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Iwasaki J, Bzdyl NM, Lin-Sullivan DJM, Scheuplein NJ, Dueñas ME, de Jong E, Harmer NJ, Holzgrabe U, Sarkar-Tyson M. Inhibition of macrophage infectivity potentiator in Burkholderia pseudomallei suppresses pro-inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1353682. [PMID: 38590438 PMCID: PMC10999550 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1353682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease endemic in many tropical countries globally. Clinical presentation is highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal septicemia, and thus the outcome of infection can depend on the host immune responses. The aims of this study were to firstly, characterize the macrophage immune response to B. pseudomallei and secondly, to determine whether the immune response was modified in the presence of novel inhibitors targeting the virulence factor, the macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) protein. We hypothesized that inhibition of Mip in B. pseudomallei would disarm the bacteria and result in a host beneficial immune response. Methods Murine macrophage J774A.1 cells were infected with B. pseudomallei K96243 in the presence of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the Mip protein. RNA-sequencing was performed on infected cells four hours post-infection. Secreted cytokines and lactose dehydrogenase were measured in cell culture supernatants 24 hours post-infection. Viable, intracellular B. pseudomallei in macrophages were also enumerated 24 hours post-infection. Results Global transcriptional profiling of macrophages infected with B. pseudomallei by RNA-seq demonstrated upregulation of immune-associated genes, in particular a significant enrichment of genes in the TNF signaling pathway. Treatment of B. pseudomallei-infected macrophages with the Mip inhibitor, AN_CH_37 resulted in a 5.3-fold reduction of il1b when compared to cells treated with DMSO, which the inhibitors were solubilized in. A statistically significant reduction in IL-1β levels in culture supernatants was seen 24 hours post-infection with AN_CH_37, as well as other pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-6 and TNF-α. Treatment with AN_CH_37 also reduced the survival of B. pseudomallei in macrophages after 24 hours which was accompanied by a significant reduction in B. pseudomallei-induced cytotoxicity as determined by lactate dehydrogenase release. Discussion These data highlight the potential to utilize Mip inhibitors in reducing potentially harmful pro-inflammatory responses resulting from B. pseudomallei infection in macrophages. This could be of significance since overstimulation of pro-inflammatory responses can result in immunopathology, tissue damage and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jua Iwasaki
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole M. Bzdyl
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dion J. M. Lin-Sullivan
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Maria Emilia Dueñas
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Emma de Jong
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Harmer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Living Systems Institute, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Anang V, Singh A, Kumar Rana A, Saraswati SSK, Bandyopadhyay U, Verma C, Chadha A, Natarajan K. Mycobacteria modulate SUMOylation to suppresses protective responses in dendritic cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283448. [PMID: 37773921 PMCID: PMC10540951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Post translational modifications (PTMs) are exploited by various pathogens in order to escape host immune responses. SUMOylation is one of the PTMs which is involved in regulation of a variety of cellular responses. However, the effects of host SUMOylation on pathogenic bacteria largely remain elusive. We, therefore, investigated the role of SUMOylation in regulating defense responses in dendritic cells (DCs) during mycobacterial infection. Dendritic Cells of female BALB/c mice and THP-1 macrophages were used. Western blotting was performed to measure the expression of level of SUMO1, pSTAT1, pp38, pERK, Beclin-1, LC3, Bax and Cytochrome C. For bacterial burden confocal microscopy and CFU (Colony Forming Unit) were used. Flow cytometry was used for ROS and co-stimulatory molecules measurement. Cytokine level were measured using ELISA. We show that stimulation of Bone Marrow Derived Dendritic Cells (BMDCs) with mycobacterial antigen Rv3416 or live infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG increases the SUMOylation of host proteins. Inhibition of SUMOylation significantly decreased intracellular bacterial loads in DCs. Additionally, inhibiting SUMOylation, induces protective immune responses by increasing oxidative burst, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and surface expression of T cell co-stimulatory molecules, and activation of pSTAT1 and Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) proteins- pp38 and pERK. SUMOylation inhibition also increased apoptosis and autophagy in BMDCs. Intriguingly, mycobacteria increased SUMOylation of many of the above molecules. Furthermore, inhibiting SUMOylation in DCs primed T cells that in turn attenuated bacterial burden in infected macrophages. These findings demonstrate that SUMOylation pathway is exploited by mycobacteria to thwart protective host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Anang
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Aayushi Singh
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ankush Kumar Rana
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Upasana Bandyopadhyay
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Chaitenya Verma
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Attinder Chadha
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Krishnamurthy Natarajan
- Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Huang C, Guo F, Wang H, Olivares J, Dalton Iii J, Belyanina O, Wattam AR, Cucinell CA, Dickerman AW, Qin QM, Han A, de Figueiredo P. An automated system for interrogating the evolution of microbial endosymbiosis. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:671-683. [PMID: 36227118 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00602b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inter-kingdom endosymbiotic interactions between bacteria and eukaryotic cells are critical to human health and disease. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive the emergence of endosymbiosis remain obscure. Here, we describe the development of a microfluidic system, named SEER (S̲ystem for the E̲volution of E̲ndosymbiotic R̲elationships), that automates the evolutionary selection of bacteria with enhanced intracellular survival and persistence within host cells, hallmarks of endosymbiosis. Using this system, we show that a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli that initially possessed limited abilities to survive within host cells, when subjected to SEER selection, rapidly evolved to display a 55-fold enhancement in intracellular survival. Notably, molecular dissection of the evolved strains revealed that a single-point mutation in a flexible loop of CpxR, a gene regulator that controls bacterial stress responses, substantially contributed to this intracellular survival. Taken together, these results establish SEER as the first microfluidic system for investigating the evolution of endosymbiosis, show the importance of CpxR in endosymbiosis, and set the stage for evolving bespoke inter-kingdom endosymbiotic systems with novel or emergent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fengguang Guo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jasmine Olivares
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77843, USA.
| | - James Dalton Iii
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Olga Belyanina
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Alice R Wattam
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Clark A Cucinell
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Allan W Dickerman
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Arum Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Selvapandiyan A, Puri N, Kumar P, Alam A, Ehtesham NZ, Griffin G, Hasnain SE. Zooming in on common immune evasion mechanisms of pathogens in phagolysosomes: potential broad-spectrum therapeutic targets against infectious diseases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:6780197. [PMID: 36309472 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens evade the host immune challenges to propagate and cause fatal diseases. The microbes overpower host immunity at various levels including during entry into host cells, phagosome formation, phagosome maturation, phagosome-lysosome fusion forming phagolysosomes, acidification of phagolysosomes, and at times after escape into the cytosol. Phagolysosome is the final organelle in the phagocyte with sophisticated mechanisms to degrade the pathogens. The immune evasion strategies by the pathogens include the arrest of host cell apoptosis, decrease in reactive oxygen species, the elevation of Th2 anti-inflammatory response, avoidance of autophagy and antigen cross-presentation pathways, and escape from phagolysosomal killing. Since the phagolysosome organelle in relation to infection/cure is seldom discussed in the literature, we summarize here the common host as well as pathogen targets manipulated or utilized by the pathogens established in phagosomes and phagolysosomes, to hijack the host immune system for their benefit. These common molecules or pathways can be broad-spectrum therapeutic targets for drug development for intervention against infectious diseases caused by different intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niti Puri
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.,Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States
| | - Anwar Alam
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - George Griffin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.,Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, 201310, India
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M.tb-Rv2462c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Shows Chaperone-like Activity and Plays a Role in Stress Adaptation and Immunomodulation. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010069. [PMID: 36671761 PMCID: PMC9855790 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb)-encoded factors protect it against host-generated stresses and support its survival in the hostile host environment. M.tb possesses two peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases and a probable trigger factor encoded by Rv2462c which has an FKBP-like PPIase domain. PPIases are known to assist the folding of peptidyl-prolyl bonds and are involved in various cellular processes important for bacterial survival in host-generated stresses. In this study, we aim to functionally characterize Rv2462c of M.tb. Our data suggest that the trigger factor of M.tb exhibits chaperone activity both in vitro and in vivo. Heterologous expression of M.tb-Rv2462c locus into Mycobacterium smegmatis enhanced its survival within macrophages, adaptation to oxidative stress and biofilm formation. M.tb-trigger factor has strong immunomodulatory potential and modifies the cytokine profile of the host towards the proinflammatory axis.
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Muruaga EJ, Briones G, Roset MS. Biochemical and functional characterization of Brucella abortus cyclophilins: So similar, yet so different. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1046640. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1046640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. are the etiological agent of animal and human brucellosis. We have reported previously that cyclophilins of Brucella (CypA and CypB) are upregulated within the intraphagosomal replicative niche and required for stress adaptation and host intracellular survival and virulence. Here, we characterize B. abortus cyclophilins, CypA, and CypB from a biochemical standpoint by studying their PPIase activity, chaperone activity, and oligomer formation. Even though CypA and CypB are very similar in sequence and share identical chaperone and PPIase activities, we were able to identify outstanding differential features between them. A series of differential peptide loops were predicted when comparing CypA and CypB, differences that might explain why specific antibodies (anti-CypA or anti-CypB) were able to discriminate between both cyclophilins without cross-reactivity. In addition, we identified the presence of critical amino acids in CypB, such as the Trp134 which is responsible for the cyclosporin A inhibition, and the Cys128 that leads to CypB homodimer formation by establishing a disulfide bond. Here, we demonstrated that CypB dimer formation was fully required for stress adaptation, survival within HeLa cells, and mouse infection in B. abortus. The presence of Trp134 and the Cys128 in CypB, which are not present in CypA, suggested that two different kinds of cyclophilins have evolved in Brucella, one with eukaryotic features (CypB), another (CypA) with similar features to Gram-negative cyclophilins.
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Al Mahrouqi S, Gadalla A, Al Azri S, Al-Hamidhi S, Al-Jardani A, Balkhair A, Al-fahdi A, Al Balushi L, Al Zadjali S, Al Marhoubi AMN, Babiker HA. Drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Oman: resistance-conferring mutations and lineage diversity. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13645. [PMID: 35919400 PMCID: PMC9339217 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Sultanate of Oman is country a low TB-incidence, with less than seven cases per 105 population detected in 2020. Recent years have witnessed a persistence in TB cases, with sustained incidence rate among expatriates and limited reduction among Omanis. This pattern suggests transmission from the migrant population. The present study examined the genetic profile and drug resistance-conferring mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis collected from Omanis and expatriates to recognise possible causes of disease transmission. Methods We examined M. tuberculosis cultured positive samples, collected from Omanis (n = 1,344) and expatriates (n = 1,203) between 2009 and 2018. These isolates had a known in vitro susceptibility profile to first line anti-TB, Streptomycin (SM), Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin (RIF), Ethambutol (EMB) and Pyrazinamide (PZA). The diversity of the isolates was assessed by spacer oligo-typing (spoligotyping). Drug resistance-conferring mutations resulted from full-length sequence of nine genes (katG, inhA, ahpc, rpoB, rpsL, rrs, embB, embC, pncA) and their phenotypic relationship were analysed. Results In total, 341/2192 (13.4%), M. tuberculosis strains showed resistance to any drug, comprising mono-resistance (MR) (242, 71%), poly-resistance (PR) (40, 11.7%) and multi-drug resistance (MDR) (59, 17.3%). The overall rate of resistance among Omanis and expatriates was similar; however, MDR and PZAR were significantly higher among Omanis, while INHR was greater among expatriates. Mutations rpsL K43R and rpoB S450L were linked to Streptomycin (SMR) and Rifampicin resistance (RIFR) respectively. Whereas, katG S315T and inhA -C15T/G-17T were associated with Isoniazid resistance (INHR). The resistance patterns (mono-resistant, poly-resistant and MDR) and drug resistance-conferring mutations were found in different spoligo-lineages. rpsL K43R, katG S315T and rpoB S450L mutations were significantly higher in Beijing strains. Conclusions Diverse drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains exist in Oman, with drug resistance-conferring mutations widespread in multiple spoligo-lineages, indicative of a large resistance reservoir. Beijing's M. tuberculosis lineage was associated with MDR, and multiple drug resistance-conferring mutations, favouring the hypothesis of migration as a possible source of resistant lineages in Oman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Al Mahrouqi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amal Gadalla
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Saleh Al Azri
- Central Public Health Laboratories, MOH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Salama Al-Hamidhi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Abdullah Balkhair
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amira Al-fahdi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, Muscat, Oman
| | | | | | | | - Hamza A. Babiker
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, Muscat, Oman,Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE_PGRS Protein Family Acts as an Immunological Decoy to Subvert Host Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010525. [PMID: 35008950 PMCID: PMC8745494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a successful pathogen that can reside within the alveolar macrophages of the host and can survive in a latent stage. The pathogen has evolved and developed multiple strategies to resist the host immune responses. M.tb escapes from host macrophage through evasion or subversion of immune effector functions. M.tb genome codes for PE/PPE/PE_PGRS proteins, which are intrinsically disordered, redundant and antigenic in nature. These proteins perform multiple functions that intensify the virulence competence of M.tb majorly by modulating immune responses, thereby affecting immune mediated clearance of the pathogen. The highly repetitive, redundant and antigenic nature of PE/PPE/PE_PGRS proteins provide a critical edge over other M.tb proteins in terms of imparting a higher level of virulence and also as a decoy molecule that masks the effect of effector molecules, thereby modulating immuno-surveillance. An understanding of how these proteins subvert the host immunological machinery may add to the current knowledge about M.tb virulence and pathogenesis. This can help in redirecting our strategies for tackling M.tb infections.
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Nehvi IB, Quadir N, Khubaib M, Sheikh JA, Shariq M, Mohareer K, Banerjee S, Rahman SA, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. ArgD of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a functional N-acetylornithine aminotransferase with moonlighting function as an effective immune modulator. Int J Med Microbiol 2022; 312:151544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Bento FMM, Darolt JC, Merlin BL, Penã L, Wulff NA, Cônsoli FL. The molecular interplay of the establishment of an infection - gene expression of Diaphorina citri gut and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:677. [PMID: 34544390 PMCID: PMC8454146 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is one the causative agents of greening disease in citrus, an unccurable, devastating disease of citrus worldwide. CLas is vectored by Diaphorina citri, and the understanding of the molecular interplay between vector and pathogen will provide additional basis for the development and implementation of successful management strategies. We focused in the molecular interplay occurring in the gut of the vector, a major barrier for CLas invasion and colonization. RESULTS We investigated the differential expression of vector and CLas genes by analyzing a de novo reference metatranscriptome of the gut of adult psyllids fed of CLas-infected and healthy citrus plants for 1-2, 3-4 and 5-6 days. CLas regulates the immune response of the vector affecting the production of reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen, and the production of antimicrobial peptides. Moreover, CLas overexpressed peroxiredoxin, probably in a protective manner. The major transcript involved in immune expression was related to melanization, a CLIP-domain serine protease we believe participates in the wounding of epithelial cells damaged during infection, which is supported by the down-regulation of pangolin. We also detected that CLas modulates the gut peristalsis of psyllids through the down-regulation of titin, reducing the elimination of CLas with faeces. The up-regulation of the neuromodulator arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase implies CLas also interferes with the double brain-gut communication circuitry of the vector. CLas colonizes the gut by expressing two Type IVb pilin flp genes and several chaperones that can also function as adhesins. We hypothesized biofilm formation occurs by the expression of the cold shock protein of CLas. CONCLUSIONS The thorough detailed analysis of the transcritome of Ca. L. asiaticus and of D. citri at different time points of their interaction in the gut tissues of the host led to the identification of several host genes targeted for regulation by L. asiaticus, but also bacterial genes coding for potential effector proteins. The identified targets and effector proteins are potential targets for the development of new management strategies directed to interfere with the successful utilization of the psyllid vector by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Moura Manoel Bento
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Josiane Cecília Darolt
- Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), Araraquara, São Paulo 14807-040 Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Bruna Laís Merlin
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Leandro Penã
- Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), Araraquara, São Paulo 14807-040 Brazil
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nelson Arno Wulff
- Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), Araraquara, São Paulo 14807-040 Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernando Luis Cônsoli
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900 Brazil
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P M, Ahmad J, Samal J, Sheikh JA, Arora SK, Khubaib M, Aggarwal H, Kumari I, Luthra K, Rahman SA, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Protein Rv1509 Evokes Efficient Innate and Adaptive Immune Response Indicative of Protective Th1 Immune Signature. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706081. [PMID: 34386011 PMCID: PMC8354026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissecting the function(s) of proteins present exclusively in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) will provide important clues regarding the role of these proteins in mycobacterial pathogenesis. Using extensive computational approaches, we shortlisted ORFs/proteins unique to M.tb among 13 different species of mycobacteria and identified a hypothetical protein Rv1509 as a ‘signature protein’ of M.tb. This unique protein was found to be present only in M.tb and absent in all other mycobacterial species, including BCG. In silico analysis identified numerous putative T cell and B cell epitopes in Rv1509. Initial in vitro experiments using innate immune cells demonstrated Rv1509 to be immunogenic with potential to modulate innate immune responses. Macrophages treated with Rv1509 exhibited higher activation status along with substantial release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Besides, Rv1509 protein boosts dendritic cell maturation by increasing the expression of activation markers such as CD80, HLA-DR and decreasing DC-SIGN expression and this interaction was mediated by innate immune receptor TLR2. Further, in vivo experiments in mice demonstrated that Rv1509 protein promotes the expansion of multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+T cells and induces effector memory response along with evoking a canonical Th1 type of immune response. Rv1509 also induces substantial B cell response as revealed by increased IgG reactivity in sera of immunized animals. This allowed us to demonstrate the diagnostic efficacy of this protein in sera of human TB patients compared to the healthy controls. Taken together, our results reveal that Rv1509 signature protein has immunomodulatory functions evoking immunological memory response with possible implications in serodiagnosis and TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath P
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jasmine Samal
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Simran Kaur Arora
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Khubaib
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Heena Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Indu Kumari
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
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12
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Dubey N, Khan MZ, Kumar S, Sharma A, Das L, Bhaduri A, Singh Y, Nandicoori VK. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPiA interacts with host integrin receptor to exacerbate disease progression. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1383-1393. [PMID: 33580239 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) secretory gene mutants exemplifies their role as virulence factors. Mtb peptidyl prolyl isomerase A (PPiA) assists in protein folding through cis/trans isomerization of prolyl bonds. Here, we show that PPiA abets Mtb survival and aids in the disease progression by exploiting host-associated factors. While the deletion of PPiA has no discernable effect on the bacillary survival in a murine infection model, it compromises the formation of granuloma-like lesions and promotes host cell death through ferroptosis. Overexpression of PPiA enhances the bacillary load and exacerbates pathology in mice lungs. Importantly, PPiA interacts with the integrin α5β1 receptor through a conserved surface-exposed RGD motif. The secretion of PPiA as well as interaction with integrin contributes to the disease progression by upregulating multiple host matrix metalloproteinases. Collectively, we identified a novel non-chaperone role of PPiA that is critical in facilitating host-pathogen interaction ensuing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Dubey
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Mall Road, Delhi, India.,Current Department of Molecular Microbiology, WUSTL, St. Louis, USA
| | - Mehak Zahoor Khan
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Mall Road, Delhi, India.,Current Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, College of Pharmacy, Texas, USA
| | - Lahari Das
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, India.,Current Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, College of Pharmacy, Texas, USA
| | - Asani Bhaduri
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, India.,Current Cluster Innovation Center, University of Delhi, Mall Road, Delhi, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Mall Road, Delhi, India
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13
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Xiong Y, Zheng X, Ke W, Gong G, Wang Y, Dan C, Huang P, Wu J, Guo W, Mei J. Function and association analysis of Cyclophilin A gene with resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri in yellow catfish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 113:103783. [PMID: 32735962 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri (E. ictaluri) is one of the main bacterial pathogens in catfish which has caused serious economic loss to yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) in China. In our previous work, we demonstrated that CypA was up-regulated at the early stage of E. ictaluri infection in yellow catfish and displayed strong chemotactic activity for leukocytes in vitro. However, the effect of CypA on E. ictaluri is unknown in vivo. Therefore, two homozygous transgenic zebrafish lines expressing yellow catfish CypA (TG-CypA-1 and TG-CypA-2) were generated. After challenged with E. ictaluri at a dose of 1.0 × 104 CFU per adult fish, both two transgenic lines exhibited a higher resistance to bacterial infection than the wildtype zebrafish. Herein, CypA gene in E. ictaluri-challenged yellow catfish was screened for presence of polymorphisms by sequencing and six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. SNP association analysis revealed that 528T/C SNP in the first intron was significantly different in disease-susceptible and -resistant groups, which was confirmed in two independent populations of yellow catfish. Moreover, the relative expression of CypA in the resistant group (CC genotype in 528T/C SNP) was significantly higher than that in the susceptible group (TT genotype in 528T/C SNP) in different immune organs of yellow catfish including spleen, head kidney, body kidney and liver. Our results reveal the potential function of CypA in host defense to bacterial infection and suggest the SNP marker in CypA gene associated with the resistance to E. ictaluri may facilitate the selective breeding of disease-resistant yellow catfish in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wensi Ke
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Gaorui Gong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Cheng Dan
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Peipei Huang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiankai Wu
- Kangyu Fisheries Technology Co. Ltd. of Sheyang County, Sheyang, 224300, China
| | - Wenjie Guo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jie Mei
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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14
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Arora SK, Naqvi N, Alam A, Ahmad J, Alsati BS, Sheikh JA, Kumar P, Mitra DK, Rahman SA, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Mycobacterium smegmatis Bacteria Expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Rv1954A Induce Macrophage Activation and Modulate the Immune Response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:564565. [PMID: 33163415 PMCID: PMC7583720 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.564565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the intracellular pathogen causing tuberculosis, has developed mechanisms that endow infectivity and allow it to modulate host immune response for its survival. Genomic and proteomic analyses of non-pathogenic and pathogenic mycobacteria showed presence of genes and proteins that are specific to M. tb. In silico studies predicted that M.tb Rv1954A is a hypothetical secretory protein that exhibits intrinsically disordered regions and possess B cell/T cell epitopes. Treatment of macrophages with Rv1954A led to TLR4-mediated activation with concomitant increase in secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-12 and TNF-α. In vitro studies showed that rRv1954A protein or Rv1954A knock-in M. smegmatis (Ms_Rv1954A) activates macrophages by enhancing the expression of CD80 and CD86. An upregulation in the expression of CD40 and MHC I/II was noted in the presence of Rv1954A, pointing to its role in enhancing the association of APCs with T cells and in the modulation of antigen presentation, respectively. Ms_Rv1954A showed increased infectivity, induction of ROS and RNS, and apoptosis in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Rv1954A imparted protection against oxidative and nitrosative stress, thereby enhancing the survival of Ms_Rv1954A inside macrophages. Mice immunized with Ms_Rv1954A showed that splenomegaly and primed splenocytes restimulated with Rv1954A elicited a Th1 response. Infection of Ms_Rv1954A in mice through intratracheal instillation leads to enhanced infiltration of lymphocytes in the lungs without formation of granuloma. While Rv1954A is immunogenic, it did not cause adverse pathology. Purified Rv1954A or Rv1954A knock-in M. smegmatis (Ms_Rv1954A) elicited a nearly two-fold higher titer of IgG response in mice, and PTB patients possess a higher IgG titer against Rv1954A, also pointing to its utility as a diagnostic marker for TB. The observed modulation of innate and adaptive immunity renders Rv1954A a vital protein in the pathophysiology of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur Arora
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nilofer Naqvi
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Basma Saud Alsati
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Prabin Kumar
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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15
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Arora SK, Alam A, Naqvi N, Ahmad J, Sheikh JA, Rahman SA, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Immunodominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Protein Rv1507A Elicits Th1 Response and Modulates Host Macrophage Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1199. [PMID: 32793184 PMCID: PMC7385400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) persists as latent infection in nearly a quarter of the global population and remains the leading cause of death among infectious diseases. While BCG is the only vaccine for TB, its inability to provide complete protection makes it imperative to engineer BCG such that it expresses immunodominant antigens that can enhance its protective potential. In-silico comparative genomic analysis of Mycobacterium species identified M. tb Rv1507A as a “signature protein” found exclusively in M. tb. In-vitro (cell lines) and in-vivo experiments carried out in mice, using purified recombinant Rv1507A revealed it to be a pro-inflammatory molecule, eliciting significantly high levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12. There was increased expression of activation markers CD69, CD80, CD86, antigen presentation molecules (MHC I/MHCII), and associated Th1 type of immune response. Rv1507A knocked-in M. smegmatis also induced significantly higher pro-inflammatory Th1 response and higher survivability under stress conditions, both in-vitro (macrophage RAW264.7 cells) and in-vivo (mice). Sera derived from human TB patients showed significantly enhanced B-cell response against M. tb Rv1507A. The ability of M. tb Rv1507A to induce immuno-modulatory effect, B cell response, and significant memory response, renders it a putative vaccine candidate that demands further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur Arora
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nilofer Naqvi
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, Hyderabad, India
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16
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Gupta MN, Pandey S, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Medical implications of protein moonlighting. Indian J Med Res 2020; 149:322-325. [PMID: 31249195 PMCID: PMC6607823 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2192_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M N Gupta
- Former Professor, Department of Chemistry, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India
| | - Saurabh Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, JH Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | | | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Laboratory, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016; JH Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062; Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana, India
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17
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Gupta S, Kumar A, Singh K, Kumari R, Sharma A, Singh RK, Pandey SK, Anupurba S. Rv1273c, an ABC transporter of Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes mycobacterial intracellular survival within macrophages via modulating the host cell immune response. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 142:320-331. [PMID: 31593717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium proteins, especially cell wall associated proteins, interact with host macrophage to regulate the functions and cytokine production. So, identification and characterization of such proteins is essential for understanding tuberculosis pathogenesis. The role of the ABC transporter proteins in the pathophysiology and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not clearly understood. In the present study, Rv1273c, an ABC transporter, has been expressed in a non-pathogenic and fast growing Mycobacterium smegmatis strain to explore its role in host pathogen interactions. Over expression of Rv1273c resulted in enhanced intracellular survival in macrophage as well as modified cell wall architecture. We found altered colony morphology and cell surface properties that might be linked with remodelling of bacterial cell wall which may help in the intracellular survival of mycobacterium. However, the enhanced intracellular survival was not found to be the consequence of an increased resistance to intracellular stresses. The activation of macrophage by Rv1273c was associated with perturbed cytokine production. Pharmacological inhibition experiment and western immunoblotting suggested that this altered cytokine profile was mediated possibly by NF-kB and p38 pathway in macrophage. Overall, the present findings indicated that Rv1273c enhanced mycobacterium persistence and mediated the evasion of immune responses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kamal Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Kumari
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Satyendra K Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shampa Anupurba
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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18
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Pagani TD, Guimarães ACR, Waghabi MC, Corrêa PR, Kalume DE, Berrêdo-Pinho M, Degrave WM, Mendonça-Lima L. Exploring the Potential Role of Moonlighting Function of the Surface-Associated Proteins From Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau and Pasteur by Comparative Proteomic. Front Immunol 2019; 10:716. [PMID: 31080447 PMCID: PMC6497762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-associated proteins from Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau RDJ are important components of the live Brazilian vaccine against tuberculosis. They are important targets during initial BCG vaccine stimulation and modulation of the host's immune response, especially in the bacterial-host interaction. These proteins might also be involved in cellular communication, chemical response to the environment, pathogenesis processes through mobility, colonization, and adherence to the host cell, therefore performing multiple functions. In this study, the proteomic profile of the surface-associated proteins from M. bovis BCG Moreau was compared to the BCG Pasteur reference strain. The methodology used was 2DE gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry techniques (MALDI-TOF/TOF), leading to the identification of 115 proteins. Of these, 24 proteins showed differential expression between the two BCG strains. Furthermore, 27 proteins previously described as displaying moonlighting function were identified, 8 of these proteins showed variation in abundance comparing BCG Moreau to Pasteur and 2 of them presented two different domain hits. Moonlighting proteins are multifunctional proteins in which two or more biological functions are fulfilled by a single polypeptide chain. Therefore, the identification of such proteins with moonlighting predicted functions can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms unleashed by live BCG Moreau RDJ vaccine components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Duarte Pagani
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina R Guimarães
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Waghabi
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paloma Rezende Corrêa
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dário Eluan Kalume
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Unidade de Espectrometria de Massas e Proteômica, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Berrêdo-Pinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wim Maurits Degrave
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leila Mendonça-Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Kumar A, Alam A, Grover S, Pandey S, Tripathi D, Kumari M, Rani M, Singh A, Akhter Y, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase-B is involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis biofilm formation and a generic target for drug repurposing-based intervention. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2019; 5:3. [PMID: 30675370 PMCID: PMC6333787 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-018-0075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), takes one human life every 15 s globally. Disease relapse occurs due to incomplete clearance of the pathogen and reactivation of the antibiotic tolerant bacilli. M.tb, like other bacterial pathogens, creates an ecosystem of biofilm formed by several proteins including the cyclophilins. We show that the M.tb cyclophilin peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PpiB), an essential gene, is involved in biofilm formation and tolerance to anti-mycobacterial drugs. We predicted interaction between PpiB and US FDA approved drugs (cyclosporine-A and acarbose) by in-silico docking studies and this was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. While all these drugs inhibited growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis (M.smegmatis) when cultured in vitro, acarbose and cyclosporine-A showed bacteriostatic effect while gallium nanoparticle (GaNP) exhibited bactericidal effect. Cyclosporine-A and GaNP additionally disrupted M.tb H37Rv biofilm formation. Co-culturing M.tb in their presence resulted in significant (2–4 fold) decrease in dosage of anti-tubercular drugs- isoniazid and ethambutol. Comparison of the cyclosporine-A and acarbose binding sites in PpiB homologues of other biofilm forming infectious pathogens revealed that these have largely remained unaltered across bacterial species. Targeting bacterial biofilms could be a generic strategy for intervention against bacterial pathogens. Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading cause of death due to a single infectious agent. New therapeutic options are needed, and repurposing clinically approved drugs to destroy biofilms is an attractive approach, as these microbial communities are often less susceptible to antibiotics. A team lead by Seyed Hasnain at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi identified an enzyme, PpiB, from M. tuberculosis that promoted biofilm formation and showed that PpiB interacts with several drugs that are currently used to treat diabetes, immunological diseases and cancer. These drugs destabilise M. tuberculosis biofilms in culture and enhanced the potency of two current anti-tuberculosis antibiotics. Future work is needed to test these medications against tuberculosis in humans, but given PpiB is found in different bacteria, there may be broader promise of using these repurposed drugs to combat other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- 1JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Present Address: Department of Microbiology, Tripura Central University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura India
| | - Anwar Alam
- 1JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,2Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Lab, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonam Grover
- 1JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Pandey
- 3National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India.,11Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Deeksha Tripathi
- 2Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Lab, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India.,4Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan India
| | - Monika Kumari
- 5Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Rani
- 6Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- 7School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- 8Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- 3National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- 1JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,2Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Lab, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India.,9Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Prof CR Rao Road, Hyderabad, India
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20
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Mycobacteria and their sweet proteins: An overview of protein glycosylation and lipoglycosylation in M. tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:1-13. [PMID: 30948163 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications represent a key aspect of enzyme and protein regulation and function. Post-translational modifications are involved in signaling and response to stress, adaptation to changing environments, regulation of toxic and damaged proteins, proteins localization and host-pathogen interactions. Glycosylation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a post-translational modification often found in conjunction with acylation in mycobacterial proteins. Since the discovery of glycosylated proteins in the early 1980's, important advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of protein glycosylation have been made. The number of known glycosylated substrates in Mtb has grown through the years, yet many questions remain. This review will explore the current knowledge on protein glycosylation in Mtb, causative agent of Tuberculosis and number one infectious killer in the world. The mechanism and significance of this post-translational modification, as well as maturation, export and acylation of glycosylated proteins will be reviewed. We expect to provide the reader with an overall view of protein glycosylation in Mtb, as well as the significance of this post-translational modification to the physiology and host-pathogen interactions of this important pathogen. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD011081 and 10.6019/PXD011081.
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21
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Contrasting Function of Structured N-Terminal and Unstructured C-Terminal Segments of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE37 Protein. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01712-17. [PMID: 29362230 PMCID: PMC5784249 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01712-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens frequently employ eukaryotic linear motif (ELM)-rich intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) to perturb and hijack host cell networks for a productive infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a relatively high percentage of IDPs in its proteome, the significance of which is not known. The Mycobacterium-specific PE-PPE protein family has several members with unusually high levels of structural disorder and disorder-promoting Ala/Gly residues. PPE37 protein, a member of this family, carries an N-terminal PPE domain capable of iron binding, two transmembrane domains, and a disordered C-terminal segment harboring ELMs and a eukaryotic nuclear localization signal (NLS). PPE37, expressed as a function of low iron stress, was cleaved by M. tuberculosis protease into N- and C-terminal segments. A recombinant N-terminal segment (P37N) caused proliferation and differentiation of monocytic THP-1 cells, into CD11c, DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin)-positive semimature dendritic cells exhibiting high interleukin-10 (IL-10) but negligible IL-12 and also low tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion—an environment suitable for maintaining tolerogenic immune cells. The C-terminal segment entered the macrophage nucleus and induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis of host cells. Mice immunized with recombinant PPE37FL and PPE37N evoked strong anti-inflammatory response, validating the in vitro immunostimulatory effect. Analysis of the IgG response of PPE37FL and PPE37N revealed significant immunoreactivities in different categories of TB patients, viz. pulmonary TB (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB), vis-a-vis healthy controls. These results support the role of IDPs in performing contrasting activities to modulate the host processes, possibly through molecular mimicry and cross talk in two spatially distinct host environments which may likely aid M. tuberculosis survival and pathogenesis. To hijack the human host cell machinery to enable survival inside macrophages, the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires a repertoire of proteins that can mimic host protein function and modulate host cell machinery. Here, we have shown how a single protein can play multiple functions and hijack the host cell for the benefit of the pathogen. Full-length membrane-anchored PPE37 protein is cleaved into N- and C-terminal domains under iron-depleted conditions. The N-terminal domain facilitates the propathogen semimature tolerogenic state of dendritic cells, whereas the C-terminal segment is localized into host cell nucleus and induces apoptosis. The immune implications of these in vitro observations were assessed and validated in mice and also human TB patients. This study presents novel mechanistic insight adopted by M. tuberculosis to survive inside host cells.
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Kumar A, Alam A, Tripathi D, Rani M, Khatoon H, Pandey S, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Protein adaptations in extremophiles: An insight into extremophilic connection of mycobacterial proteome. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 84:147-157. [PMID: 29331642 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The biological paradox about how extremophiles persist at extreme ecological conditions throws a fascinating picture of the enormous potential of a single cell to adapt to homeostatic conditions in order to propagate. Unicellular organisms face challenges from both environmental factors and the ecological niche provided by the host tissue. Although the existence of extremophiles and their physiological properties were known for a long time, availability of whole genome sequence has catapulted the study on mechanisms of adaptation and the underlying principles that have enabled these unique organisms to withstand evolutionary and environmental pressures. Comparative genomics has shown that extremophiles possess the unique set of genes and proteins that empower them with biochemical machinery necessary to thrive in extreme environments. The presence of these proteins safeguards the cell against a wide array of extreme conditions such as temperature, pressure, radiations, chemicals, drugs etc. An insight into these adaptive mechanisms in extremophiles may help us to devise strategies to alter the genes and proteins that may have therapeutic potential and commercial value. Here we present an overview of the various adaptations in extremophiles. We also try to explain how mycobacterium channelizes its proteome to survive in stress conditions posed by host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Lab, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Lab, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Deeksha Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mamta Rani
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Hafeeza Khatoon
- Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Lab, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Pandey
- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjang Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjang Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Lab, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India; JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India; Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India.
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Resistant and susceptible chicken lines show distinctive responses to Newcastle disease virus infection in the lung transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:989. [PMID: 29281979 PMCID: PMC5745900 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a threat to poultry production worldwide. A better understanding of mechanisms of resistance and susceptibility to this virus will improve measures for NDV prevention and control. Males and females from resistant Fayoumi and susceptible Leghorn lines were either challenged with a lentogenic strain of the virus or given a mock infection at 3 weeks of age. The lung transcriptomes generated by RNA-seq were studied using contrasts across the challenged and nonchallenged birds, the two lines, and three time points post-infection, and by using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGNCA). Results Genetic line and sex had a large impact on the lung transcriptome. When contrasting the challenged and nonchallenged birds, few differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified within each line at 2, 6, and 10 days post infection (dpi), except for the more resistant Fayoumi line at 10 dpi, for which several pathways were activated and inhibited at this time. The interaction of challenge and line at 10 dpi significantly impacted 131 genes (False Discovery Rate (FDR) <0.05), one of which was PPIB. Many DEG were identified between the Fayoumi and Leghorns. The number of DEG between the two lines in the challenged birds decreased over time, but increased over time in the nonchallenged birds. The nonchallenged Fayoumis at 10 dpi showed enrichment of immune type cells when compared to 2 dpi, suggesting important immune related development at this age. These changes between 10 and 2 dpi were not identified in the challenged Fayoumis. The energy allocated to host defense may have interrupted normal lung development. WGCNA identified important modules and driver genes within those modules that were associated with traits of interest, several of which had no known associated function. Conclusions The lines’ unique response to NDV offers insights into the potential means of their resistance and susceptibility. The lung transcriptome shows a unique response to lentogenic NDV compared to a previous study on the trachea of the same birds. It is important to analyze multiple tissues in order to best understand the chicken’s overall response to NDV challenge and improve strategies to combat this devastating disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4380-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Microbial cyclophilins: specialized functions in virulence and beyond. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:164. [PMID: 28791545 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophilins belong to the superfamily of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases, EC: 5.2.1.8), the enzymes that catalyze the cis/trans isomerization of peptidyl-prolyl peptide bonds in unfolded and partially folded polypeptide chains and native state proteins. Cyclophilins have been extensively studied, since they are involved in multiple cellular processes related to human pathologies, such as neurodegenerative disorders, infectious diseases, and cancer. However, the presence of cyclophilins in all domains of life indicates a broader biological importance. In this mini-review, we summarize current advances in the study of microbial cyclophilins. Apart from their anticipated role in protein folding and chaperoning, cyclophilins are involved in several other biological processes, such as cellular signal transduction, adaptation to stress, control of pathogens virulence, and modulation of host immune response. Since many existing family members do not have well-defined functions and novel ones are being characterized, the requirement for further studies on their biological role and molecular mechanism of action is apparent.
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Kumar A, Rani M, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Commentary: Modification of Host Responses by Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2017; 8:466. [PMID: 28503174 PMCID: PMC5408012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Laboratory, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Rani
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Laboratory, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India.,Jamia Hamdard, Institute of Molecular Medicine, New Delhi, India.,Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
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