1
|
Yu J, Yan N, Gong Z, Ma Q, Liu J, Wu X, Deng G. Mycobacterium manipulate glutaminase 1 mediated glutaminolysis to regulate macrophage autophagy for bacteria intracellular survival. Cell Signal 2024; 124:111422. [PMID: 39307377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a vital role in eliminating intracellular mycobacterium. It is regulated by multiple metabolic processes including glutaminolysis. Glutaminase 1 (GLS1) is the rate-limiting enzyme of glutaminolysis and has been reported to control intracellular Gln content. However, its function on regulating autophagy in mycobacterium infected macrophage is still obscure. Hence, the current study hired mycobacterium virulent strain H37Rv or attenuated strain BCG to infect macrophage and detected the changes in cell glutaminolysis. The function of GLS1 on regulating autophagy in mycobacterium infected macrophages was further investigated. The results showed that BCG infection promoted macrophage autophagy, enhanced glutaminolysis, reduced intracellular Gln content, accompanied with the up-regulation of GLS1. Conversely, H37Rv infection resulted in completely opposite effects. Meanwhile, knockdown of GLS1 increased Gln content and attenuated autophagy in BCG infected macrophages. In addition, the deprivation of Gln not only promoted the autophagy of H37Rv infected macrophages, but also abolished the effect of knockdown GLS1 on regulating BCG infection-induced mTOR activation or autophagy. To sum up, our study suggested that different virulent strains of mycobacterium infection have totally opposite effects on glutaminolysis and the expression of GLS1. Specifically, mycobacterium virulent strain reduced GLS1 expression and decreased Gln content but mycobacterium attenuated strain promoted GLS1 expression and enhanced Gln content. Furthermore, GLS1 inhibits the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway and promotes autophagy by decreasing Gln content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Yu
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia, 750021, China; Key lab of ministry of education for protection and utilization of special biological resources in western China, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia, 750021, China
| | - Na Yan
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia, 750021, China; Key lab of ministry of education for protection and utilization of special biological resources in western China, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia, 750021, China
| | - Zhaoqian Gong
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia, 750021, China; Key lab of ministry of education for protection and utilization of special biological resources in western China, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia, 750021, China
| | - Qinmei Ma
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia, 750021, China; Key lab of ministry of education for protection and utilization of special biological resources in western China, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia, 750021, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Niangxia, 750021, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia, 750021, China; Key lab of ministry of education for protection and utilization of special biological resources in western China, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia, 750021, China.
| | - Guangcun Deng
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia, 750021, China; Key lab of ministry of education for protection and utilization of special biological resources in western China, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia, 750021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mittal E, Prasad GVRK, Upadhyay S, Sadadiwala J, Olive AJ, Yang G, Sassetti CM, Philips JA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence lipid PDIM inhibits autophagy in mice. Nat Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41564-024-01797-5. [PMID: 39242815 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01797-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects several lung macrophage populations, which have distinct abilities to restrict Mtb. What enables Mtb survival in certain macrophage populations is not well understood. Here we used transposon sequencing analysis of Mtb in wild-type and autophagy-deficient mouse macrophages lacking ATG5 or ATG7, and found that Mtb genes involved in phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) virulence lipid synthesis confer resistance to autophagy. Using ppsD mutant Mtb, we found that PDIM inhibits LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) by inhibiting phagosome recruitment of NADPH oxidase. In mice, PDIM protected Mtb from LAP and classical autophagy. During acute infection, PDIM was dispensable for Mtb survival in alveolar macrophages but required for survival in non-alveolar macrophages in an autophagy-dependent manner. During chronic infection, autophagy-deficient mice succumbed to infection with PDIM-deficient Mtb, with impairments in B-cell accumulation in lymphoid follicles. These findings demonstrate that PDIM contributes to Mtb virulence and immune evasion, revealing a contributory role for autophagy in B-cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekansh Mittal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - G V R Krishna Prasad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sandeep Upadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jully Sadadiwala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew J Olive
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Guozhe Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christopher M Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Medikonda J, Wankar N, Asalla S, Raja SO, Yandrapally S, Jindal H, Agarwal A, Pant C, Kalivendi SV, Kumar Dubey H, Mohareer K, Gulyani A, Banerjee S. Rv0547c, a functional oxidoreductase, supports Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence by reprogramming host mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism. Mitochondrion 2024; 78:101931. [PMID: 38986924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) successfully thrives in the host by adjusting its metabolism and manipulating the host environment. In this study, we investigated the role of Rv0547c, a protein that carries mitochondria-targeting sequence (MTS), in mycobacterial persistence. We show that Rv0547c is a functional oxidoreductase that targets host-cell mitochondria. Interestingly, the localization of Rv0547c to mitochondria was independent of the predicted MTS but depended on specific arginine residues at the N- and C-terminals. As compared to the mitochondria-localization defective mutant, Rv0547c-2SDM, wild-type Rv0547c increased mitochondrial membrane fluidity and spare respiratory capacity. To comprehend the possible reason, comparative lipidomics was performed that revealed a reduced variability of long-chain and very long-chain fatty acids as well as altered levels of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol class of lipids upon expression of Rv0547c, explaining the increased membrane fluidity. Additionally, the over representation of propionate metabolism and β-oxidation intermediates in Rv0547c-targeted mitochondrial fractions indicated altered fatty acid metabolism, which corroborated with changes in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) upon etomoxir treatment in HEK293T cells transiently expressing Rv0547c, resulting in enhanced mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation capacity. Furthermore, Mycobacterium smegmatis over expressing Rv0547c showed increased persistence during infection of THP-1 macrophages, which correlated with its increased expression in Mtb during oxidative and nutrient starvation stresses. This study identified for the first time an Mtb protein that alters mitochondrial metabolism and aids in survival in host macrophages by altering fatty acid metabolism to its benefit and, at the same time increases mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity to mitigate infection stresses and maintain cell viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayashankar Medikonda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Nandini Wankar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Suman Asalla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Sufi O Raja
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Sriram Yandrapally
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Haneesh Jindal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Anushka Agarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Chitrakshi Pant
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India 500007
| | - Shasi V Kalivendi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India 500007
| | - Harish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Krishnaveni Mohareer
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Akash Gulyani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xander C, Rajagopalan S, Jacobs WR, Braunstein M. The SapM phosphatase can arrest phagosome maturation in an ESX-1 independent manner in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and BCG. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0021724. [PMID: 38884474 PMCID: PMC11238552 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00217-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an intracellular pathogen that survives and grows in macrophages. A mechanism used by Mtb to achieve intracellular survival is to secrete effector molecules that arrest the normal process of phagosome maturation. Through phagosome maturation arrest (PMA), Mtb remains in an early phagosome and avoids delivery to degradative phagolysosomes. One PMA effector of Mtb is the secreted SapM phosphatase. Because the host target of SapM, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P), is located on the cytosolic face of the phagosome, SapM needs to not only be released by the mycobacteria but also travel out of the phagosome to carry out its function. To date, the only mechanism known for Mtb molecules to leave the phagosome is phagosome permeabilization by the ESX-1 secretion system. To understand this step of SapM function in PMA, we generated identical in-frame sapM mutants in both the attenuated Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine strain, which lacks the ESX-1 system, and Mtb. Characterization of these mutants demonstrated that SapM is required for PMA in BCG and Mtb. Further, by establishing a role for SapM in PMA in BCG, and subsequently in a Mtb mutant lacking the ESX-1 system, we demonstrated that the role of SapM does not require ESX-1. We further determined that ESX-2 or ESX-4 is also not required for SapM to function in PMA. These results indicate that SapM is a secreted effector of PMA in both BCG and Mtb, and that it can function independent of the known mechanism for Mtb molecules to leave the phagosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Xander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Saranathan Rajagopalan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Miriam Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jones BS, Pareek V, Hu DD, Weaver SD, Syska C, Galfano G, Champion MM, Champion PA. N - acetyl-transferases required for iron uptake and aminoglycoside resistance promote virulence lipid production in M. marinum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.05.602253. [PMID: 39005365 PMCID: PMC11245092 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.05.602253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Phagosomal lysis is a key aspect of mycobacterial infection of host macrophages. Acetylation is a protein modification mediated enzymatically by N-acetyltransferases (NATs) that impacts bacterial pathogenesis and physiology. To identify NATs required for lytic activity, we leveraged Mycobacterium marinum, a nontubercular pathogen and an established model for M. tuberculosis. M. marinum hemolysis is a proxy for phagolytic activity. We generated M. marinum strains with deletions in conserved NAT genes and screened for hemolytic activity. Several conserved lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) contributed to hemolysis. Hemolysis is mediated by the ESX-1 secretion system and by phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM), a virulence lipid. For several strains, the hemolytic activity was restored by the addition of second copy of the ESX-1 locus. Using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), we found a single NAT required for PDIM and phenolic glycolipid (PGL) production. MbtK is a conserved KAT required for mycobactin siderophore synthesis and virulence. Mycobactin J exogenously complemented PDIM/PGL production in the Δ mbtK strain. The Δ mbtK M. marinum strain was attenuated in macrophage and Galleria mellonella infection models. Constitutive expression of either eis or papA5, which encode a KAT required for aminoglycoside resistance and a PDIM/PGL biosynthetic enzyme, rescued PDIM/PGL production and virulence of the Δ mbtK strain. Eis N-terminally acetylated PapA5 in vitro , supporting a mechanism for restored lipid production. Overall, our study establishes connections between the MbtK and Eis NATs, and between iron uptake and PDIM and PGL synthesis in M. marinum . Our findings underscore the multifunctional nature of mycobacterial NATs and their connection to key virulence pathways. Significance Statement Acetylation is a modification of protein N-termini, lysine residues, antibiotics and lipids. Many of the enzymes that promote acetylation belong to the GNAT family of proteins. M. marinum is a well-established as a model to understand how M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis. In this study we sought to identify conserved GNAT proteins required for early stages of mycobacterial infection. Using M. marinum, we determined that several GNAT proteins are required for the lytic activity of M. marinum. We uncovered previously unknown connections between acetyl-transferases required for iron uptake and antimicrobial resistance, and the production of the unique mycobacterial lipids, PDIM and PGLOur data support that acetyl-transferases from the GNAT family are interconnected, and have activities beyond those previously reported.
Collapse
|
6
|
Guallar-Garrido S, Soldati T. Exploring host-pathogen interactions in the Dictyostelium discoideum-Mycobacterium marinum infection model of tuberculosis. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050698. [PMID: 39037280 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic mycobacterium that causes tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a significant global health concern that poses numerous clinical challenges, particularly in terms of finding effective treatments for patients. Throughout evolution, host immune cells have developed cell-autonomous defence strategies to restrain and eliminate mycobacteria. Concurrently, mycobacteria have evolved an array of virulence factors to counteract these host defences, resulting in a dynamic interaction between host and pathogen. Here, we review recent findings, including those arising from the use of the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum as a model to investigate key mycobacterial infection pathways. D. discoideum serves as a scalable and genetically tractable model for human phagocytes, providing valuable insights into the intricate mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions. We also highlight certain similarities between M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum, and the use of M. marinum to more safely investigate mycobacteria in D. discoideum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Guallar-Garrido
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, Science II, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, Science II, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Veerapandian R, Gadad SS, Jagannath C, Dhandayuthapani S. Live Attenuated Vaccines against Tuberculosis: Targeting the Disruption of Genes Encoding the Secretory Proteins of Mycobacteria. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:530. [PMID: 38793781 PMCID: PMC11126151 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic infectious disease affecting humans, causes over 1.3 million deaths per year throughout the world. The current preventive vaccine BCG provides protection against childhood TB, but it fails to protect against pulmonary TB. Multiple candidates have been evaluated to either replace or boost the efficacy of the BCG vaccine, including subunit protein, DNA, virus vector-based vaccines, etc., most of which provide only short-term immunity. Several live attenuated vaccines derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and BCG have also been developed to induce long-term immunity. Since Mtb mediates its virulence through multiple secreted proteins, these proteins have been targeted to produce attenuated but immunogenic vaccines. In this review, we discuss the characteristics and prospects of live attenuated vaccines generated by targeting the disruption of the genes encoding secretory mycobacterial proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Veerapandian
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Shrikanth S. Gadad
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Datta D, Jamwal S, Jyoti N, Patnaik S, Kumar D. Actionable mechanisms of drug tolerance and resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38676952 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across bacterial pathogens presents a serious threat to global health. This threat is further exacerbated in tuberculosis (TB), mainly due to a protracted treatment regimen involving a combination of drugs. A diversity of factors contributes to the emergence of drug resistance in TB, which is caused by the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). While the traditional genetic mutation-driven drug resistance mechanisms operate in Mtb, there are also several additional unique features of drug resistance in this pathogen. Research in the past decade has enriched our understanding of such unconventional factors as efflux pumps, bacterial heterogeneity, metabolic states, and host microenvironment. Given that the discovery of new antibiotics is outpaced by the emergence of drug resistance patterns displayed by the pathogen, newer strategies for combating drug resistance are desperately needed. In the context of TB, such approaches include targeting the efflux capability of the pathogen, modulating the host environment to prevent bacterial drug tolerance, and activating the host anti-mycobacterial pathways. In this review, we discuss the traditional mechanisms of drug resistance in Mtb, newer understandings and the shaping of a set of unconventional approaches to target both the emergence and treatment of drug resistance in TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipanwita Datta
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shaina Jamwal
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishant Jyoti
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Srinivas Patnaik
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rahlwes KC, Dias BR, Campos PC, Alvarez-Arguedas S, Shiloh MU. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Virulence 2023; 14:2150449. [PMID: 36419223 PMCID: PMC9817126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an infectious disease with one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Leveraging its highly evolved repertoire of non-protein and protein virulence factors, Mtb invades through the airway, subverts host immunity, establishes its survival niche, and ultimately escapes in the setting of active disease to initiate another round of infection in a naive host. In this review, we will provide a concise synopsis of the infectious life cycle of Mtb and its clinical and epidemiologic significance. We will also take stock of its virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms that modulate host immunity and facilitate its spread. Developing a greater understanding of the interface between Mtb virulence factors and host defences will enable progress toward improved vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Rahlwes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beatriz R.S. Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Priscila C. Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Arguedas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael U. Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,CONTACT Michael U. Shiloh
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang N, Yao Y, Qian Y, Qiu D, Cao H, Xiang H, Wang J. Cargoes of exosomes function as potential biomarkers for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254347. [PMID: 37928531 PMCID: PMC10622749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes as double-membrane vesicles contain various contents of lipids, proteins, mRNAs and non-coding RNAs, and involve in multiple physiological processes, for instance intercellular communication and immunomodulation. Currently, numerous studies found that the components of exosomal proteins, nucleic acids or lipids released from host cells are altered following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Exosomal contents provide excellent biomarkers for the auxiliary diagnosis, efficacy evaluation, and prognosis of tuberculosis. This study aimed to review the current literatures detailing the functions of exosomes in the procedure of M. tuberculosis infection, and determine the potential values of exosomes as biomarkers to assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongliang Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingfen Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Fourth People’s Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dewen Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital Maternal and Child Heath Hospital of Nanchang College, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Food and Nutrition Safety, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huayuan Xiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Taya T, Teruyama F, Gojo S. Host-directed therapy for bacterial infections -Modulation of the phagolysosome pathway. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227467. [PMID: 37841276 PMCID: PMC10570837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections still impose a significant burden on humanity, even though antimicrobial agents have long since been developed. In addition to individual severe infections, the f fatality rate of sepsis remains high, and the threat of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria grows with time, putting us at inferiority. Although tremendous resources have been devoted to the development of antimicrobial agents, we have yet to recover from the lost ground we have been driven into. Looking back at the evolution of treatment for cancer, which, like infectious diseases, has the similarity that host immunity eliminates the lesion, the development of drugs to eliminate the tumor itself has shifted from a single-minded focus on drug development to the establishment of a treatment strategy in which the de-suppression of host immunity is another pillar of treatment. In infectious diseases, on the other hand, the development of therapies that strengthen and support the immune system has only just begun. Among innate immunity, the first line of defense that bacteria encounter after invading the host, the molecular mechanisms of the phagolysosome pathway, which begins with phagocytosis to fusion with lysosome, have been elucidated in detail. Bacteria have a large number of strategies to escape and survive the pathway. Although the full picture is still unfathomable, the molecular mechanisms have been elucidated for some of them, providing sufficient clues for intervention. In this article, we review the host defense mechanisms and bacterial evasion mechanisms and discuss the possibility of host-directed therapy for bacterial infection by intervening in the phagolysosome pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Taya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumiya Teruyama
- Pharmacology Research Department, Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Gojo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Krishnan V, Nath S, Nair P, Das B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its clever approaches to escape the deadly macrophage. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:300. [PMID: 37667129 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt.b), a deadly disease causer, is a facultative parasite. This microorganism has developed several methods to defend itself, once internalized within specialised vacuoles in the macrophages. A wide array of receptors like the complement receptor mannose receptors, scavenger receptor assists the entry of the microbe within the phagocytic macrophages. However, Mt.b is clever enough to protect itself from the hostile environment of the macrophage thereby prevailing within it. The microbe can efficiently inhibit processes like phagosome-lysosome fusion, acidification of phagosomes, release of proinflammatory cytokines and stop crucial events like apoptosis. Additionally, it also adopts resistance to killing by reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates. There are multiple genes both in host and the pathogen which are involved in this successful survival of Mt.b. The regulation of phagolysosome fusion is mediated by proteins such as Coronin, TlyA, SapM, PnkG, EsxH. The microbe has certain mechanisms to even acquire iron from the host cell, to withstand iron deprivation as a mode of host's defence mechanism. This review focuses on the various defensive adaptations acquired by Mt.b for fighting against the deprived conditions existing within the macrophages and their capability of proliferating successfully within it, thereby resulting in a diseased condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, Bengaluru, 560052, India
| | | | - Preetha Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, Bengaluru, 560052, India
| | - Bannhi Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, Bengaluru, 560052, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ramon-Luing LA, Palacios Y, Ruiz A, Téllez-Navarrete NA, Chavez-Galan L. Virulence Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as Modulators of Cell Death Mechanisms. Pathogens 2023; 12:839. [PMID: 37375529 PMCID: PMC10304248 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) modulates diverse cell death pathways to escape the host immune responses and favor its dissemination, a complex process of interest in pathogenesis-related studies. The main virulence factors of Mtb that alter cell death pathways are classified according to their origin as either non-protein (for instance, lipomannan) or protein (such as the PE family and ESX secretion system). The 38 kDa lipoprotein, ESAT-6 (early antigen-secreted protein 6 kDa), and another secreted protein, tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT), induces necroptosis, thereby allowing mycobacteria to survive inside the cell. The inhibition of pyroptosis by blocking inflammasome activation by Zmp1 and PknF is another pathway that aids the intracellular replication of Mtb. Autophagy inhibition is another mechanism that allows Mtb to escape the immune response. The enhanced intracellular survival (Eis) protein, other proteins, such as ESX-1, SecA2, SapM, PE6, and certain microRNAs, also facilitate Mtb host immune escape process. In summary, Mtb affects the microenvironment of cell death to avoid an effective immune response and facilitate its spread. A thorough study of these pathways would help identify therapeutic targets to prevent the survival of mycobacteria in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucero A. Ramon-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (L.A.R.-L.); (A.R.)
| | - Yadira Palacios
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11200, Mexico;
- Department of Biological Systems, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Andy Ruiz
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (L.A.R.-L.); (A.R.)
| | - Norma A. Téllez-Navarrete
- Department of Healthcare Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (L.A.R.-L.); (A.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chandra P, Grigsby SJ, Philips JA. Immune evasion and provocation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:750-766. [PMID: 35879556 PMCID: PMC9310001 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, has infected humans for millennia. M. tuberculosis is well adapted to establish infection, persist in the face of the host immune response and be transmitted to uninfected individuals. Its ability to complete this infection cycle depends on it both evading and taking advantage of host immune responses. The outcome of M. tuberculosis infection is often a state of equilibrium characterized by immunological control and bacterial persistence. Recent data have highlighted the diverse cell populations that respond to M. tuberculosis infection and the dynamic changes in the cellular and intracellular niches of M. tuberculosis during the course of infection. M. tuberculosis possesses an arsenal of protein and lipid effectors that influence macrophage functions and inflammatory responses; however, our understanding of the role that specific bacterial virulence factors play in the context of diverse cellular reservoirs and distinct infection stages is limited. In this Review, we discuss immune evasion and provocation by M. tuberculosis during its infection cycle and describe how a more detailed molecular understanding is crucial to enable the development of novel host-directed therapies, disease biomarkers and effective vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Chandra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven J Grigsby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee YJ, Kim JK, Jung CH, Kim YJ, Jung EJ, Lee SH, Choi HR, Son YS, Shim SM, Jeon SM, Choe JH, Lee SH, Whang J, Sohn KC, Hur GM, Kim HT, Yeom J, Jo EK, Kwon YT. Chemical modulation of SQSTM1/p62-mediated xenophagy that targets a broad range of pathogenic bacteria. Autophagy 2022; 18:2926-2945. [PMID: 35316156 PMCID: PMC9673928 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2054240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-degron pathway is a proteolytic system in which the N-terminal degrons (N-degrons) of proteins, such as arginine (Nt-Arg), induce the degradation of proteins and subcellular organelles via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) or macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosome system (hereafter autophagy). Here, we developed the chemical mimics of the N-degron Nt-Arg as a pharmaceutical means to induce targeted degradation of intracellular bacteria via autophagy, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Upon binding the ZZ domain of the autophagic cargo receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1), these chemicals induced the biogenesis and recruitment of autophagic membranes to intracellular bacteria via SQSTM1, leading to lysosomal degradation. The antimicrobial efficacy was independent of rapamycin-modulated core autophagic pathways and synergistic with the reduced production of inflammatory cytokines. In mice, these drugs exhibited antimicrobial efficacy for S. Typhimurium, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and Mtb as well as multidrug-resistant Mtb and inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines. This dual mode of action in xenophagy and inflammation significantly protected mice from inflammatory lesions in the lungs and other tissues caused by all the tested bacterial strains. Our results suggest that the N-degron pathway provides a therapeutic target in host-directed therapeutics for a broad range of drug-resistant intracellular pathogens.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related gene; BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin; BMDMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CFUs: colony-forming units; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; IL1B/IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; IL6: interleukin 6; LIR: MAP1LC3/LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; OPTN: optineurin; PB1: Phox and Bem1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; S. Typhimurium: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; UBA: ubiquitin-associated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jee Lee
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chan Hoon Jung
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eui Jung Jung
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Lee
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Rim Choi
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Sung Son
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Shim
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Jeon
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Choe
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jake Whang
- Korea Mycobacterium Resource Center (KMRC) & Basic Research Section, The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis (KIT), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Cheol Sohn
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gang Min Hur
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kim
- Chemistry R&D Center, AUTOTAC Bio Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinki Yeom
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,CONTACT Eun-Kyeong Jo Department of Microbiology, and Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon35015, Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Chemistry R&D Center, AUTOTAC Bio Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea,SNU Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Yong Tae Kwon Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul110-799, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ponnusamy N, Arumugam M. Meta-analysis of active tuberculosis gene expression ascertains host directed drug targets. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1010771. [PMID: 36275035 PMCID: PMC9581169 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1010771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis still remains a major public health crisis globally. With the emergence of newer active tuberculosis disease, the requirement of prolonged treatment time and adherence to therapy till its completion necessitates the search of newer therapeutics, targeting human host factors. The current work utilized statistical meta-analysis of human gene transcriptomes of active pulmonary tuberculosis disease obtained from six public datasets. The meta-analysis resulted in the identification of 2038 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the active tuberculosis disease. The gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these genes were major contributors in immune responses. The pathway enrichment analyses identified from various human canonical pathways are related to other infectious diseases. In addition, the comparison of the DEGs with the tuberculosis genome wide association study (GWAS) datasets revealed the presence of few genetic variants in their proximity. The analysis of protein interaction networks (human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and host directed drug-target interaction network led to new candidate drug targets for drug repurposing studies. The current work sheds light on host genes and pathways enriched in active tuberculosis disease and suggest potential drug repurposing targets for host-directed therapies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Y, Shi Q, Chen Q, Zhou X, Yuan H, Jia X, Liu S, Li Q, Ge L. Emerging advances in identifying signal transmission molecules involved in the interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:956311. [PMID: 35959378 PMCID: PMC9359464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.956311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is an ancient chronic infectious disease and is still the leading cause of death worldwide due to a single infectious disease. MTB can achieve immune escape by interacting with host cells through its special cell structure and secreting a variety of effector proteins. Innate immunity-related pattern recognition receptors (PPR receptors) play a key role in the regulation of signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on the latest research progress on related signal transduction molecules in the interaction between MTB and the host. In addition, we provide new research ideas for the development of new anti-tuberculosis drug targets and lead compounds and provide an overview of information useful for approaching future tuberculosis host-oriented treatment research approaches and strategies, which has crucial scientific guiding significance and research value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiyuan Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuebin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Yuan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Jia
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qin Li, ; Lijun Ge,
| | - Lijun Ge
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qin Li, ; Lijun Ge,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bar-Oz M, Meir M, Barkan D. Virulence-Associated Secretion in Mycobacterium abscessus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938895. [PMID: 35880173 PMCID: PMC9308005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a heterogeneous group of originally environmental organi3sms, increasingly recognized as pathogens with rising prevalence worldwide. Knowledge of NTM’s mechanisms of virulence is lacking, as molecular research of these bacteria is challenging, sometimes more than that of M. tuberculosis (Mtb), and far less resources are allocated to their investigation. While some of the virulence mechanisms are common to several mycobacteria including Mtb, others NTM species-specific. Among NTMs, Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) causes some of the most severe and difficult to treat infections, especially chronic pulmonary infections. Mabs survives and proliferates intracellularly by circumventing host defenses, using multiple mechanisms, many of which remain poorly characterized. Some of these immune-evasion mechanisms are also found in Mtb, including phagosome pore formation, inhibition of phagosome maturation, cytokine response interference and apoptosis delay. While much is known of the role of Mtb-secreted effector molecules in mediating the manipulation of the host response, far less is known of the secreted effector molecules in Mabs. In this review, we briefly summarize the knowledge of secreted effectors in Mtb (such as ESX secretion, SecA2, TAT and others), and draw the parallel pathways in Mabs. We also describe pathways that are unique to Mabs, differentiating it from Mtb. This review will assist researchers interested in virulence-associated secretion in Mabs by providing the knowledge base and framework for their studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bar-Oz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Meir
- The Ruth Rappaport Children’s Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel Barkan
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- *Correspondence: Daniel Barkan,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang W, Ning Y, Wang Y, Deng G, Pace S, Barth SA, Menge C, Zhang K, Dai Y, Cai Y, Chen X, Werz O. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Induced Upregulation of the COX-2/mPGES-1 Pathway in Human Macrophages Is Abrogated by Sulfasalazine. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849583. [PMID: 35663935 PMCID: PMC9160237 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the primary human host cells of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection, where the magnitude of inflammatory reactions is crucial for determining the outcome of infection. Previously, we showed that the anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine (SASP) significantly reduced the M.tb bactericidal burden and histopathological inflammation in mice. Here, we asked which genes in human inflammatory macrophages are affected upon infection with M.tb and how would potential changes impact the functional state of macrophages. We used a flow cytometry sorting system which can distinguish the dead and alive states of M.tb harbored in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). We found that the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1 increased significantly in tagRFP+ MDM which were infected with alive M.tb. After exposure of polarized M1-MDM to M.tb (H37Rv strain)-conditioned medium (MTB-CM) or to the M.tb-derived 19-kD antigen, the production of PGE2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines increased 3- to 4-fold. Upon treatment of M1-MDM with SASP, the MTB-CM-induced expression of COX-2 and the release of COX products and cytokines decreased. Elevation of PGE2 in M1-MDM upon MTB-CM stimulation and modulation by SASP correlated with the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Together, infection of human macrophages by M.tb strongly induces COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression along with massive PGE2 formation which is abrogated by the anti-inflammatory drug SASP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuping Ning
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yejun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guofang Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie A Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Kehong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Youchao Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dwivedi M, Bajpai K. The chamber of secretome in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a potential therapeutic target. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022; 39:1-44. [PMID: 35613080 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2076031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) causes one of the ancient diseases, Tuberculosis, affects people around the globe and its severity can be understood by its classification as a second infectious disease after COVID-19 and the 13th leading cause of death according to a WHO report. Despite having advanced diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies, unfortunately, TB is still spreading across the population due to the emergence of drug-resistance MTB and Latent TB infection (LTBI). We are seeking for effective approaches to overcome these hindrances and efficient treatment for this perilous disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop drugs based on operative targeting of the bacterial system that could result in both efficient treatment and lesser emergence of MDR-TB. One such promising target could be the secretory systems and especially the Type 7 secretory system (T7SS-ESX) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is crucial for the secretion of effector proteins as well as in establishing host-pathogen interactions of the tubercle bacilli. The five paralogous ESX systems (ESX-1 to EXS-5) have been observed by in silico genome analysis of MTB, among which ESX-1 and ESX-5 are substantial for virulence and mediating host cellular inflammasome. The bacterium growth and virulence can be modulated by targeting the T7SS. In the present review, we demonstrate the current status of therapeutics against MTB and focus on the function and cruciality of T7SS along with other secretory systems as a promising therapeutic target against Tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Kriti Bajpai
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rastogi S, Briken V. Interaction of Mycobacteria With Host Cell Inflammasomes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:791136. [PMID: 35237260 PMCID: PMC8882646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.791136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome complex is important for host defense against intracellular bacterial infections. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a facultative intracellular bacterium which is able to survive in infected macrophages. Here we discuss how the host cell inflammasomes sense Mtb and other related mycobacterial species. Furthermore, we describe the molecular mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome sensing of Mtb which involve the type VII secretion system ESX-1, cell surface lipids (TDM/TDB), secreted effector proteins (LpqH, PPE13, EST12, EsxA) and double-stranded RNA acting on the priming and/or activation steps of inflammasome activation. In contrast, Mtb also mediates inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome by limiting exposure of cell surface ligands via its hydrolase, Hip1, by inhibiting the host cell cathepsin G protease via the secreted Mtb effector Rv3364c and finally, by limiting intracellular triggers (K+ and Cl- efflux and cytosolic reactive oxygen species production) via its serine/threonine kinase PknF. In addition, Mtb inhibits the AIM2 inflammasome activation via an unknown mechanism. Overall, there is good evidence for a tug-of-war between Mtb trying to limit inflammasome activation and the host cell trying to sense Mtb and activate the inflammasome. The detailed molecular mechanisms and the importance of inflammasome activation for virulence of Mtb or host susceptibility have not been fully investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu H, Gui X, Chen S, Fu W, Li X, Xiao T, Hou J, Jiang T. Structural Variability of Lipoarabinomannan Modulates Innate Immune Responses within Infected Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030361. [PMID: 35159170 PMCID: PMC8834380 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is an intracellular pathogen persisting in phagosomes that has the ability to escape host immune surveillance causing tuberculosis (TB). Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), as a glycolipid, is one of the complex outermost components of the mycobacterial cell envelope and plays a critical role in modulating host responses during M. tb infection. Different species within the Mycobacterium genus exhibit distinct LAM structures and elicit diverse innate immune responses. However, little is known about the mechanisms. In this study, we first constructed a LAM-truncated mutant with fewer arabinofuranose (Araf) residues named M. sm-ΔM_6387 (Mycobacterium smegmatis arabinosyltransferase EmbC gene knockout strain). It exhibited some prominent cell wall defects, including tardiness of mycobacterial migration, loss of acid-fast staining, and increased cell wall permeability. Within alveolar epithelial cells (A549) infected by M. sm-ΔM_6387, the uptake rate was lower, phagosomes with bacterial degradation appeared, and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) recruitment was enhanced compared to wild type Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis). We further confirmed that the variability in the removal capability of M. sm-ΔM_6387 resulted from host cell responses rather than the changes in the mycobacterial cell envelope. Moreover, we found that M. sm-ΔM_6387 or its glycolipid extracts significantly induced expression changes in some genes related to innate immune responses, including Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), class A scavenger receptor (SR-A), Rubicon, LC3, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Bcl-2, and Bax. Therefore, our studies suggest that nonpathogenic M. smegmatis can deposit LC3 on phagosomal membranes, and the decrease in the quantity of Araf residues for LAM molecules not only impacts mycobacterial cell wall integrity but also enhances host defense responses against the intracellular pathogens and decreases phagocytosis of host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Xuwen Gui
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Shixing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Microsystem, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China;
| | - Weizhe Fu
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Tingyuan Xiao
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology, The College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (H.L.); (X.G.); (W.F.); (X.L.); (T.X.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-411-8611-0350
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vaughn B, Abu Kwaik Y. Idiosyncratic Biogenesis of Intracellular Pathogens-Containing Vacuoles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:722433. [PMID: 34858868 PMCID: PMC8632064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.722433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While most bacterial species taken up by macrophages are degraded through processing of the bacteria-containing vacuole through the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved to evade degradation through the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. All intra-vacuolar pathogens possess specialized secretion systems (T3SS-T7SS) that inject effector proteins into the host cell cytosol to modulate myriad of host cell processes and remodel their vacuoles into proliferative niches. Although intravacuolar pathogens utilize similar secretion systems to interfere with their vacuole biogenesis, each pathogen has evolved a unique toolbox of protein effectors injected into the host cell to interact with, and modulate, distinct host cell targets. Thus, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved clear idiosyncrasies in their interference with their vacuole biogenesis to generate a unique intravacuolar niche suitable for their own proliferation. While there has been a quantum leap in our knowledge of modulation of phagosome biogenesis by intravacuolar pathogens, the detailed biochemical and cellular processes affected remain to be deciphered. Here we discuss how the intravacuolar bacterial pathogens Salmonella, Chlamydia, Mycobacteria, Legionella, Brucella, Coxiella, and Anaplasma utilize their unique set of effectors injected into the host cell to interfere with endocytic, exocytic, and ER-to-Golgi vesicle traffic. However, Coxiella is the main exception for a bacterial pathogen that proliferates within the hydrolytic lysosomal compartment, but its T4SS is essential for adaptation and proliferation within the lysosomal-like vacuole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Vaughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Center for Predictive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Afriyie-Asante A, Dabla A, Dagenais A, Berton S, Smyth R, Sun J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exploits Focal Adhesion Kinase to Induce Necrotic Cell Death and Inhibit Reactive Oxygen Species Production. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742370. [PMID: 34745115 PMCID: PMC8564185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a deadly, contagious respiratory disease that is caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb is adept at manipulating and evading host immunity by hijacking alveolar macrophages, the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens, by regulating the mode and timing of host cell death. It is established that Mtb infection actively blocks apoptosis and instead induces necrotic-like modes of cell death to promote disease progression. This survival strategy shields the bacteria from destruction by the immune system and antibiotics while allowing for the spread of bacteria at opportunistic times. As such, it is critical to understand how Mtb interacts with host macrophages to manipulate the mode of cell death. Herein, we demonstrate that Mtb infection triggers a time-dependent reduction in the expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in human macrophages. Using pharmacological perturbations, we show that inhibition of FAK (FAKi) triggers an increase in a necrotic form of cell death during Mtb infection. In contrast, genetic overexpression of FAK (FAK+) completely blocked macrophage cell death during Mtb infection. Using specific inhibitors of necrotic cell death, we show that FAK-mediated cell death during Mtb infection occurs in a RIPK1-depedent, and to a lesser extent, RIPK3-MLKL-dependent mechanism. Consistent with these findings, FAKi results in uncontrolled replication of Mtb, whereas FAK+ reduces the intracellular survival of Mtb in macrophages. In addition, we demonstrate that enhanced control of intracellular Mtb replication by FAK+ macrophages is a result of increased production of antibacterial reactive oxygen species (ROS) as inhibitors of ROS production restored Mtb burden in FAK+ macrophages to same levels as in wild-type cells. Collectively, our data establishes FAK as an important host protective response during Mtb infection to block necrotic cell death and induce ROS production, which are required to restrict the survival of Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afrakoma Afriyie-Asante
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ankita Dabla
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Dagenais
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stefania Berton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robin Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rastogi S, Ellinwood S, Augenstreich J, Mayer-Barber KD, Briken V. Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome activation via its phosphokinase PknF. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009712. [PMID: 34324582 PMCID: PMC8321130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved to evade host innate immunity by interfering with macrophage functions. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is secreted by macrophages after the activation of the inflammasome complex and is crucial for host defense against Mtb infections. We have previously shown that Mtb is able to inhibit activation of the AIM2 inflammasome and subsequent pyroptosis. Here we show that Mtb is also able to inhibit host cell NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. We identified the serine/threonine kinase PknF as one protein of Mtb involved in the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition, since the pknF deletion mutant of Mtb induces increased production of IL-1β in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). The increased production of IL-1β was dependent on NLRP3, the adaptor protein ASC and the protease caspase-1, as revealed by studies performed in gene-deficient BMDMs. Additionally, infection of BMDMs with the pknF deletion mutant resulted in increased pyroptosis, while the IL-6 production remained unchanged compared to Mtb-infected cells, suggesting that the mutant did not affect the priming step of inflammasome activation. In contrast, the activation step was affected since potassium efflux, chloride efflux and the generation of reactive oxygen species played a significant role in inflammasome activation and subsequent pyroptosis mediated by the Mtb pknF mutant strain. In conclusion, we reveal here that the serine/threonine kinase PknF of Mtb plays an important role in innate immune evasion through inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections are causing millions of deaths per year and the pathogen is highly adapted to its human host. Host cell phagocytes take up Mtb but the bacterium is capable of manipulating the host cell to enhance its own survival. In the current study we discover a novel pathway of host cell manipulation and innate immune evasion by Mtb. We show that the activation of a host cell defense complex, the inflammasome, is limited after Mtb infection. Most importantly, we identify a bacterial protein, PknF, that is involved in inflammasome inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Rastogi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah Ellinwood
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacques Augenstreich
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katrin D. Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim JS, Cho E, Mun SJ, Kim S, Kim SY, Kim DG, Son W, Jeon HI, Kim HK, Jeong YJ, Jang S, Kim HS, Yang CS. Multi-Functional MPT Protein as a Therapeutic Agent against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050545. [PMID: 34068051 PMCID: PMC8152475 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), avoids the host immune system through its virulence factors. MPT63 and MPT64 are the virulence factors secreted by MTB which regulate host proteins for the survival and proliferation of MTB in the host. Here, we found that MPT63 bound directly with TBK1 and p47phox, whereas MPT64 interacted with TBK1 and HK2. We constructed a MPT63/64-derived multifunctional recombinant protein (rMPT) that was able to interact with TBK1, p47phox, or HK2. rMPT was shown to regulate IFN-β levels and increase inflammation and concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while targeting macrophages and killing MTB, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the identification of the role of rMPT against MTB was achieved via vaccination in a mouse model. Taken together, we here present rMPT, which, by regulating important immune signaling systems, can be considered an effective vaccine or therapeutic agent against MTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (E.C.); (S.-J.M.); (S.-Y.K.)
- Institute of Natural Science & Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Euni Cho
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (E.C.); (S.-J.M.); (S.-Y.K.)
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Seok-Jun Mun
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (E.C.); (S.-J.M.); (S.-Y.K.)
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Sojin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (E.C.); (S.-J.M.); (S.-Y.K.)
| | - Dong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Wooic Son
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Hye-In Jeon
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Hyo-Keun Kim
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Young-Jin Jeong
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Sein Jang
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
| | - Hyun-Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04673, Korea;
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Korea; (W.S.); (H.-I.J.); (H.-K.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-400-5519; Fax: +82-31-436-8153
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jung BG, Vankayalapati R, Samten B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulates IL-1β production by macrophages in an ESAT-6 dependent manner with the involvement of serum amyloid A3. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:285-293. [PMID: 33957478 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite its critical roles in immune responses against tuberculosis infection and immune pathology, the molecular details of interleukin (IL)-1β production in tuberculosis infection remain elusive. To explore IL-1β production in tuberculosis infection, we infected mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv, its early secreted antigenic target protein of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) gene deletion (H37Rv:Δ3875) or complemented strain (H37Rv:Δ3875C) and evaluated IL-1β production. H37Rv induced significantly increased IL-1β production by BMDMs compared to non-infected BMDMs. In contrast, H37Rv:Δ3875 induced significantly less mature IL-1β production despite eliciting comparable levels of pro-IL-1β and IL-8 from BMDMs compared to H37Rv and H37Rv:Δ3875C. Blocking either NLRP3 or K+ efflux diminished H37Rv-induced IL-1β production by BMDMs. Infection of mice intranasally with H37Rv:Δ3875 induced less IL-1β production in the lungs compared with H37Rv. Intranasal delivery of ESAT-6 but not CFP10 induced production of IL-1β in mouse lungs and RNA-Seq analysis identified serum amyloid A (SAA) 3 as one of the highly expressed genes in mouse lungs. Infection of mice with H37Rv but not H37Rv:Δ3875 induced expression of lung SAA3 mRNA and protein, consistent with the effect of intranasal delivery of ESAT-6. Silencing SAA3 reduced Mtb-induced IL-1β production by BMDMs. We conclude that SAA3 plays critical role in ESAT-6 dependent IL-1β production by macrophages in tuberculosis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bock-Gie Jung
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, TX, 75708, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, TX, 75708, USA
| | - Buka Samten
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, TX, 75708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Intracellular proliferation of Legionella pneumophila within a vacuole in human alveolar macrophages is essential for manifestation of Legionnaires’ pneumonia. Intravacuolar growth of the pathogen is totally dependent on remodeling the L. pneumophila-containing vacuole (LCV) by the ER and on its evasion of the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway. Diversion of the Legionella pneumophila-containing vacuole (LCV) from the host endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway is one of the main virulence features essential for manifestation of Legionnaires’ pneumonia. Many of the ∼350 Dot/Icm-injected effectors identified in L. pneumophila have been shown to interfere with various host pathways and processes, but no L. pneumophila effector has ever been identified to be indispensable for lysosomal evasion. While most single effector mutants of L. pneumophila do not exhibit a defective phenotype within macrophages, we show that the MavE effector is essential for intracellular growth of L. pneumophila in human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) and amoebae and for intrapulmonary proliferation in mice. The mavE null mutant fails to remodel the LCV with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived vesicles and is trafficked to the lysosomes where it is degraded, similar to formalin-killed bacteria. During infection of hMDMs, the MavE effector localizes to the poles of the LCV membrane. The crystal structure of MavE, resolved to 1.8 Å, reveals a C-terminal transmembrane helix, three copies of tyrosine-based sorting motifs, and an NPxY eukaryotic motif, which binds phosphotyrosine-binding domains present on signaling and adaptor eukaryotic proteins. Two point mutations within the NPxY motif result in attenuation of L. pneumophila in both hMDMs and amoeba. The substitution defects of P78 and D64 are associated with failure of vacuoles harboring the mutant to be remodeled by the ER and results in fusion of the vacuole to the lysosomes leading to bacterial degradation. Therefore, the MavE effector of L. pneumophila is indispensable for phagosome biogenesis and lysosomal evasion.
Collapse
|
29
|
Price CT, Abu Kwaik Y. Evolution and Adaptation of Legionella pneumophila to Manipulate the Ubiquitination Machinery of Its Amoebae and Mammalian Hosts. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010112. [PMID: 33467718 PMCID: PMC7830128 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin pathway is highly conserved across the eukaryotic domain of life and plays an essential role in a plethora of cellular processes. It is not surprising that many intracellular bacterial pathogens often target the essential host ubiquitin pathway. The intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila injects into the host cell cytosol multiple classes of classical and novel ubiquitin-modifying enzymes that modulate diverse ubiquitin-related processes in the host cell. Most of these pathogen-injected proteins, designated as effectors, mimic known E3-ubiquitin ligases through harboring F-box or U-box domains. The classical F-box effector, AnkB targets host proteins for K48-linked polyubiquitination, which leads to excessive proteasomal degradation that is required to generate adequate supplies of amino acids for metabolism of the pathogen. In contrast, the SidC and SdcA effectors share no structural similarity to known eukaryotic ligases despite having E3-ubiquitin ligase activity, suggesting that the number of E3-ligases in eukaryotes is under-represented. L. pneumophila also injects into the host many novel ubiquitin-modifying enzymes, which are the SidE family of effectors that catalyze phosphoribosyl-ubiquitination of serine residue of target proteins, independently of the canonical E1-2-3 enzymatic cascade. Interestingly, the environmental bacterium, L. pneumophila, has evolved within a diverse range of amoebal species, which serve as the natural hosts, while accidental transmission through contaminated aerosols can cause pneumonia in humans. Therefore, it is likely that the novel ubiquitin-modifying enzymes of L. pneumophila were acquired by the pathogen through interkingdom gene transfer from the diverse natural amoebal hosts. Furthermore, conservation of the ubiquitin pathway across eukaryotes has enabled these novel ubiquitin-modifying enzymes to function similarly in mammalian cells. Studies on the biological functions of these effectors are likely to reveal further novel ubiquitin biology and shed further lights on the evolution of ubiquitin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T.D. Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Center for Predictive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|