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Nakayama K, Obayashi Y, Munechika L, Kitamura SI, Yanagida T, Honjo M, Murakami S, Hirose E. Regeneration of tunic cuticle is suppressed in edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi contracting soft tunic syndrome. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 159:37-48. [PMID: 39087618 DOI: 10.3354/dao03801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Soft tunic syndrome is an infectious disease caused by the flagellate Azumiobodo hoyamushi, which severely damages the aquaculture of the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. Tunic is a cellulosic extracellular matrix entirely covering the body in ascidians and other tunicates, and its dense cuticle layer covers the tunic surface as a physical barrier against microorganisms. When the tunic of intact H. roretzi individuals was cut into strips, electron-dense fibers (DFs) appeared on the cut surface of the tunic matrix and aggregated to regenerate a new cuticular layer in seawater within a few days. DF formation was partially or completely inhibited in individuals with soft tunic syndrome, and DF formation was also inhibited by the presence of some proteases, indicating the involvement of proteolysis in the process of tunic softening as well as cuticle regeneration. Using pure cultures of the causative flagellate A. hoyamushi, the expression of protease genes and secretion of some proteases were confirmed by RNA-seq analysis and a 4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide substrate assay. Some of these proteases may degrade proteins in the tunic matrix. These findings suggest that the proteases of A. hoyamushi is the key to understanding the mechanisms of cuticular regeneration inhibition and tunic softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yumiko Obayashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Leo Munechika
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yanagida
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Miho Honjo
- Miyagi Prefecture Fisheries Technology Institute, Ishinomaki, Miyagi, 986-2135, Japan
| | - Shoko Murakami
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Euichi Hirose
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
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Pinheiro AAS, Torrecilhas AC, Souza BSDF, Cruz FF, Guedes HLDM, Ramos TD, Lopes‐Pacheco M, Caruso‐Neves C, Rocco PRM. Potential of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy for parasitic diseases. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12496. [PMID: 39113589 PMCID: PMC11306921 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases have a significant impact on human and animal health, representing a major hazard to the public and causing economic and health damage worldwide. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have long been recognized as diagnostic and therapeutic tools but are now also known to be implicated in the natural history of parasitic diseases and host immune response modulation. Studies have shown that EVs play a role in parasitic disease development by interacting with parasites and communicating with other types of cells. This review highlights the most recent research on EVs and their role in several aspects of parasite-host interactions in five key parasitic diseases: Chagas disease, malaria, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis and helminthiases. We also discuss the potential use of EVs as diagnostic tools or treatment options for these infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Acacia Sá Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas FilhoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health‐NanoSAÚDE/Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasDiadema Campus, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)DiademaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell TherapySão Rafael HospitalSalvadorBrazil
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR)SalvadorBrazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Cruz
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas FilhoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health‐NanoSAÚDE/Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Herbert Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG)Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Tadeu Diniz Ramos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG)Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Miqueias Lopes‐Pacheco
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas FilhoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Deparment of PediatricsCenter for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease ResearchEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Celso Caruso‐Neves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas FilhoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health‐NanoSAÚDE/Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative MedicineINCT‐REGENERARio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Patricia R. M. Rocco
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas FilhoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health‐NanoSAÚDE/Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative MedicineINCT‐REGENERARio de JaneiroBrazil
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da Silva Lira Filho A, Lafleur A, Alvarez F, Piccirillo CA, Olivier M. Implication of the Annexin 1/FPR axis in leishmanial exosome-mediated Leishmania major skin hyperpathogenesis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1436151. [PMID: 39076982 PMCID: PMC11284082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1436151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exosomes produced by the protozoan parasite Leishmania (LeishEXO) are well-established drivers of virulence, though mechanisms underlying their exacerbation of experimental leishmaniasis remain elusive. Expression of Annexin A1 (ANXA1), a protein implicated in exosome-mediated pathologies and viral internalization, has been shown to correlate with cutaneous leishmaniasis severity. Given ANXA1's regulation of myeloid cells - the canonical hosts for Leishmania - we studied the potential role of ANXA1 and its receptors FPR1/2 in exerting LeishEXO's effects. Methods Murine and in vitro ANXA1-/- models were used to study the generation of protective TH1 responses during experimental L. major infection with and without LeishEXO. Recruitment of inflammatory cells was assessed using a peritoneal cell recruitment assay and immunophenotyping, and production of inflammatory mediators was measured using a cytokine and chemokine array. Treatment of experimental models with FPR2 antagonist WRW4 and FPR1/2 agonist WKYMVm was used to delineate the role of the FPR/ANXA1 axis in LeishEXO-mediated hyperpathogenesis. Results We established that ANXA1 deficiency prohibits LeishEXO-mediated pathogenesis and myeloid cell infection, with minimal alterations to adaptive and innate immune phenotypes. FPR2 blockade with WRW4 similarly inhibited leishmanial hyperpathogenesis, while direct activation of FPRs with WKYMVm enhanced infection and recapitulated the LeishEXO-mediated phenotype. This research describes LeishEXO's utilization of the ANXA1/FPR axis to facilitate parasitic internalization and pathogenesis, which may be leveraged in the development of therapeutics for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso da Silva Lira Filho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Lafleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A. Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Feix AS, Tabaie EZ, Singh AN, Wittenberg NJ, Wilson EH, Joachim A. An in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of pathogenic single-cell microorganisms. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024:e0003724. [PMID: 38869292 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00037-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYExtracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized throughout scientific communities as potential vehicles of intercellular communication in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, thereby influencing various physiological and pathological functions of both parent and recipient cells. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of bacteria and protozoan parasite EVs, shedding light on their contributions to physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. These studies highlight EVs as a conserved mechanism of cellular communication, which may lead us to important breakthroughs in our understanding of infection, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and as indicators of disease. Furthermore, EVs are involved in host-microbe interactions, offering insights into the strategies employed by bacteria and protozoan parasites to modulate host responses, evade the immune system, and establish infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophia Feix
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emily Z Tabaie
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Aarshi N Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Emma H Wilson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Carvalho Cabral P, Stegeman SK, Olivier M, Cermakian N. Circadian Regulation of Leishmania Parasite Internalisation in Macrophages and Downstream Cellular Events. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13053. [PMID: 38817112 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Leishmania spp. parasites use macrophages as a host cell during infection. As a result, macrophages have a dual role: clearing the parasite as well as acting as host cells. Recently, studies have shown that macrophages harbour circadian clocks, which affect many of their functions such as phagocytosis, receptor expression and cytokine release. Interestingly, Leishmania major infection in hosts was also shown to be under circadian control. Therefore, we decided to investigate what underlies the rhythms of L. major infection within macrophages. Using a culture model of infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages with L. major promastigotes, we show that the parasites are internalised into macrophages with a 24-h variation dependent on a functional circadian clock in the cells. This was associated with a variation in the number of parasites per macrophage. The cell surface expression of parasite receptors was not controlled by the cells' circadian clock. In contrast, the expression of the components of the endocytic pathway, EEA1 and LC3b, varied according to the time of infection. This was paralleled by variations in parasite-induced ROS production as well as cytokine tumour necrosis factor α. In summary, we have uncovered a time-dependent regulation of the internalisation of L. major promastigotes in macrophages, controlled by the circadian clock in these cells, as well as subsequent cellular events in the endocytic pathway, intracellular signalling and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophia K Stegeman
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Menezes SA, Tasca T. Extracellular vesicles in parasitic diseases - from pathogenesis to future diagnostic tools. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105310. [PMID: 38316376 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are still a major public health problem especially among individuals of low socioeconomic status in underdeveloped countries. In recent years it has been demonstrated that parasites can release extracellular vesicles that participate in the host-parasite communication, immune evasion, and in governing processes associated with host infection. Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound structures released into the extracellular space that can carry several types of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites, which directly impact the target cells. Extracellular vesicles have attracted wide attention due to their relevance in host-parasite communication and for their potential value in applications such as in the diagnostic biomarker discovery. This review of the literature aimed to join the current knowledge on the role of extracellular vesicles in host-parasite interaction and summarize its molecular content, providing information for the acquisition of new tools that can be used in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. These findings shed light to the potential of extracellular vesicle cargo derived from protozoan parasites as novel diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Almeida Menezes
- Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil.
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Zhang L, Chi J, Wu H, Xia X, Xu C, Hao H, Liu Z. Extracellular vesicles and endothelial dysfunction in infectious diseases. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e148. [PMID: 38938849 PMCID: PMC11080793 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Studies have shown that infections especially bacteraemia and sepsis are associated with increased risks for endothelial dysfunction and related CVDs including atherosclerosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, sealed membrane-derived structures that are released into body fluids and blood from cells and/or microbes and are critically involved in a variety of important cell functions and disease development, including intercellular communications, immune responses and inflammation. It is known that EVs-mediated mechanism(s) is important in the development of endothelial dysfunction in infections with a diverse spectrum of microorganisms including Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, SARS-CoV-2 (the virus for COVID-19) and Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori infection is one of the most common infections globally. During H. pylori infection, EVs can carry H. pylori components, such as lipopolysaccharide, cytotoxin-associated gene A, or vacuolating cytotoxin A, and transfer these substances into endothelial cells, triggering inflammatory responses and endothelial dysfunction. This review is to illustrate the important role of EVs in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, and the development of endothelial dysfunction in infectious diseases especially H. pylori infection, and to discuss the potential mechanisms and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Zhang
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jingshu Chi
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Gastroenterologythe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Xiujuan Xia
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Canxia Xu
- Department of Gastroenterologythe Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Hong Hao
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
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Tandoh KZ, Ibarra-Meneses AV, Langlais D, Olivier M, Torrecilhas AC, Fernandez-Prada C, Regev-Rudzki N, Duah-Quashie NO. Extracellular Vesicles: Translational Agenda Questions for Three Protozoan Parasites. Traffic 2024; 25:e12935. [PMID: 38629580 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasites Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi continue to exert a significant toll on the disease landscape of the human population in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Control measures have helped reduce the burden of their respective diseases-malaria, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease-in endemic regions. However, the need for new drugs, innovative vaccination strategies and molecular markers of disease severity and outcomes has emerged because of developing antimicrobial drug resistance, comparatively inadequate or absent vaccines, and a lack of trustworthy markers of morbid outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been widely reported to play a role in the biology and pathogenicity of P. falciparum, Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi ever since they were discovered. EVs are secreted by a yet to be fully understood mechanism in protozoans into the extracellular milieu and carry a cargo of diverse molecules that reflect the originator cell's metabolic state. Although our understanding of the biogenesis and function of EVs continues to deepen, the question of how EVs in P. falciparum, Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi can serve as targets for a translational agenda into clinical and public health interventions is yet to be fully explored. Here, as a consortium of protozoan researchers, we outline a plan for future researchers and pose three questions to direct an EV's translational agenda in P. falciparum, Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi. We opine that in the long term, executing this blueprint will help bridge the current unmet needs of these medically important protozoan diseases in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwesi Z Tandoh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ana Victoria Ibarra-Meneses
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Department of Human Genetics, Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, Canada
- IDIGH, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, Canada
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nancy O Duah-Quashie
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Moazezi Ghavihelm A, Nabian S, Jamshidi S, Taheri M, Soltani M, Mazaheri Nezhad Fard R, Akbari Pazoki A. Designing a Multiple-Epitope Vaccine Candidate against Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum for Monocyte-Derived Exosome Preparation. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2024; 19:153-161. [PMID: 39011533 PMCID: PMC11246201 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v19i2.15851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Background Leishmania is a vector-borne protozoon, which causes visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniosis in human and animals. Monocyte-derived exosome vaccines can be used as prophylaxis and immunotherapy strategies. The aim of this study was to design a multiple-epitope candidate vaccine using leishmaniolysin (GP63) and rK39 proteins against Leishmania major and L. infantum for monocyte-derived exosome preparation. Methods This study was carried out in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, 2023-2024. Effective immunodominant epitopes were selected from two antigenic proteins of GP63 and rK39 using various immunoinformatics and bioinformatics approaches. Vibrio cholerae β-subunit was used as an adjuvant to stimulate immune responses. Then, appropriate linkers were selected for the fusion of epitopes. The 3D model of candidate vaccine was predicted and validated. Results This designed candidate vaccine could effectively be used as a prophylaxis strategy against leishmaniosis. Conclusion A candidate vaccine was designed using bioinformatic and immunoinformatic studies with virtual acceptable quality; however, effectiveness of this vaccine should be verified through further in-vitro and in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moazezi Ghavihelm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Nabian
- Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Jamshidi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Rastegar Reference Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Soltani
- Rastegar Reference Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Mazaheri Nezhad Fard
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbari Pazoki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Zauli RC, de Souza Perez IC, de Morais ACC, Ciaccio AC, Vidal AS, Soares RP, Torrecilhas AC, Batista WL, Xander P. Extracellular Vesicles Released by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Promastigotes with Distinct Virulence Profile Differently Modulate the Macrophage Functions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2973. [PMID: 38138117 PMCID: PMC10746037 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. is the aetiologic agent of leishmaniasis, a disease endemic in several developing countries. The parasite expresses and secretes several virulence factors that subvert the macrophage function and immune response. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can carry molecules of the parasites that show immunomodulatory effects on macrophage activation and disease progression. In the present work, we detected a significantly higher expression of lpg3 and gp63 genes in Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes recovered after successive experimental infections (IVD-P) compared to those cultured for a long period (LT-P). In addition, we observed a significantly higher percentage of infection and internalized parasites in groups of macrophages infected with IVD-P. Macrophages previously treated with EVs from LT-P showed higher percentages of infection and production of inflammatory cytokines after the parasite challenge compared to the untreated ones. However, macrophages infected with parasites and treated with EVs did not reduce the parasite load. In addition, no synergistic effects were observed in the infected macrophages treated with EVs and reference drugs. In conclusion, parasites cultured for a long period in vitro and recovered from animals' infections, differently affected the macrophage response. Furthermore, EVs produced by these parasites affected the macrophage response in the early infection of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogéria Cristina Zauli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia-Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil; (R.C.Z.)
| | - Isabelle Carlos de Souza Perez
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Correia Costa de Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia-Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil; (R.C.Z.)
| | - Ana Carolina Ciaccio
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrey Sladkevicius Vidal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia-Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil; (R.C.Z.)
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Biotecnologia Aplicada a Patógenos (BAP), Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil (W.L.B.)
| | - Wagner Luiz Batista
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil (W.L.B.)
| | - Patricia Xander
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia-Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil; (R.C.Z.)
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, SP, Brazil (W.L.B.)
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Unidade José Alencar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo campus Diadema, 4° andar, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Centro, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil
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11
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Yang H, Wang Z, Xiao J, Hu J, Tu X, Gu Z. Integrated morphological and transcriptome profiles reveal a highly-developed extrusome system associated to virulence in the notorious fish parasite, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Virulence 2023; 14:2242622. [PMID: 37551042 PMCID: PMC10411306 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2242622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an obligate parasitic ciliate that causes severe economic damage in aquaculture. The parasite contains numerous extrusive organelles (extrusomes) that assist in its pathogenesis and reproduction. However, the structure of these extrusomes and the molecular profiles involved in exocytosis remain unclear. In the present study, through comparative ultrastructural observations across the life cycle of I. multifiliis, we demonstrated that all three of its life stages (theront, trophont, and tomont) exhibited an abundance of extrusomes. In addition, two different types of extrusomes were identified according to their unique structures. Type I extrusomes (mucocysts) are crystalline, oval-shaped, 0.7-1.4 × 0.6-1.1 μm, and distributed as "rosettes" below the trophont membrane. Type II extrusomes, 2.0-3.0 × 0.2-0.3 μm, are rod-shaped with tubular cores and identified as toxicysts, the aggregation of which in the anterior part of the theront and cortex of the trophont revealed their potential roles in I. multifiliis invasion. This was confirmed by our transcriptome investigations of the three stages of I. multifiliis, which revealed that a set of genes involved in proteolysis and DNA/protein biogenesis was highly expressed in the theront and trophont. Furthermore, to map the molecular mechanisms of extrusome release, we characterized 25 Rab family genes in I. multifiliis and determined their expression profiles across the life cycle, reflecting the distribution patterns of the two extrusomes. Collectively, our data revealed that a highly developed extrusome system could play a potential role in the virulence of I. multifiliis, which facilitates a better understanding of the parasite's development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-Reference Laboratory (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Jieyin Xiao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-Reference Laboratory (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Jingbo Hu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-Reference Laboratory (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Tu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-Reference Laboratory (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Zemao Gu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-Reference Laboratory (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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12
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Fernandez‐Becerra C, Xander P, Alfandari D, Dong G, Aparici‐Herraiz I, Rosenhek‐Goldian I, Shokouhy M, Gualdron‐Lopez M, Lozano N, Cortes‐Serra N, Karam PA, Meneghetti P, Madeira RP, Porat Z, Soares RP, Costa AO, Rafati S, da Silva A, Santarém N, Fernandez‐Prada C, Ramirez MI, Bernal D, Marcilla A, Pereira‐Chioccola VL, Alves LR, Portillo HD, Regev‐Rudzki N, de Almeida IC, Schenkman S, Olivier M, Torrecilhas AC. Guidelines for the purification and characterization of extracellular vesicles of parasites. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e117. [PMID: 38939734 PMCID: PMC11080789 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Parasites are responsible for the most neglected tropical diseases, affecting over a billion people worldwide (WHO, 2015) and accounting for billions of cases a year and responsible for several millions of deaths. Research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has increased in recent years and demonstrated that EVs shed by pathogenic parasites interact with host cells playing an important role in the parasite's survival, such as facilitation of infection, immunomodulation, parasite adaptation to the host environment and the transfer of drug resistance factors. Thus, EVs released by parasites mediate parasite-parasite and parasite-host intercellular communication. In addition, they are being explored as biomarkers of asymptomatic infections and disease prognosis after drug treatment. However, most current protocols used for the isolation, size determination, quantification and characterization of molecular cargo of EVs lack greater rigor, standardization, and adequate quality controls to certify the enrichment or purity of the ensuing bioproducts. We are now initiating major guidelines based on the evolution of collective knowledge in recent years. The main points covered in this position paper are methods for the isolation and molecular characterization of EVs obtained from parasite-infected cell cultures, experimental animals, and patients. The guideline also includes a discussion of suggested protocols and functional assays in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fernandez‐Becerra
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- IGTP Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i PujolBadalona (Barcelona)Spain
- CIBERINFECISCIII‐CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Patrícia Xander
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Daniel Alfandari
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science (WIS)RehovotIsrael
| | - George Dong
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Iris Aparici‐Herraiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Mehrdad Shokouhy
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine ResearchPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Melisa Gualdron‐Lopez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nicholy Lozano
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Nuria Cortes‐Serra
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Paula Abou Karam
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science (WIS)RehovotIsrael
| | - Paula Meneghetti
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Rafael Pedro Madeira
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry UnitLife Sciences Core Facilities, WISRehovotIsrael
| | | | - Adriana Oliveira Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e ToxicológicasFaculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)Belo HorizonteMinas GeraisBrasil
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine ResearchPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Anabela‐Cordeiro da Silva
- Host‐Parasite Interactions GroupInstitute of Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Host‐Parasite Interactions GroupInstitute of Research and Innovation in HealthUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | | | - Marcel I. Ramirez
- EVAHPI ‐ Extracellular Vesicles and Host‐Parasite Interactions Research Group Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistemática de TripanossomatideosInstituto Carlos Chagas‐FiocruzCuritibaParanáBrasil
| | - Dolores Bernal
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Ciències BiològiquesUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValenciaSpain
| | - Antonio Marcilla
- Àrea de Parasitologia, Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i ParasitologiaUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValenciaSpain
| | - Vera Lucia Pereira‐Chioccola
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Fungos, Centro de Parasitologia e MicologiaInstituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL)São PauloBrasil
| | - Lysangela Ronalte Alves
- Laboratório de Regulação da Expressão GênicaInstituto Carlos ChagasFiocruz ParanáCuritibaBrazil
- Research Center in Infectious DiseasesDivision of Infectious Disease and Immunity CHU de Quebec Research CenterDepartment of MicrobiologyInfectious Disease and ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Hernando Del Portillo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthHospital Clínic‐Universitatde BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- IGTP Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i PujolBadalona (Barcelona)Spain
- ICREA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc¸ats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Neta Regev‐Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science (WIS)RehovotIsrael
| | - Igor Correia de Almeida
- Department of Biological SciencesBorder Biomedical Research CenterThe University of Texas at El PasoEl PasoTexasUSA
| | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departamento de MicrobiologiaImunologia e Parasitologia, UNIFESPSão PauloBrazil
| | - Martin Olivier
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasLaboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e ProtozoáriosDepartamento de Ciências FarmacêuticasInstituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
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13
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Basu S, Pawlowic MC, Hsu FF, Thomas G, Zhang K. Ethanolaminephosphate cytidylyltransferase is essential for survival, lipid homeostasis and stress tolerance in Leishmania major. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011112. [PMID: 37506172 PMCID: PMC10411802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids including phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) are vital components of biological membranes. Trypanosomatid parasites of the genus Leishmania can acquire PE and PC via de novo synthesis and the uptake/remodeling of host lipids. In this study, we investigated the ethanolaminephosphate cytidylyltransferase (EPCT) in Leishmania major, which is the causative agent for cutaneous leishmaniasis. EPCT is a key enzyme in the ethanolamine branch of the Kennedy pathway which is responsible for the de novo synthesis of PE. Our results demonstrate that L. major EPCT is a cytosolic protein capable of catalyzing the formation of CDP-ethanolamine from ethanolamine-phosphate and cytidine triphosphate. Genetic manipulation experiments indicate that EPCT is essential in both the promastigote and amastigote stages of L. major as the chromosomal null mutants cannot survive without the episomal expression of EPCT. This differs from our previous findings on the choline branch of the Kennedy pathway (responsible for PC synthesis) which is required only in promastigotes but not amastigotes. While episomal EPCT expression does not affect promastigote proliferation under normal conditions, it leads to reduced production of ethanolamine plasmalogen or plasmenylethanolamine, the dominant PE subtype in Leishmania. In addition, parasites with episomal EPCT exhibit heightened sensitivity to acidic pH and starvation stress, and significant reduction in virulence. In summary, our investigation demonstrates that proper regulation of EPCT expression is crucial for PE synthesis, stress response, and survival of Leishmania parasites throughout their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somrita Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mattie C. Pawlowic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research (WCAIR), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Geoff Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
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14
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Black JA, Reis-Cunha JL, Cruz AK, Tosi LR. Life in plastic, it's fantastic! How Leishmania exploit genome instability to shape gene expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1102462. [PMID: 36779182 PMCID: PMC9910336 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are kinetoplastid pathogens that cause leishmaniasis, a debilitating and potentially life-threatening infection if untreated. Unusually, Leishmania regulate their gene expression largely post-transcriptionally due to the arrangement of their coding genes into polycistronic transcription units that may contain 100s of functionally unrelated genes. Yet, Leishmania are capable of rapid and responsive changes in gene expression to challenging environments, often instead correlating with dynamic changes in their genome composition, ranging from chromosome and gene copy number variations to the generation of extrachromosomal DNA and the accumulation of point mutations. Typically, such events indicate genome instability in other eukaryotes, coinciding with genetic abnormalities, but for Leishmania, exploiting these products of genome instability can provide selectable substrates to catalyse necessary gene expression changes by modifying gene copy number. Unorthodox DNA replication, DNA repair, replication stress factors and DNA repeats are recognised in Leishmania as contributors to this intrinsic instability, but how Leishmania regulate genome plasticity to enhance fitness whilst limiting toxic under- or over-expression of co-amplified and co-transcribed genes is unclear. Herein, we focus on fresh, and detailed insights that improve our understanding of genome plasticity in Leishmania. Furthermore, we discuss emerging models and factors that potentially circumvent regulatory issues arising from polycistronic transcription. Lastly, we highlight key gaps in our understanding of Leishmania genome plasticity and discuss future studies to define, in higher resolution, these complex regulatory interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Black
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil,The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Luiz. R.O. Tosi, ; Jennifer A. Black,
| | | | - Angela. K. Cruz
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiz. R.O. Tosi
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil,*Correspondence: Luiz. R.O. Tosi, ; Jennifer A. Black,
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15
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Guay-Vincent MM, Matte C, Berthiaume AM, Olivier M, Jaramillo M, Descoteaux A. Revisiting Leishmania GP63 host cell targets reveals a limited spectrum of substrates. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010640. [PMID: 36191034 PMCID: PMC9560592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of host phagocytic cells by Leishmania metacyclic promastigotes involves several parasite effectors, including the zinc-dependent metalloprotease GP63. The major mode of action of this virulence factor entails the cleavage/degradation of host cell proteins. Given the potent proteolytic activity of GP63, identification of its substrates requires the adequate preparation of cell lysates to prevent artefactual degradation during cell processing. In the present study, we re-examined the cleavage/degradation of reported GP63 substrates when GP63 activity was efficiently neutralized during the preparation of cell lysates. To this end, we infected bone marrow-derived macrophages with either wild type, Δgp63, and Δgp63+GP63 L. major metacyclic promastigotes for various time points. We prepared cell lysates in the absence or presence of the zinc-metalloprotease inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline and examined the levels and integrity of ten previously reported host cell GP63 substrates. Inhibition of GP63 activity with 1,10-phenanthroline during the processing of macrophages prevented the cleavage/degradation of several previously described GP63 targets, including PTP-PEST, mTOR, p65RelA, c-Jun, VAMP3, and NLRP3. Conversely, we confirmed that SHP-1, Synaptotagmin XI, VAMP8, and Syntaxin-5 are bona fide GP63 substrates. These results point to the importance of efficiently inhibiting GP63 activity during the preparation of Leishmania-infected host cell lysates. In addition, our results indicate that the role of GP63 in Leishmania pathogenesis must be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Michèle Guay-Vincent
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christine Matte
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Berthiaume
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maritza Jaramillo
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Tano FT, Barbosa GR, de Rezende E, Souza ROO, Muxel SM, Silber AM, Palmisano G, Stolf BS. Proteome and morphological analysis show unexpected differences between promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis PH8 and LV79 strains. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271492. [PMID: 35998173 PMCID: PMC9398010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniases are diseases caused by Leishmania protozoans that affect around 12 million people. Leishmania promastigotes are transmitted to vertebrates by female phlebotomine flies during their blood meal. Parasites attach to phagocytic cells, are phagocytosed and differentiate into amastigotes. We previously showed that PH8 and LV79 strains of Leishmania amazonensis have different virulence in mice and that their amastigotes differ in their proteomes. In this work, we compare promastigotes' infectivity in macrophages, their proteomes and morphologies. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Phagocytosis assays showed that promastigotes adhesion to and phagocytosis by macrophages is higher in PH8 than LV79. To identify proteins that differ between the two strains and that may eventually contribute for these differences we used a label-free proteomic approach to compare promastigote´s membrane-enriched fractions. Proteomic analysis enabled precise discrimination of PH8 and LV79 protein profiles and the identification of several differentially abundant proteins. The proteins more abundant in LV79 promastigotes participate mainly in translation and amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, while the more abundant in PH8 are involved in carbohydrate metabolism, cytoskeleton composition and vesicle/membrane trafficking. Interestingly, although the virulence factor GP63 was more abundant in the less virulent LV79 strain, zymography suggests a higher protease activity in PH8. Enolase, which may be related to virulence, was more abundant in PH8 promastigotes. Unexpectedly, flow cytometry and morphometric analysis indicate higher abundance of metacyclics in LV79. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Proteome comparison of PH8 and LV79 promastigotes generated a list of differential proteins, some of which may be further prospected to affect the infectivity of promastigotes. Although proteomic profile of PH8 includes more proteins characteristic of metacyclics, flow cytometry and morphometric analysis indicate a higher abundance of metacyclics in LV79 cultures. These results shed light to the gaps in our knowledge of metacyclogenesis in L. amazonensis, and to proteins that should be studied in the context of infection by this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Tomie Tano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rolim Barbosa
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eloiza de Rezende
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Marcia Muxel
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariel Mariano Silber
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Simonsen Stolf
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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17
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Douanne N, Dong G, Amin A, Bernardo L, Blanchette M, Langlais D, Olivier M, Fernandez-Prada C. Leishmania parasites exchange drug-resistance genes through extracellular vesicles. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111121. [PMID: 35858561 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are eukaryotic parasites that have retained the ability to produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) through evolution. To date, it has been unclear if different DNA entities could be associated with Leishmania EVs and whether these could constitute a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Herein, we investigate the DNA content of EVs derived from drug-resistant parasites, as well as the EVs' potential to act as shuttles for DNA transfer. Next-generation sequencing and PCR assays confirm the enrichment of amplicons carrying drug-resistance genes associated with EVs. Transfer assays of drug-resistant EVs highlight a significant impact on the phenotype of recipient parasites induced by the expression of the transferred DNA. Recipient parasites display an enhanced growth and better control of oxidative stress. We provide evidence that eukaryotic EVs function as efficient mediators in HGT, thereby facilitating the transmission of drug-resistance genes and increasing the fitness of cells when encountering stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noélie Douanne
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 626 CIMIA Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - George Dong
- IDIGH, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada
| | - Atia Amin
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Genome Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Lorena Bernardo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 626 CIMIA Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mathieu Blanchette
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Genome Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- IDIGH, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 626 CIMIA Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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