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Queiroz MAF, de Oliveira AQT, Moura TCF, Brito WRDS, Santana EGM, de Lima LLP, Lopes FT, Bichara CDA, Amoras EDSG, Ishak R, Vallinoto IMVC, Vallinoto ACR. The Expression Levels of TREX1 and IFN-α Are Associated with Immune Reconstitution in HIV-1-Infected Individuals. Viruses 2024; 16:499. [PMID: 38675842 PMCID: PMC11054413 DOI: 10.3390/v16040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
TREX1 acts in the initial prevention of an autoimmune response, but it may contribute to the permissiveness of retrovirus infections. This study investigated the association between the levels of TREX1 gene expression with the polymorphisms TREX1 rs3135941 (T/C) and TREX1 rs3135945 (G/A), and the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve individuals and after 1 year of treatment. Blood samples from 119 individuals with HIV-1 were subjected to genotyping of polymorphisms and quantification of TREX1 gene expression and HIV-1 viral load by qPCR. The concentration of IFN-α and the number of CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes were determined by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively; ANA was investigated by immunofluorescence. A control group of 167 seronegative individuals was used for the comparison of genotypic frequencies. The frequency of the polymorphisms were not associated with HIV infection or with variations in the expression of TREX1 and IFN-α (p > 0.05). ART-naïve individuals exhibited higher TREX1 expression and lower IFN-α expression. After 1 year of ART, TREX1 levels were reduced, while IFN-α and CD4+ T lymphocytes were elevated (p < 0.05). Some individuals on ART presented ANA. These results suggest that ART-mediated restoration of immune competence is associated with a reduction in TREX1 expression, which may induce the development of ANA, regardless of the polymorphism investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Allysson Quintino Tenório de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Tuane Carolina Ferreira Moura
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Wandrey Roberto dos Santos Brito
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Emmanuelle Giuliana Mendes Santana
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Lorena Leticia Peixoto de Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Felipe Teixeira Lopes
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos David Araújo Bichara
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Ednelza da Silva Graça Amoras
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
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Mashkani B, Jalili Nik M, Rezaee SA, Boostani R. Advances in the treatment of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I associated myelopathy. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:1233-1248. [PMID: 37933802 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2272639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nearly 2-3% of those 10 to 20 million individuals infected with the Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1); are predisposed to developing HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It is a neuro-inflammatory disease; differentiated from multiple sclerosis based on the presence of typical neurologic symptoms, confirmation of HTLV-1 infection, and other molecular biomarkers. AREAS COVERED A brief review of the epidemiology, host immune responses, and molecular pathogenesis of HAM/TSP is followed by detailed discussions about the host-related risk factors for developing HAM/TSP and success/failure stories of the attempted management strategies. EXPERT OPINION Currently, there is no effective treatment for HAM/TSP. Anti-retroviral therapy, peculiar cytokines (IFN-α), some anti-oxidants, and allograft bone marrow transplantation have been used for treating these patients with limited success. Under current conditions, asymptomatic carriers should be examined periodically by a neurologist for early signs of spinal cord injury. Then it is crucial to determine the progress rate to adapt the best management plan for each patient. Corticosteroid therapy is most beneficial in those with acute myelitis. However, slow-progressing patients are best managed using a combination of symptomatic and physical therapy. Additionally, preventive measures should be taken to decrease further spread of HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baratali Mashkani
- Department of clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalili Nik
- Department of clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases division, Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- Department of Neurology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Association of the p75NTR Ser205Leu Polymorphism with Asymptomatic HTLV-1 Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061175. [PMID: 35746645 PMCID: PMC9230641 DOI: 10.3390/v14061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations in components of the immune response seem to be an important factor that contributes to the manifestation of symptoms of some diseases related to HTLV-1 infection. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) are related to the maintenance of neurons and the activation of the immune response. In this study, we evaluated the association of the NGF -198C/T, NGF Ala35Val, and p75NTR Ser205Leu polymorphisms with HTLV-1 infection and plasma cytokine levels in 166 samples from individuals infected with HTLV-1 (59 symptomatic and 107 asymptomatic). The genotyping and quantification of the proviral load were performed by real-time PCR, and cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. The NGF -198C/T and NGF Ala35Val polymorphisms were not associated with HTLV-1 infection. The frequency of the Ser/Leu genotype of p75NTR Ser205Leu was more frequent in the control group (p = 0.0385), and the Ser/Leu genotype and allele Leu were more frequent among the asymptomatic (p < 0.05), especially with respect to the HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) group (p < 0.05). The symptomatic showed a higher proviral load and higher TNF-α and IL-10 levels (p < 0.05). Asymptomatic carriers of the Ser/Leu genotype (p = 0.0797) had lower levels of proviral load and higher levels of TNF-α (p = 0.0507). Based on the results obtained, we conclude that the p75NTR Ser205Leu polymorphism may be associated with reduced susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection, a lower risk of developing symptoms, including HAM, and better infection control.
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Forlani G, Shallak M, Accolla RS, Romanelli MG. HTLV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis: New Insights from Cellular and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158001. [PMID: 34360767 PMCID: PMC8347336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), cellular and animal models have provided invaluable contributions in the knowledge of viral infection, transmission and progression of HTLV-associated diseases. HTLV-1 is the causative agent of the aggressive adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and inflammatory diseases such as the HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Cell models contribute to defining the role of HTLV proteins, as well as the mechanisms of cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. Otherwise, selected and engineered animal models are currently applied to recapitulate in vivo the HTLV-1 associated pathogenesis and to verify the effectiveness of viral therapy and host immune response. Here we review the current cell models for studying virus–host interaction, cellular restriction factors and cell pathway deregulation mediated by HTLV products. We recapitulate the most effective animal models applied to investigate the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated diseases such as transgenic and humanized mice, rabbit and monkey models. Finally, we summarize the studies on STLV and BLV, two closely related HTLV-1 viruses in animals. The most recent anticancer and HAM/TSP therapies are also discussed in view of the most reliable experimental models that may accelerate the translation from the experimental findings to effective therapies in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Forlani
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Mariam Shallak
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Roberto Sergio Accolla
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Brites C, Grassi MF, Quaresma JAS, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Pathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection and progression biomarkers: An overview. Braz J Infect Dis 2021; 25:101594. [PMID: 34256025 PMCID: PMC9392164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) occurs in lymphocytes, which travel throughout the body, thus affecting several target organs and causing varied clinical outcomes, particularly in populations that are underserved and do not have access to healthcare. However, the mechanism of pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. The TAX and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) proteins maintain viral persistence and affect pathogenesis through cell proliferation and immune and inflammatory responses that accompany each clinical manifestation. TAX expression leads to inhibition of transcription error control, OX40 overexpression, and cell proliferation in adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). OX40 levels are elevated in the central nervous system (CNS), and the expression of TAX in the CNS causes neuronal damage and loss of immune reactivity among patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM). HBZ reduces viral replication and suppresses the immune response. Its cell compartmentalization has been associated with the pathogenesis of HAM (cytoplasmic localization) and ATL (nuclear localization). TAX and HBZ seem to act antagonistically in immune responses, affecting the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection. The progression from HTLV-1 infection to disease is a consequence of HTLV-1 replication in CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes and the imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The compartmentalization of HBZ suggests that this protein may be an additional tool for assessing immune and inflammatory responses, in addition to those already recognized as potential biomarkers associated with progression from infection to disease (including human leukocyte antigen (HLA), killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-28, Fas, Fas ligand, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and mannose-binding lectin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Brites
- Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Machado LFA, Fonseca RRDS, Queiroz MAF, Oliveira-Filho AB, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. The Epidemiological Impact of STIs among General and Vulnerable Populations of the Amazon Region of Brazil: 30 years of Surveillance. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050855. [PMID: 34067165 PMCID: PMC8151421 DOI: 10.3390/v13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a worldwide public health problem and, although many of them are curable, they continue to be neglected, especially in areas with a low human development index, such as in the northern region of Brazil. This review describes the results of 30 years of studies at the Virus Laboratory at the Federal University of Pará, including the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, HTLV-1/2, HPV, HBV, Treponema pallidum and Chlamydia trachomatis among urban and non-urban populations, and also in vulnerable groups in the Brazilian Amazon. Control strategies and challenges in preventing STIs are discussed considering this immense geographic region, where essential health services are unable to reach the entire population, especially the most vulnerable, such as female sex workers, people who use illicit drugs, remnants of quilombolos and indigenous communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Roberto de Souza Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68.600-000, Brazil;
| | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres-Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
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