1
|
Dechow SJ, Abramovitch RB. Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis pH-driven adaptation. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2024; 170:001458. [PMID: 38717801 PMCID: PMC11165653 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) senses and adapts to host environmental cues as part of its pathogenesis. One important cue sensed by Mtb is the acidic pH of its host niche - the macrophage. Acidic pH induces widespread transcriptional and metabolic remodelling in Mtb. These adaptations to acidic pH can lead Mtb to slow its growth and promote pathogenesis and antibiotic tolerance. Mutants defective in pH-dependent adaptations exhibit reduced virulence in macrophages and animal infection models, suggesting that chemically targeting these pH-dependent pathways may have therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss mechanisms by which Mtb regulates its growth and metabolism at acidic pH. Additionally, we consider the therapeutic potential of disrupting pH-driven adaptations in Mtb and review the growing class of compounds that exhibit pH-dependent activity or target pathways important for adaptation to acidic pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby J. Dechow
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert B. Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jolly A, Fernández B, Mundo SL, Elguezabal N. Modeling Paratuberculosis in Laboratory Animals, Cells, or Tissues: A Focus on Their Applications for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Vaccines, and Therapy Studies. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3553. [PMID: 38003170 PMCID: PMC10668694 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis that affects a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. It is considered one of the diseases with the highest economic impact on the ruminant industry. Despite many efforts and intensive research, paratuberculosis control still remains controversial, and the existing diagnostic and immunoprophylactic tools have great limitations. Thus, models play a crucial role in understanding the pathogenesis of infection and disease, and in testing novel vaccine candidates. Ruminant animal models can be restricted by several reasons, related to space requirements, the cost of the animals, and the maintenance of the facilities. Therefore, we review the potential and limitations of the different experimental approaches currently used in paratuberculosis research, focusing on laboratory animals and cell-based models. The aim of this review is to offer a vision of the models that have been used, and what has been achieved or discovered with each one, so that the reader can choose the best model to answer their scientific questions and prove their hypotheses. Also, we bring forward new approaches that we consider worth exploring in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jolly
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina; (B.F.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Bárbara Fernández
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina; (B.F.); (S.L.M.)
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - Silvia Leonor Mundo
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina; (B.F.); (S.L.M.)
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tejeda C, Steuer P, Villegas M, Ulloa F, Hernández-Agudelo JM, Salgado M. Evidence of Homeostatic Regulation in Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis as an Adaptive Response to Copper Stress. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040898. [PMID: 37110321 PMCID: PMC10141397 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacteria are capable of responding to various stressors, something which has been essential for their adaptation, evolution, and colonization of a wide range of environments. Of the many stressors affecting bacteria, we can highlight heavy metals, and amongst these, copper stands out for its great antibacterial capacity. Using Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as a model, the action of proteins involved in copper homeostasis has been put forward as an explanation for the tolerance or adaptive response of this mycobacteria to the toxic action of copper. Therefore, the aim of this study was to confirm the presence and evaluate the expression of genes involved in copper homeostasis at the transcriptional level after challenging Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculoisis (MAP) with copper ions. Methodology: Buffer inoculated with MAP was treated with two stressors, the presence of copper homeostasis genes was confirmed by bioinformatics and genomic analysis, and the response of these genes to the stressors was evaluated by gene expression analysis, using qPCR and the comparative ΔΔCt method. Results: Through bioinformatics and genomic analysis, we found that copper homeostasis genes were present in the MAP genome and were overexpressed when treated with copper ions, which was not the case with H2O2 treatment. Conclusion: These results suggest that genes in MAP that code for proteins involved in copper homeostasis trigger an adaptive response to copper ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Tejeda
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Pamela Steuer
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Marcela Villegas
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Fernando Ulloa
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - José M. Hernández-Agudelo
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Miguel Salgado
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-63-2-444358; Fax: +56-63-293-233
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ferguson TEG, Reihill JA, Martin SL, Walker B. Novel inhibitors and activity-based probes targeting serine proteases. Front Chem 2022; 10:1006618. [PMID: 36247662 PMCID: PMC9555310 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1006618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases play varied and manifold roles in important biological, physiological, and pathological processes. These include viral, bacterial, and parasitic infection, allergic sensitization, tumor invasion, and metastasis. The use of activity-based profiling has been foundational in pinpointing the precise roles of serine proteases across this myriad of processes. A broad range of serine protease-targeted activity-based probe (ABP) chemotypes have been developed and we have recently introduced biotinylated and "clickable" peptides containing P1 N-alkyl glycine arginine N-hydroxy succinimidyl (NHS) carbamates as ABPs for detection/profiling of trypsin-like serine proteases. This present study provides synthetic details for the preparation of additional examples of this ABP chemotype, which function as potent irreversible inhibitors of their respective target serine protease. We describe their use for the activity-based profiling of a broad range of serine proteases including trypsin, the trypsin-like protease plasmin, chymotrypsin, cathepsin G, and neutrophil elastase (NE), including the profiling of the latter protease in clinical samples obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian Walker
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mtetwa HN, Amoah ID, Kumari S, Bux F, Reddy P. The source and fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wastewater and possible routes of transmission. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:145. [PMID: 35057793 PMCID: PMC8781043 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) consists of causative agents of both human and animal tuberculosis and is responsible for over 10 million annual infections globally. Infections occur mainly through airborne transmission, however, there are possible indirect transmissions through a faecal-oral route which is poorly reported. This faecal-oral transmission could be through the occurrence of the microbe in environments such as wastewater. This manuscript, therefore, reviews the source and fate of MTBC in the wastewater environment, including the current methods in use and the possible risks of infections. RESULTS The reviewed literature indicates that about 20% of patients with pulmonary TB may have extra-pulmonary manifestations such as GITB, resulting in shedding in feaces and urine. This could potentially be the reason for the detection of MTBC in wastewater. MTBC concentrations of up to 5.5 × 105 (±3.9 × 105) copies/L of untreated wastewater have been reported. Studies have indicated that wastewater may provide these bacteria with the required nutrients for their growth and could potentially result in environmental transmission. However, 98.6 (± 2.7) %, removal during wastewater treatment, through physical-chemical decantation (primary treatment) and biofiltration (secondary treatment) has been reported. Despite these reports, several studies observed the presence of MTBC in treated wastewater via both culture-dependent and molecular techniques. CONCLUSION The detection of viable MTBC cells in either treated or untreated wastewater, highlights the potential risks of infection for wastewater workers and communities close to these wastewater treatment plants. The generation of aerosols during wastewater treatment could be the main route of transmission. Additionally, direct exposure to the wastewater containing MTBC could potentially contribute to indirect transmissions which may lead to pulmonary or extra-pulmonary infections. This calls for the implementation of risk reduction measures aimed at protecting the exposed populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hlengiwe N Mtetwa
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Isaac D Amoah
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Poovendhree Reddy
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park HE, Park JS, Park HT, Choi JG, Shin JI, Jung M, Kang HL, Baik SC, Lee WK, Kim D, Yoo HS, Shin MK. Alpha-2-Macroglobulin as a New Promising Biomarker Improving the Diagnostic Sensitivity of Bovine Paratuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637716. [PMID: 33748212 PMCID: PMC7973028 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which induces persistent diarrhea and cachexia. JD causes huge economic losses to the dairy industry due to reduced milk production and premature culling. Infected animals excrete MAP via feces during the prolonged subclinical stage without exhibiting any clinical signs. Therefore, accurate detection of subclinical stage animals is crucial for successful eradication of JD in the herd. In the current study, we analyzed serum samples of MAP-infected and non-infected cattle to identify potential biomarker candidates. First, we identified 12 differentially expressed serum proteins in subclinical and clinical shedder groups compared to the healthy control group. Second, we conducted ELISA for three selected biomarkers (alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), alpha-1-beta glycoprotein, and transthyretin) and compared their diagnostic performance with that of two commercial ELISA diagnostic kits. Serum A2M levels were significantly higher in the MAP-exposed, subclinical shedder, subclinical non-shedder, and clinical shedder groups than in the healthy control group, suggesting its possible use as a diagnostic biomarker for MAP infection. Furthermore, A2M demonstrated a sensitivity of 90.4%, and a specificity of 100% while the two commercial ELISA kits demonstrated a sensitivity of 67.83 and 73.04% and a specificity of 100%, respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest that measuring A2M by ELISA can be used as a diagnostic tool to detect MAP infection, considerably improving the detection rate of subclinical shedders and MAP-exposed animals that are undetectable using current diagnostic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21Four and Bio-Max/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21Four and Bio-Max/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ih Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Lyun Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Baik
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Woo-Kon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- Schools of Energy & Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21Four and Bio-Max/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu H, Dang G, Zang X, Cai Z, Cui Z, Song N, Liu S. Characterization and pathogenicity of extracellular serine protease MAP3292c from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104055. [PMID: 32058021 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Serine protease is the virulence factor of many pathogens. However, there are no prevailing data available for serine protease as a virulence factor derived from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The MAP3292c gene from MAP, the predicted serine protease, was expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized by biochemical methods. MAP3292c protein efficiently hydrolyzed casein at optimal temperature and pH of 41 °C and 9.0, respectively. Furthermore, divalent metal ions of Ca2+ significantly promoted the protease activity of MAP3292c, and MAP3292c had autocleavage activity between serine 86 and asparagine 87. Site-directed mutagenesis studies showed that the serine 238 residue had catalytic roles in MAP3292c. Furthermore, a BALB/c mouse model confirmed that MAP3292c significantly promoted the survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis in vivo; caused damage to the liver, spleen, and lung; and promoted the release of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in mice. Finally, we confirmed that MAP3292c was relevant to mycobacterial pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Guanghui Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Xinxin Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Zhuming Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Ziyin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Ningning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nguyen TTH, Myrold DD, Mueller RS. Distributions of Extracellular Peptidases Across Prokaryotic Genomes Reflect Phylogeny and Habitat. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:413. [PMID: 30891022 PMCID: PMC6411800 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinaceous compounds are abundant forms of organic nitrogen in soil and aquatic ecosystems, and the rate of protein depolymerization, which is accomplished by a diverse range of microbial secreted peptidases, often limits nitrogen turnover in the environment. To determine if the distribution of secreted peptidases reflects the ecological and evolutionary histories of different taxa, we analyzed their distribution across prokaryotic lineages. Peptidase gene sequences of 147 archaeal and 2,191 bacterial genomes from the MEROPS database were screened for secretion signals, resulting in 55,072 secreted peptidases belonging to 148 peptidase families. These data, along with their corresponding 16S rRNA sequences, were used in our analysis. Overall, Bacteria had a much wider collection of secreted peptidases, higher average numbers of secreted peptidases per genome, and more unique peptidase families than Archaea. We found that the distribution of secreted peptidases corresponded to phylogenetic relationships among Bacteria and Archaea and often segregated according to microbial lifestyles, suggesting that the secreted peptidase complements of microbial taxa are optimized for the environmental microhabitats they occupy. Our analyses provide the groundwork for examining the specific functional role of families of secreted peptidases in relationship to the organisms and the corresponding environments in which they function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trang T. H. Nguyen
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - David D. Myrold
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Ryan S. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schwarz DGG, Shoyama FM, Oliveira LL, Sreevatsan S, Moreira MAS. Rapid baso-apical translocation of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in mammary epithelial cells in the presence of Escherichia coli. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6287-6295. [PMID: 29705415 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection of mammary gland cells with bacterial pathogens begins with adhesion, invasion, and persistence within the cells or systemic distribution. Some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, are known to causes bovine mastitis, resulting in acute proinflammatory responses in the mammary tissue. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, is able to spread to distant organs after crossing intestinal cells, reaching the mammary gland and potentially being released in milk, infecting calves during suckling. Its exit from systemic sites may be influenced by preexisting inflammation such as that caused by E. coli mastitis. Interactions between E. coli and MAP in mammary epithelial cells have not yet been described. In this study, we posited that E. coli-infected bovine mammary epithelial cells would facilitate baso-apical translocation of MAP in an ex vivo model. We showed that the presence of E. coli in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) increased baso-apical translocation of MAP to the apical side of the cells. Levels were significantly higher 30 min post-infection and decreased at 120 min post-infection. Cells previously infected with E. coli and MAP or with E. coli alone showed a significant increase in IL1B mRNA expression at 120 min. We detected no significant expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapkp38) or IL10, regardless of treatment. Thereby, the presence of E. coli in MAC-T cells alters the translocation of MAP through epithelial cells, enabling its rapid translocation to the cellular surface. Expression of IL1B was shown to influence the apical-basal translocation of MAP at 120 min. Findings from the current study suggest that MAP translocation into milk is likely enhanced by inflammatory states such as those induced during E. coli mastitis. This is the first report demonstrating the effect of E. coli under MAP coinfection in bovine mammary epithelial cells under experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G G Schwarz
- Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - F M Shoyama
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - L L Oliveira
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - S Sreevatsan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - M A S Moreira
- Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park HE, Park HT, Jung YH, Yoo HS. Establishment a real-time reverse transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178336. [PMID: 28542507 PMCID: PMC5444815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic enteric inflammatory disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that causes large economic losses in the dairy industry. Spread of PTB is mainly provoked by a long subclinical stage during which MAP is shed into the environment with feces; accordingly, detection of subclinical animals is very important to its control. However, current diagnostic methods are not suitable for detection of subclinical animals. Therefore, the current study was conducted to develop a diagnostic method for analysis of the expression of genes of prognostic potential biomarker candidates in the whole blood of cattle naturally infected with MAP. Real-time PCR with nine potential biomarker candidates was developed for the diagnosis of MAP subclinical infection. Animals were divided into four groups based on fecal MAP PCR and serum ELISA. Eight genes (Timp1, Hp, Serpine1, Tfrc, Mmp9, Defb1, Defb10, and S100a8) were up-regulated in MAP-infected cattle (p <0.05). Moreover, ROC analysis revealed that eight genes (Timp1, Hp, Serpine1, Tfrc, Mmp9, Defb1, Defb10, and S100a8) showed fair diagnostic performance (AUC≥0.8). Four biomarkers (Timp1, S100a8, Defb1, and Defb10) showed the highest diagnostic accuracy in the PCR positive and ELISA negative group (PN group) and three biomarkers (Tfrc, Hp, and Serpine1) showed the highest diagnostic accuracy in the PCR negative and ELISA positive group (NP group). Moreover, three biomarkers (S100a8, Hp, and Defb10) were considered the most reliable for the PCR positive and ELISA positive group (PP group). Taken together, our data suggest that real-time PCR based on eight biomarkers (Timp1, Hp, Serpine1, Tfrc, Mmp9, Defb1, Defb10, and S100a8) might be useful for diagnosis of JD, including subclinical stage cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- Department of Animal Resoures Devlopment, National Instiute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|