms. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic search was conducted in four electronic databases between January 1, 2010 and October 31, 2022. The search strategy followed the PICOS format and included only in vitro studies completed on either dental implant or titanium disk samples. The assessed outcome variable consisted of the most effective method(s)-chemical or mechanical- removing bacterial biofilm from titanium surfaces. A meta-analysis was conducted, and data was summarized through single- and multi-level random effects model (p < .05). RESULTS The initial search resulted in 5260 articles after the removal of duplicates. After assessment by title, abstract, and full-text review, a total of 13 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Different decontamination methods were assessed, including both mechanical and chemical, with the most common method across studies being chlorhexidine (CHX). Significant heterogeneity was noted across the included studies. The meta-analyses only identified a significant difference in biofilm reduction when CHX treatment was compared against PBS. The remaining comparisons did not identify significant differences between the various decontamination methods. CONCLUSIONS The present results do not demonstrate that one method of decontamination is superior in eliminating bacterial biofilm from titanium disk and implant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Hart
- Department of Periodontology, Eastman Institute for Oral HealthUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Christine Wells
- Statistical Methods and Data AnalyticsUCLA Office of Advanced Research ComputingLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alexandra Tsigarida
- Department of Periodontology, Eastman Institute for Oral HealthUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Beatriz Bezerra
- Section of Periodontics, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive SciencesUCLA School of DentistryLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Dantas Lopes Dos Santos D, Besegato JF, de Melo PBG, Oshiro Junior JA, Chorilli M, Deng D, Bagnato VS, Rastelli ANDS. Curcumin-loaded Pluronic ® F-127 Micelles as a Drug Delivery System for Curcumin-mediated Photodynamic Therapy for Oral Application. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1072-1088. [PMID: 33872402 DOI: 10.1111/php.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is promising for oral decontamination. Curcumin has been used as photosensitizer; however, the hydrophobic properties can negatively affect aPDT. This study evaluated the aPDT efficacy using Cur-loaded Pluronic® F-127 micelles against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans biofilms. Micelles characterization was performed by zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Cur concentrations, cell viability by CFU mL-1 and confocal microscopy were determined. Data were analyzed by parametric and nonparametric tests under 5%. Cur-loaded Pluronic® F-127 exhibited spherical shape, suitable particle size (≤100 nm), adequate polydispersity index, best stability, lower photodegradation and autoaggregation compared to unloaded-Cur. Both microorganisms were sensitive to Cur-loaded Pluronic® F-127 micelles aPDT, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 270 μm and 2.1093 μm for S. mutans and C. albicans suspended culture, respectively. Cur-loaded Pluronic® F-127 aPDT exhibited antibacterial/antifungal effect against the biofilms (~3 log10 reduction; P ≤ 0.05); however, similar to unloaded (P ≥ 0.05). Confocal images confirmed these results. Cur-loaded Pluronic® F-127 micelles exhibited good photo-chemical properties and may be a viable alternative to deliver Cur and to improve aPDT effect during the treatment of dental caries. Moreover, Pluronic® micelles can enhance the solubility, stability, permeability and control the release of Cur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Dantas Lopes Dos Santos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Felipe Besegato
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Borges Gobbo de Melo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Augusto Oshiro Junior
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam - ACTA, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Physics Institute of São Carlos - IFSC, University of São Paulo - USP, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Metabolic activity of hydro-carbon-oxo-borate on a multispecies subgingival periodontal biofilm: a short communication. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:5945-5953. [PMID: 33774716 PMCID: PMC8443475 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the metabolic activity of hydro-carbon-oxo-borate complex (HCOBc) on a multispecies subgingival biofilm as well as its effects on cytotoxicity. Materials and methods The subgingival biofilm with 32 species related to periodontitis was formed in the Calgary Biofilm Device (CBD) for 7 days. Two different therapeutic schemes were adopted: (1) treatment with HCOBc, 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), and negative control group (without treatment) from day 3 until day 6, two times a day for 1 min each time, totaling 8 treatments and (2) a 24-h treatment on a biofilm grown for 6 days. After 7 days of formation, biofilm metabolic activity was determined by colorimetry assay, and bacterial counts and proportions of complexes were determined by DNA-DNA hybridization. Both substances’ cytotoxicity was evaluated by cell viability (XTT assay) and clonogenic survival assay on ovary epithelial CHO-K1 cells and an osteoblast precursor from calvaria MC3T3-E1 cells. Results The first treatment scheme resulted in a significant reduction in biofilm’s metabolic activity by means of 77% by HCOBc and CHX treatments versus negative control. The total count of 11 and 25 species were decreased by treatment with hydro-carbon-oxo-borate complex and CHX, respectively, compared with the group without treatment (p < 0.05), highlighting a reduction in the levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium periodontium. CHX significantly reduced the count of 10 microorganisms compared to the group treated with HCOBc (p < 0.05). HCOBc and CHX significantly decreased the pathogenic red-complex proportion compared with control-treated biofilm, and HCOBc had even a more significant effect on the red complex than CHX had (p ≤ 0.05). For the second treatment scheme, HCOBc complex and CHX significantly decreased 61 and 72% of control biofilms’ metabolic activity and the counts of 27 and 26 species, respectively. HCOBc complex did not significantly affect the proportions of formed biofilms, while CHX significantly reduced red, orange, and yellow complexes. Both substances exhibited similar cytotoxicity results. Conclusions This short communication suggested that the HCOBc complex reduced a smaller number of bacterial species when compared to chlorhexidine during subgingival biofilm formation, but it was better than chlorhexidine in reducing red-complex bacterial proportions. Although HCOBc reduced the mature 6-day-old subgingival multispecies biofilms, it did not modify bacterial complexes’ ratios as chlorhexidine did on the biofilms mentioned above. Future in vivo studies are needed to validate these results. Clinical relevance HCOBc complex could be used to reduce red-complex periodontal bacterial proportions.
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Testori T, Wang HL, Basso M, Bordini G, Dian A, Vitelli C, Miletic I, Del Fabbro M. COVID-19 and Oral Surgery: A narrative review of preoperative mouth rinses. Acta Stomatol Croat 2020; 54:431-441. [PMID: 33642607 PMCID: PMC7871429 DOI: 10.15644/asc54/4/10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a narrative review of the preprocedural mouth rinse protocols suggested for oral surgery in order to contrast the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol. SOURCES AND METHODS Electronic searches were performed in medical databases PubMed, Medline, CINAHN and Scopus to identify relevant studies published up until the third week of April 2020. This research was supplemented by exploration through a web-based search engine as well as a manual search for international and national guidelines. Studies and protocols which suggested preoperative mouth rinsing as a recommended measure during the COVID-19 outbreak were included. Given the small number of studies, a narrative literature review was conducted. In total, 15 references (11 articles and 4 guidelines) were considered relevant and were critically analysed. CONCLUSION The findings show a high heterogeneity in the protocols suggested. Further research is required to better understand the viral features and epidemiologic characteristics of this new virus and to test the efficacy of commonly used antiseptics against SARS-CoV-2 in future clinical trials. However, the use of chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, PVP-I and cetylpyridinium chloride in contrasting the spread of Covid-19 is described as advisable and substantial in different publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Testori
- Department of Implantology and Oral Rehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Dental Clinic, Director Prof. L. Francetti, Milan, Italy
| | - Hom-Lay Wang
- Professor and Director of Graduate Periodontics, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matteo Basso
- Minimally Invasive Aesthetic and Digital Oral Rehabilitation Centre (CROMED), IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Dental Clinic (Director Prof. L. Francetti), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Arturo Dian
- Minimally Invasive Aesthetic and Digital Oral Rehabilitation Centre (CROMED), IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Dental Clinic (Director Prof. L. Francetti), Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Vitelli
- Minimally Invasive Aesthetic and Digital Oral Rehabilitation Centre (CROMED), IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Dental Clinic (Director Prof. L. Francetti), Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Miletic
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Dental Clinic, Milan, Italy. Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Grzech-Leśniak K, Belvin BR, Lewis JP, Golob Deeb J. Treatment with Nd:YAG Laser Irradiation Combined with Sodium Hypochlorite or Hydrogen Peroxide Irrigation on Periodontal Pathogens: An In Vitro Study. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2020; 39:46-52. [PMID: 33124948 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2019.4775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser with low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on viability of oral bacteria. Materials and methods: Bacterial species Streptococcus gordonii, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum were grown in an anaerobic chamber at 37°C. Samples were irradiated with the Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 300 μm Varian tip) using parameters: 150 mJ, 20 Hz, 3 W, 50 sec, and 100 μs short pulse duration in contact mode. Treatment groups included (1) control, (2) Nd:YAG, (3) 0.5% H2O2, (4) Nd:YAG and 0.5% H2O2, (5) 0.5% NaOCl, and (6) Nd:YAG with 0.5% NaOCl. Viable colonies were counted, calculated into colony forming unit/mL, and converted into log form for statistical analysis using a two-tailed paired t-test. Results: The combined treatment with the Nd:YAG and H2O2 showed the greatest reduction in all bacterial viability compared with other treatment groups (p < 0.001). Antiseptic solutions and laser were most effective against P. gingivalis, least effective against S. gordonii but improved significantly in combination with laser irradiation (p < 0.001). Laser alone was effective against all of three bacterial species, however, it was not significant. Conclusions: Combination treatment with Nd:YAG laser and an oxidative disinfectant (0.5% NaOCl or H2O2) resulted in more effective reduction of bacterial viability than monotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Grzech-Leśniak
- Laser Laboratory, Department of Oral Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - B Ross Belvin
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Janina P Lewis
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Janina Golob Deeb
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Potential Advantages of Peroxoborates and Their Ester Adducts Over Hydrogen Peroxide as Therapeutic Agents in Oral Healthcare Products: Chemical/Biochemical Reactivity Considerations In Vitro, Ex Vivo And In Vivo. Dent J (Basel) 2020; 8:dj8030089. [PMID: 32784634 PMCID: PMC7559157 DOI: 10.3390/dj8030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxides present in oral healthcare products generally exert favourable protective activities against the development and progression of tooth decay, plaque, gingivitis, and halitosis, etc. However, despite the high level of research focus on hydrogen and carbamide peroxides as therapeutically active (and tooth-whitening) agents, to date the use of alternative chemical forms of peroxides such as peroxoborates for these purposes has received only scant attention. Intriguingly, peroxoborate and its esters with polyols, such as glycerol, have a very diverse chemistry/biochemistry in aqueous solution, for which there is an increasing amount of evidence that it remains distinctive from that of hydrogen peroxide; such properties include self-associative and hydrolytic equilibria, and their abilities to participate in electrophile- or nucleophile-scavenging, metal ion-complexing, redox and free radical reactions, for example. Therefore, the purpose of this detailed commentary is to evaluate both differences and similarities between the molecular/biomolecular reactivities of peroxoborate species and hydrogen peroxide in vitro, ex-vivo and in vivo. It encompasses brief sectional accounts regarding the molecular heterogeneity of peroxoborates, the release of bioactive agents therefrom, and their oxidative attack on oral cavity biomolecules (the nucleophilic or electrophilic character of these oxidations are discussed). Further areas explored are the abilities of borates and peroxoborates to enhance the solubility of iron ions in aqueous solution, their involvements in free radical biochemistry (particularly the complexation of oxygen radical-promoting transition metal ions by, and antioxidant properties of, peroxoborate-polyol ester adducts), and the specific inhibition of protease enzymes. Further aspects focus on the tooth-whitening, oral malodor neutralizing, and potential mutagenic and genotoxic properties of peroxoborates, along with possible mechanisms for these processes. The abilities of peroxoborates, and peroxides in general, to modulate the activities of inflammatory mediators and vitamins, antioxidant or otherwise, are also explored.
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Moghaddas O, Sarkarat F, Zarbakhsh A, Hoseini MM, Bitaraf T. Effect of Ardox-X Active Oxygen-Containing Toothpaste on Periodontal Parameters in Dentate and Implant-Wearing Patients. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN DENTAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/jrdms.4.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Cieplik F, Kara E, Muehler D, Enax J, Hiller KA, Maisch T, Buchalla W. Antimicrobial efficacy of alternative compounds for use in oral care toward biofilms from caries-associated bacteria in vitro. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00695. [PMID: 30051653 PMCID: PMC6460264 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For caries‐active patients, antimicrobial measures may be useful in addition to mechanical biofilm removal. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of alternative compounds for use in oral care from two main categories (i.e., preservatives and natural compounds) toward biofilms from caries‐associated bacteria as compared to oral care gold‐standards chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), and zinc. Compounds were screened in initial Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Then, the most effective compounds were further investigated in mature S. mutans and polymicrobial biofilms comprising Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, and S. mutans. Here, distinct treatment periods and concentrations were evaluated. Biofilms were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and bacterial membrane damage was evaluated by means of flow cytometry and staining with SYBR Green and propidium iodide. Citrus extract was the only compound exhibiting similar antimicrobial efficacy in initial S. mutans biofilms (>5 log10) as compared to CHX and CPC, but its effect was clearly inferior in mature S. mutans and polymicrobial biofilms. Flow cytometric data suggested that the mechanism of antimicrobial action of citrus extract may be based on damage of bacterial membranes similar to CHX and CPC. From all alternative compounds investigated in this study, citrus extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial efficacy toward in vitro biofilms from caries‐associated bacteria, but still was less effective than oral care gold‐standard antiseptics CHX and CPC. Nevertheless, citrus extract may be a valuable antimicrobial compound for use in oral care for caries‐active patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Esra Kara
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Denise Muehler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Enax
- Oral Care Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Eribe ERK, Olsen I. Leptotrichia species in human infections II. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1368848. [PMID: 29081911 PMCID: PMC5646626 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1368848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptotrichia species are non-motile facultative anaerobic/anaerobic bacteria that are found mostly in the oral cavity and some other parts of the human body, in animals, and even in ocean sediments. Valid species include L. buccalis, L. goodfellowii, L. hofstadii, L. honkongensis, L. shahii, L. trevisanii, and L. wadei. Some species require serum or blood for growth. All species ferment carbohydrates and produce lactic acid that may be involved with tooth decay. Acting as opportunistic pathogens, they are involved in a variety of diseases, and have been isolated from immunocompromised but also immunocompetent individuals. Mucositis, oral lesions, wounds, and abscesses may predispose to Leptotrichia septicemia. Because identification of Leptotrichia species by phenotypic features occasionally lead to misidentification, genetic techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing is recommended. Early diagnosis and treatment of leptotrichia infections is important for positive outcomes. Over the last years, Leptotrichia species have been associated with several changes in taxonomy and new associations with clinical diseases. Such changes are reported in this updated review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emenike R K Eribe
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Effect of mouthwashes on the composition and metabolic activity of oral biofilms grown in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:1221-1230. [PMID: 27337976 PMCID: PMC5399055 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an oxygenating mouthwash compared to two other established mouthwash products on bacterial composition and metabolic activity of oral biofilms in vitro. Material and methods Twelve healthy subjects participated as donors. Plaque-saliva mixture inoculated biofilms were grown and treated with 3 different chemotherapeutic mouthwashes [amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (MD), oxygenating agent (AX), chlorhexidine 0.12 % (PA), and water (W)]. Effects of treatments were assessed on biofilm composition (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing), production of organic acids (formate, acetate, lactate, propionate, butyrate using capillary electrophoresis), and viability of the remaining biofilm (CFUs). Results Microbial profiles of biofilms clustered per inoculum donor and were dominated by the genera Veillonella, Streptococcus, and Prevotella. Microbial diversity was only reduced after PA treatment. Significant changes in composition occurred after treatment with AX, resulting in lower proportions of Veillonella and higher proportions of non-mutans streptococci. Production of all organic acids after PA and lactate after MD was significantly lower as compared to W. AX resulted in reduction of acetate, butyrate, and propionate and increase in lactate production (p < 0.05). Viable counts were significantly lower after PA and AX treatments compared to W, while no significant reduction was observed after MD. Conclusions All studied mouthwashes affected the in vitro biofilms differently. The effects of the AX treatment were the most prominent which resulted in changes of the bacterial composition and metabolism. Clinical implications Awareness by the dental team that mouthwashes can change the bacterial composition and metabolism is important when advising its use.
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Rashed HT. Evaluation of the effect of hydrogen peroxide as a mouthwash in comparison with chlorhexidine in chronic periodontitis patients: A clinical study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2016; 6:206-12. [PMID: 27382535 PMCID: PMC4916793 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.183114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a mouthwash in comparison with chlorhexidine (CHX) in chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 patients suffering from localized mild to moderate chronic periodontitis were chosen. The subjects were divided equally into three groups. Group A patients were treated only with scaling and root planning (SRP). Group B were treated with SRP in combination with 0.2% CHX gluconate mouthwash twice daily for 10 days. Group C were treated with SRP in combination with 1.5% H2O2 mouthwash twice daily for 10 days. Gingival index, plaque index, pocket depth, and clinical attachment level were recorded for patients of all groups on day 0 (Baseline), 15, 30, and 90, respectively. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22.0. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess the differences in the abovementioned indices because of time and groups. Results: Both CHX gluconate and H2O2 mouthwashes significantly reduced the gingival index more than that observed in the control group, but similar to each other. There were no significant differences in the clinical attachment loss, plaque index, and pocket depth among the study groups, but improvement was seen within the CHX group participants. In participants with chronic periodontitis, SRP in combination with 0.2% CHX gluconate mouthwash was an effective treatment in reducing the gingival index and the pocket depth, as well as improving the clinical attachment level. Conclusion: The use of CHX gluconate was observed to be higher than H2O2 for the reduction in the gingival index and the pocket depth, as well as for the improvement of the clinical attachment level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Tarek Rashed
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Al Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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Zaura E, Mira A. Editorial: the oral microbiome in an ecological perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:39. [PMID: 25973398 PMCID: PMC4413847 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Genomics and Health, FISABIO Foundation, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health Valencia, Spain
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