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Kandel A, Li L, Wang Y, Tuo W, Xiao Z. Differentiation and Regulation of Bovine Th2 Cells In Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:738. [PMID: 38727273 PMCID: PMC11083891 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine Th2 cells have usually been characterized by IL4 mRNA expression, but it is unclear whether their IL4 protein expression corresponds to transcription. We found that grass-fed healthy beef cattle, which had been regularly exposed to parasites on the grass, had a low frequency of IL4+ Th2 cells during flow cytometry, similar to animals grown in feedlots. To assess the distribution of IL4+ CD4+ T cells across tissues, samples from the blood, spleen, abomasal (draining), and inguinal lymph nodes were examined, which revealed limited IL4 protein detection in the CD4+ T cells across the examined tissues. To determine if bovine CD4+ T cells may develop into Th2 cells, naïve cells were stimulated with anti-bovine CD3 under a Th2 differentiation kit in vitro. The cells produced primarily IFNγ proteins, with only a small fraction (<10%) co-expressing IL4 proteins. Quantitative PCR confirmed elevated IFNγ transcription but no significant change in IL4 transcription. Surprisingly, GATA3, the master regulator of IL4, was highest in naïve CD4+ T cells but was considerably reduced following differentiation. To determine if the differentiated cells were true Th2 cells, an unbiased proteomic assay was carried out. The assay identified 4212 proteins, 422 of which were differently expressed compared to those in naïve cells. Based on these differential proteins, Th2-related upstream components were predicted, including CD3, CD28, IL4, and IL33, demonstrating typical Th2 differentiation. To boost IL4 expression, T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation strength was reduced by lowering anti-CD3 concentrations. Consequently, weak TCR stimulation essentially abolished Th2 expansion and survival. In addition, extra recombinant bovine IL4 (rbIL4) was added during Th2 differentiation, but, despite enhanced expansion, the IL4 level remained unaltered. These findings suggest that, while bovine CD4+ T cells can respond to Th2 differentiation stimuli, the bovine IL4 pathway is not regulated in the same way as in mice and humans. Furthermore, Ostertagia ostertagi (OO) extract, a gastrointestinal nematode in cattle, inhibited signaling via CD3, CD28, IL4, and TLRs/MYD88, indicating that external pathogens can influence bovine Th2 differentiation. In conclusion, though bovine CD4+ T cells can respond to IL4-driven differentiation, IL4 expression is not a defining feature of differentiated bovine Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Kandel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
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Wong MTJ, Anuar NS, Noordin R, Tye GJ. Generation of IgG antibodies against Strongyloides stercoralis in mice via immunization with recombinant antigens A133 and Ss-IR. Acta Trop 2024; 251:107122. [PMID: 38246399 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis, caused by the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis, remains a threat to global public health, and a vaccine would be useful to control the disease, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant proteins, A133 and Ss-IR, as potential vaccine candidates against strongyloidiasis by investigating the humoral and cellular immune responses in immunized mice. Respective antigens were adjuvanted with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (prime) and Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (boost) and administered intraperitoneally (prime) and subcutaneously (boost) to female BALB/c mice. For antigen-only doses, only antigens were injected without adjuvants. Altogether, 1 prime dose, 4 booster doses, and 2 antigen-only doses were administered successively. ELISAs were conducted to assess the antibody responses, along with flow cytometry and cytokine ELISA to elucidate the cellular immune responses. Results showed that A133 and Ss-IR induced the production of IgG1 and IgG2a, with A133 generating more robust IgG2a responses than Ss-IR. Flow cytometry findings indicated that effector CD8+T-cells and memory B-cells activity were upregulated significantly for A133 only, whereas cytokine ELISA demonstrated that a Th1/Th2/Th17 mixed cell responses were triggered upon vaccination with either antigen. This preliminary study illustrated the good potential of recombinant A133 and Ss-IR as vaccine candidates against S. stercoralis. It provided information on the probable immune mechanism involved in host defence and the elicitation of protection against S. stercoralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Tze Jian Wong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Suhada Anuar
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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3
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Bensussen A, Torres-Magallanes JA, Álvarez-Buylla ER, de Álvarez-Buylla ER. Hybrid lineages of CD4 + T cells: a handbook update. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1344078. [PMID: 38312841 PMCID: PMC10834732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1344078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T lymphocytes have been classified into several lineages, according to their gene expression profiles and their effector responses. Interestingly, recent evidence is showing that many lineages could yield hybrid phenotypes with unique properties and functions. It has been reported that such hybrid lineages might underlie pathologies or may function as effector cells with protection capacities against molecular threats. In this work, we reviewed the characteristics of the hybrid lineages reported in the literature, in order to identify the expression profiles that characterize them and the markers that could be used to identify them. We also review the differentiation cues that elicit their hybrid origin and what is known about their physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bensussen
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Torres-Magallanes
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elena Roces de Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
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Breloer M, Linnemann L. Strongyloides ratti infection in mice: immune response and immune modulation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220440. [PMID: 38008111 PMCID: PMC10676808 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides ratti is a natural parasite of wild rats and most laboratory mouse strains are also fully permissive. The infection can be divided into three distinct phases: the tissue migration of the infective third stage larvae during the first two days, the early intestinal establishment of S. ratti parasites molting to adults on days three to six and the later intestinal parasitic phase until the end of infection. Immunocompetent mice terminate the S. ratti infection after one month and are semi-resistant to a second infection. Employing the powerful tools of mouse immunology has facilitated a detailed analysis of the initiation, execution and regulation of the immune response to S. ratti. Here we review the information collected to date on the protective immune response to migrating S. ratti larvae in tissues and to adult parasites in the intestine. We show that depending on the phase of infection, a site-specific portfolio of immune effector mechanisms is required for infection control. In addition, we summarize the strategies employed by S. ratti to evade the immune system and survive long enough in its host to replicate despite an effective immune response. Selected murine studies using the closely related Strongyloides venezuelensis will be discussed. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minka Breloer
- Section of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg 20359, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20156, Germany
| | - Lara Linnemann
- Section of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg 20359, Germany
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5
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Xiong L, Chen Y, Chen L, Hua R, Shen N, Yang G. Enhanced protective immunity against Baylisascaris schroederi infection in mice through a multi-antigen cocktail vaccine approach. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:20. [PMID: 38072876 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08016-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Baylisascaris schroederi is among the most severe intestinal nematodes affecting giant pandas. Developing effective and secure vaccines can be used as a novel strategy for controlling repeated roundworm infection and addressing drug resistance. In our previous study, three recombinant antigens (rBsHP2, rBsGAL, and rBsUP) exhibited promising effects against B. schroederi infection in the mice model. This study extends the findings by formulating four-form cocktail vaccines (GAL+UP, HP2+UP, GAL+HP2, and GAL+HP2+UP) using three B. schroederi recombinant antigens to improve protection in mice further. Additionally, the protective differences after immunizing mice with different doses of cocktail antigens (150 μg, 100 μg, and 50 μg) were analyzed. Administration of rBs(GAL+UP), rBs(HP2+UP), rBs(GAL+HP2), and rBs(GAL+HP2+UP) significantly reduced liver and lung lesions, along with a decrease in L3 larvae by 83.7%, 82.1%, 76.4%, and 75.1%, respectively. These vaccines induced a Th1/Th2 mixed immunity, evidenced by elevated serum antibody levels (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgE, and IgA) and splenocyte cytokines [interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-5, and IL-10]. Furthermore, varying cocktail vaccine dosages did not significantly affect protection. The results confirm that a 50 μg rBs(GAL+UP) dosage holds promise as a better candidate vaccine combination against B. schroederi infection, providing a basis for developing the B. schroederi vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Xiong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanxin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruiqi Hua
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Nengxing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China.
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6
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Hertweck A, Vila de Mucha M, Barber PR, Dagil R, Porter H, Ramos A, Lord GM, Jenner RG. The TH1 cell lineage-determining transcription factor T-bet suppresses TH2 gene expression by redistributing GATA3 away from TH2 genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:4557-4573. [PMID: 35438764 PMCID: PMC9071441 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage-determining transcription factors (LD-TFs) drive the differentiation of progenitor cells into a specific lineage. In CD4+ T cells, T-bet dictates differentiation of the TH1 lineage, whereas GATA3 drives differentiation of the alternative TH2 lineage. However, LD-TFs, including T-bet and GATA3, are frequently co-expressed but how this affects LD-TF function is not known. By expressing T-bet and GATA3 separately or together in mouse T cells, we show that T-bet sequesters GATA3 at its target sites, thereby removing GATA3 from TH2 genes. This redistribution of GATA3 is independent of GATA3 DNA binding activity and is instead mediated by the T-bet DNA binding domain, which interacts with the GATA3 DNA binding domain and changes GATA3's sequence binding preference. This mechanism allows T-bet to drive the TH1 gene expression program in the presence of GATA3. We propose that redistribution of one LD-TF by another may be a common mechanism that could explain how specific cell fate choices can be made even in the presence of other transcription factors driving alternative differentiation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnulf Hertweck
- UCL Cancer Institute and Cancer Research UK UCL Centre, University College London (UCL), London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maria Vila de Mucha
- UCL Cancer Institute and Cancer Research UK UCL Centre, University College London (UCL), London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul R Barber
- UCL Cancer Institute and Cancer Research UK UCL Centre, University College London (UCL), London, WC1E 6BT, UK.,Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Robert Dagil
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6XA, UK
| | - Hayley Porter
- UCL Cancer Institute and Cancer Research UK UCL Centre, University College London (UCL), London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andres Ramos
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6XA, UK
| | - Graham M Lord
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Richard G Jenner
- UCL Cancer Institute and Cancer Research UK UCL Centre, University College London (UCL), London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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7
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Ding M, Smith KD, Wiesner DL, Nielsen JN, Jackson KM, Nielsen K. Use of Clinical Isolates to Establish Criteria for a Mouse Model of Latent Cryptococcus neoformans Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:804059. [PMID: 35186781 PMCID: PMC8847453 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.804059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of latency in the context of C. neoformans infection remain poorly understood. Two reasons for this gap in knowledge are: 1) the lack of standardized criteria for defining latent cryptococcosis in animal models and 2) limited genetic and immunological tools available for studying host parameters against C. neoformans in non-murine models of persistent infection. In this study, we defined criteria required for latency in C. neoformans infection models and used these criteria to develop a murine model of persistent C. neoformans infection using clinical isolates. We analyzed infections with two clinical C. neoformans strains, UgCl223 and UgCl552, isolated from advanced HIV patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Our data show that the majority of C57BL/6 mice infected with the clinical C. neoformans isolates had persistent, stable infections with low fungal burden, survived beyond 90 days-post infection, exhibited weight gain, had no clinical signs of disease, and had yeast cells contained within pulmonary granulomas with no generalized alveolar inflammation. Infected mice exhibited stable relative frequencies of pulmonary immune cells during the course of the infection. Upon CD4+ T-cell depletion, the CD4DTR mice had significantly increased lung and brain fungal burden that resulted in lethal infection, indicating that CD4+ T-cells are important for control of the pulmonary infection and to prevent dissemination. Cells expressing the Tbet transcription factor were the predominant activated CD4 T-cell subset in the lungs during the latent infection. These Tbet-expressing T-cells had decreased IFNγ production, which may have implications in the capacity of the cells to orchestrate the pulmonary immune response. Altogether, these results indicate that clinical C. neoformans isolates can establish a persistent controlled infection that meets most criteria for latency; highlighting the utility of this new mouse model system for studies of host immune responses that control C. neoformans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kyle D. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Darin L. Wiesner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Judith N. Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Katrina M. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kirsten Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Douglas B, Wei Y, Li X, Ferguson A, Hung LY, Pastore C, Kurtz JR, McLachlan JB, Nolan TJ, Lok J, Herbert DR. Transgenic expression of a T cell epitope in Strongyloides ratti reveals that helminth-specific CD4+ T cells constitute both Th2 and Treg populations. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009709. [PMID: 34237106 PMCID: PMC8291758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminths are distinct from microbial pathogens in both size and complexity, and are the likely evolutionary driving force for type 2 immunity. CD4+ helper T cells can both coordinate worm clearance and prevent immunopathology, but issues of T cell antigen specificity in the context of helminth-induced Th2 and T regulatory cell (Treg) responses have not been addressed. Herein, we generated a novel transgenic line of the gastrointestinal nematode Strongyloides ratti expressing the immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitope 2W1S as a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and FLAG peptide in order to track and study helminth-specific CD4+ T cells. C57BL/6 mice infected with this stable transgenic line (termed Hulk) underwent a dose-dependent expansion of activated CD44hiCD11ahi 2W1S-specific CD4+ T cells, preferentially in the lung parenchyma. Transcriptional profiling of 2W1S-specific CD4+ T cells isolated from mice infected with either Hulk or the enteric bacterial pathogen Salmonella expressing 2W1S revealed that pathogen context exerted a dominant influence over CD4+ T cell phenotype. Interestingly, Hulk-elicited 2W1S-specific CD4+ T cells exhibited both Th2 and Treg phenotypes and expressed high levels of the EGFR ligand amphiregulin, which differed greatly from the phenotype of 2W1S-specific CD4+ T cells elicited by 2W1S-expressing Salmonella. While immunization with 2W1S peptide did not enhance clearance of Hulk infection, immunization did increase total amphiregulin production as well as the number of amphiregulin-expressing CD3+ cells in the lung following Hulk infection. Altogether, this new model system elucidates effector as well as immunosuppressive and wound reparative roles of helminth-specific CD4+ T cells. This report establishes a new resource for studying the nature and function of helminth-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Douglas
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yun Wei
- Department of Oncology and Inflammation, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xinshe Li
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Annabel Ferguson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Li-Yin Hung
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher Pastore
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R Kurtz
- Flagship Labs 72, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James B. McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James Lok
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - De’Broski R. Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Couto BPD, Corrêa LQ, de Sousa JEN, Goulart de Carvalho EF, Gonzaga HT, Costa-Cruz JM. Parasitological and immunological aspects of oral and subcutaneous prednisolone treatment in rats experimentally infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105349. [PMID: 31958413 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides venezuelensis is a model to study human strongyloidiasis, which infects wild rodents and shares common antigenic epitopes with Strongyloides stercoralis. This study aimed to evaluate parasitological and immunological parameters of prednisolone immunosuppression protocols in rats (Rattus novergicus) infected with S. venezuelensis. Rats were divided into six groups (n = 36): untreated and uninfected (-) or infected (+); oral treatment and uninfected (o-) or infected (o+); subcutaneous treatment and uninfected (sc-) or infected (sc+). For oral immunosuppression, 5 mg/mL of water diluted prednisolone were given five days before infection, and in the days 8 and 21 (for 5 days). For subcutaneous immunosuppression, 10 mg/kg of prednisolone were given daily. The infection was established by the subcutaneous injection of approximately 3,000 S. venezuelensis filarioid larvae per animal. All animals from the (+) and (o+) groups survived, while four rats from the (sc+) died prior to necropsy date. Parasitological analysis showed higher egg elimination in (o+) in comparison to (+) and (sc+) on 7, 13 and 26 days post infection (d.p.i.).The recovery of parasitic females at day 30 was significantly higher in (o+), compared to (+). The (+) and (o+) groups showed a clear increase in anti-S. venezuelensis IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 from 13th d.p.i. Oral immunosuppression led to a higher number of adult females and increased egg output while maintaining IgG and subclasses antibody levels comparable to the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Patricia do Couto
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Parasitoses, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, bloco 4C, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Luísa Queiroz Corrêa
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Parasitoses, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, bloco 4C, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - José Eduardo Neto de Sousa
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Parasitoses, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, bloco 4C, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Edson Fernando Goulart de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Parasitoses, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, bloco 4C, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Henrique Tomaz Gonzaga
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Parasitoses, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, bloco 4C, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Julia Maria Costa-Cruz
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Parasitoses, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, bloco 4C, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
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10
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Enciso J, Pelayo R, Villarreal C. From Discrete to Continuous Modeling of Lymphocyte Development and Plasticity in Chronic Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1927. [PMID: 31481957 PMCID: PMC6710364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular events leading to differentiation, development, and plasticity of lymphoid cells have been subject of intense research due to their key roles in multiple pathologies, such as lymphoproliferative disorders, tumor growth maintenance and chronic diseases. The emergent roles of lymphoid cells and the use of high-throughput technologies have led to an extensive accumulation of experimental data allowing the reconstruction of gene regulatory networks (GRN) by integrating biochemical signals provided by the microenvironment with transcriptional modules of lineage-specific genes. Computational modeling of GRN has been useful for the identification of molecular switches involved in lymphoid specification, prediction of microenvironment-dependent cell plasticity, and analyses of signaling events occurring downstream the activation of antigen recognition receptors. Among most common modeling strategies to analyze the dynamical behavior of GRN, discrete dynamic models are widely used for their capacity to capture molecular interactions when a limited knowledge of kinetic parameters is present. However, they are less powerful when modeling complex systems sensitive to biochemical gradients. To compensate it, discrete models may be transformed into regulatory networks that includes state variables and parameters varying within a continuous range. This approach is based on a system of differential equations dynamics with regulatory interactions described by fuzzy logic propositions. Here, we discuss the applicability of this method on modeling of development and plasticity processes of adaptive lymphocytes, and its potential implications in the study of pathological landscapes associated to chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Enciso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosana Pelayo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Villarreal
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Física Cuántica y Fotónica, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Rausch S, Midha A, Kuhring M, Affinass N, Radonic A, Kühl AA, Bleich A, Renard BY, Hartmann S. Parasitic Nematodes Exert Antimicrobial Activity and Benefit From Microbiota-Driven Support for Host Immune Regulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2282. [PMID: 30349532 PMCID: PMC6186814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic nematodes live in intimate contact with the host microbiota. Changes in the microbiome composition during nematode infection affect immune control of the parasites and shifts in the abundance of bacterial groups have been linked to the immunoregulatory potential of nematodes. Here we asked if the small intestinal parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus produces factors with antimicrobial activity, senses its microbial environment and if the anti-nematode immune and regulatory responses are altered in mice devoid of gut microbes. We found that H. polygyrus excretory/secretory products exhibited antimicrobial activity against gram+/− bacteria. Parasites from germ-free mice displayed alterations in gene expression, comprising factors with putative antimicrobial functions such as chitinase and lysozyme. Infected germ-free mice developed increased small intestinal Th2 responses coinciding with a reduction in local Foxp3+RORγt+ regulatory T cells and decreased parasite fecundity. Our data suggest that nematodes sense their microbial surrounding and have evolved factors that limit the outgrowth of certain microbes. Moreover, the parasites benefit from microbiota-driven immune regulatory circuits, as an increased ratio of intestinal Th2 effector to regulatory T cells coincides with reduced parasite fitness in germ-free mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rausch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ankur Midha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Kuhring
- Bioinformatics Unit (MF 1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Metabolomics Platform, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Affinass
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Radonic
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Genome Sequencing Unit (MF 2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- iPATH.Berlin, Core Unit for Immunopathology for Experimental Models, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Affinass N, Zhang H, Löhning M, Hartmann S, Rausch S. Manipulation of the balance between Th2 and Th2/1 hybrid cells affects parasite nematode fitness in mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1958-1964. [PMID: 30267404 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T-helper type 2 (Th2) responses are central to the control of helminth infections, but sensitive to opposing cytokine signals favoring Th1 priming. We previously reported on GATA-3+ T-bet+ Th2/1 hybrid cell differentiation in helminth mono-infections, resulting in a substantial proportion of cells coproducing IFN-γ next to Th2 cytokines. Here, we demonstrate Th2/1 cells as the major source of parasite-specific IFN-γ production in acute and chronic infections with the enteric nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Th2/1 cells differentiated from naive precursors and accumulated in spleen and intestine of infected mice, resulting in increased systemic and mucosal IFN-γ production. IFN-γ supplementation early during infection supported Th2/1 differentiation, associated with elevated parasite fecundity and the maintenance of high worm burdens in the chronic stage of infection, whereas mice lacking IFN-γ signals generated poor Th2/1 responses and restricted parasite fecundity more efficiently. These findings suggest that Th2/1 hybrid responses take part in immune regulation during helminth infection and restrain effective anti-helminth immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Affinass
- Institute of Immunology, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Löhning
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rausch
- Institute of Immunology, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Puniya BL, Todd RG, Mohammed A, Brown DM, Barberis M, Helikar T. A Mechanistic Computational Model Reveals That Plasticity of CD4 + T Cell Differentiation Is a Function of Cytokine Composition and Dosage. Front Physiol 2018; 9:878. [PMID: 30116195 PMCID: PMC6083813 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells provide cell-mediated immunity in response to various antigens. During an immune response, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into specialized effector T helper (Th1, Th2, and Th17) cells and induced regulatory (iTreg) cells based on a cytokine milieu. In recent studies, complex phenotypes resembling more than one classical T cell lineage have been experimentally observed. Herein, we sought to characterize the capacity of T cell differentiation in response to the complex extracellular environment. We constructed a comprehensive mechanistic (logical) computational model of the signal transduction that regulates T cell differentiation. The model's dynamics were characterized and analyzed under 511 different environmental conditions. Under these conditions, the model predicted the classical as well as the novel complex (mixed) T cell phenotypes that can co-express transcription factors (TFs) related to multiple differentiated T cell lineages. Analyses of the model suggest that the lineage decision is regulated by both compositions and dosage of signals that constitute the extracellular environment. In this regard, we first characterized the specific patterns of extracellular environments that result in novel T cell phenotypes. Next, we predicted the inputs that can regulate the transition between the canonical and complex T cell phenotypes in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we predicted the optimal levels of inputs that can simultaneously maximize the activity of multiple lineage-specifying TFs and that can drive a phenotype toward one of the co-expressed TFs. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into the plasticity of CD4+ T cell differentiation, and also acts as a tool to design testable hypotheses for the generation of complex T cell phenotypes by various input combinations and dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanwar Lal Puniya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Robert G Todd
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Mount Mercy University, Cedar Rapids, IA, United States
| | - Akram Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Deborah M Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Matteo Barberis
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Molecular Cell Physiology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tomáš Helikar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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