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Zhai X, Cao S, Wang J, Qiao B, Liu X, Hua R, Zhao M, Sun S, Han Y, Wu S, Pang J, Yuan Q, Wang B, Xu F, Wei S, Chen Y. Carbonylation of Runx2 at K176 by 4-Hydroxynonenal Accelerates Vascular Calcification. Circulation 2024; 149:1752-1769. [PMID: 38348663 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.065830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification, which is characterized by calcium deposition in arterial walls and the osteochondrogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells, is an actively regulated process that involves complex mechanisms. Vascular calcification is associated with increased cardiovascular adverse events. The role of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), which is the most abundant stable product of lipid peroxidation, in vascular calcification has been poorly investigated. METHODS Serum was collected from patients with chronic kidney disease and controls, and the levels of 4-HNE and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α were measured. Sections of coronary atherosclerotic plaques from donors were immunostained to analyze calcium deposition and 4-HNE. A total of 658 patients with coronary artery disease who received coronary computed tomography angiography were recruited to analyze the relationship between coronary calcification and the rs671 mutation in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). ALDH2 knockout (ALDH2-/-) mice, smooth muscle cell-specific ALDH2 knockout mice, ALDH2 transgenic mice, and their controls were used to establish vascular calcification models. Primary mouse aortic smooth muscle cells and human aortic smooth muscle cells were exposed to medium containing β-glycerophosphate and CaCl2 to investigate cell calcification and the underlying molecular mechanisms. RESULTS Elevated 4-HNE levels were observed in the serum of patients with chronic kidney disease and model mice and were detected in calcified artery sections by immunostaining. ALDH2 knockout or smooth muscle cell-specific ALDH2 knockout accelerated the development of vascular calcification in model mice, whereas overexpression or activation prevented mouse vascular calcification and the osteochondrogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. In patients with coronary artery disease, patients with ALDH2 rs671 gene mutation developed more severe coronary calcification. 4-HNE promoted calcification of both mouse aortic smooth muscle cells and human aortic smooth muscle cells and their osteochondrogenic differentiation in vitro. 4-HNE increased the level of Runx2 (runt-related transcription factor-2), and the effect of 4-HNE on promoting vascular smooth muscle cell calcification was ablated when Runx2 was knocked down. Mutation of Runx2 at lysine 176 reduced its carbonylation and eliminated the 4-HNE-induced upregulation of Runx2. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 4-HNE increases Runx2 stabilization by directly carbonylating its K176 site and promotes vascular calcification. ALDH2 might be a potential target for the treatment of vascular calcification.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aldehydes/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- Humans
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/metabolism
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/genetics
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Female
- Middle Aged
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/genetics
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Aged
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhai
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
| | - Shengchuan Cao
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
| | - Jiali Wang
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan (J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., J.P., Q.Y.)
| | - Bao Qiao
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan (J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., J.P., Q.Y.)
| | - Xuehao Liu
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan (J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., J.P., Q.Y.)
| | - Rui Hua
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan (J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., J.P., Q.Y.)
| | - Menglin Zhao
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan (J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., J.P., Q.Y.)
| | - Shukun Sun
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan (J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., J.P., Q.Y.)
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan (J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., J.P., Q.Y.)
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
| | - Jiaojiao Pang
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan (J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., J.P., Q.Y.)
| | - Qiuhuan Yuan
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan (J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., J.P., Q.Y.)
| | - Bailu Wang
- National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Clinical Trial Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.W.)
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
| | - Shujian Wei
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (X.Z., S.C., J.W., B.Q., X.L., R.H., M.Z., S.S., Y.H., S.W., J.P., Q.Y., F.X., S.W., Y.C.)
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Cutshaw G, Uthaman S, Hassan N, Kothadiya S, Wen X, Bardhan R. The Emerging Role of Raman Spectroscopy as an Omics Approach for Metabolic Profiling and Biomarker Detection toward Precision Medicine. Chem Rev 2023; 123:8297-8346. [PMID: 37318957 PMCID: PMC10626597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Omics technologies have rapidly evolved with the unprecedented potential to shape precision medicine. Novel omics approaches are imperative toallow rapid and accurate data collection and integration with clinical information and enable a new era of healthcare. In this comprehensive review, we highlight the utility of Raman spectroscopy (RS) as an emerging omics technology for clinically relevant applications using clinically significant samples and models. We discuss the use of RS both as a label-free approach for probing the intrinsic metabolites of biological materials, and as a labeled approach where signal from Raman reporters conjugated to nanoparticles (NPs) serve as an indirect measure for tracking protein biomarkers in vivo and for high throughout proteomics. We summarize the use of machine learning algorithms for processing RS data to allow accurate detection and evaluation of treatment response specifically focusing on cancer, cardiac, gastrointestinal, and neurodegenerative diseases. We also highlight the integration of RS with established omics approaches for holistic diagnostic information. Further, we elaborate on metal-free NPs that leverage the biological Raman-silent region overcoming the challenges of traditional metal NPs. We conclude the review with an outlook on future directions that will ultimately allow the adaptation of RS as a clinical approach and revolutionize precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cutshaw
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
| | - Nora Hassan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
| | - Siddhant Kothadiya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
| | - Xiaona Wen
- Biologics Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Rizia Bardhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
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Sud K, Narula N, Aikawa E, Arbustini E, Pibarot P, Merlini G, Rosenson RS, Seshan SV, Argulian E, Ahmadi A, Zhou F, Moreira AL, Côté N, Tsimikas S, Fuster V, Gandy S, Bonow RO, Gursky O, Narula J. The contribution of amyloid deposition in the aortic valve to calcification and aortic stenosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:418-428. [PMID: 36624274 PMCID: PMC10199673 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) and stenosis have a complex pathogenesis, and no therapies are available that can halt or slow their progression. Several studies have shown the presence of apolipoprotein-related amyloid deposits in close proximity to calcified areas in diseased aortic valves. In this Perspective, we explore a possible relationship between amyloid deposits, calcification and the development of aortic valve stenosis. These amyloid deposits might contribute to the amplification of the inflammatory cycle in the aortic valve, including extracellular matrix remodelling and myofibroblast and osteoblast-like cell proliferation. Further investigation in this area is needed to characterize the amyloid deposits associated with CAVD, which could allow the use of antisense oligonucleotides and/or isotype gene therapies for the prevention and/or treatment of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Sud
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Navneet Narula
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Philippe Pibarot
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Edgar Argulian
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amir Ahmadi
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fang Zhou
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andre L Moreira
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Côté
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Sam Gandy
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert O Bonow
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olga Gursky
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jagat Narula
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Singh SS, van der Toorn JE, Sijbrands EJG, de Rijke YB, Kavousi M, Bos D. Lipoprotein(a) is associated with a larger systemic burden of arterial calcification. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2023:7135506. [PMID: 37082982 PMCID: PMC10364618 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jead057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a genetically determined risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, population-based evidence on the link between Lp(a) and subclinical arteriosclerosis is lacking. We assessed associations of Lp(a) concentrations with arteriosclerosis in multiple arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS From the population-based Rotterdam study, 2354 participants (mean age: 69.5 years, 52.3% women) underwent non-contrast computed tomography to assess arterial calcification as a hallmark of arteriosclerosis. We quantified the volume of coronary artery calcification (CAC), aortic arch calcification (AAC), extracranial (ECAC), and intracranial carotid artery calcification (ICAC). All participants underwent blood sampling, from which plasma Lp(a) concentrations were derived. The association of plasma Lp(a) levels was assessed with calcification volumes and with severe calcification (upper quartile of calcification volume) using sex-stratified multivariable linear and logistic regression models. Higher Lp(a) levels were associated with larger ln-transformed volumes of CAC [fully adjusted beta 95% confidence interval (CI) per 1 standard deviation (SD) in women: 0.09, 95% CI 0.04-0.14, men: 0.09, 95% CI 0.03-0.14], AAC (women: 0.06, 95% CI 0.01-0.11, men: 0.09, 95% CI 0.03-0.14), ECAC (women: 0.07, 95% CI 0.02-0.13, men: 0.08, 95% CI 0.03-0.14), and ICAC (women: 0.09, 95% CI 0.03-0.14, men: 0.05, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.11]. In the highest Lp(a) percentile, severe ICAC was most prevalent in women [fully adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.41, 95% CI 1.25-4.63] and severe AAC in men (fully adjusted OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.67-6.49). CONCLUSION Higher Lp(a) was consistently associated with a larger calcification burden in all major arteries. The findings of this study indicate that Lp(a) is a systemic risk factor for arteriosclerosis and thus potentially an effective target for treatment. Lp(a)-reducing therapies may reduce the burden from arteriosclerotic events throughout the arterial system. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE In 2354 participants from the Rotterdam study, we assessed the link between Lp(a) concentrations and arterial calcifications, as proxy for arteriosclerosis, in major arteries. We found that higher Lp(a) levels were consistently associated with larger volumes of calcification in the coronary arteries, aortic arch, extracranial carotid arteries, and intracranial carotid arteries. The findings of our study indicate that Lp(a) is a systemic risk factor for arteriosclerosis, suggesting that the systemic burden of arteriosclerosis throughout the arterial system could be reduced by targeting Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny S Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine E van der Toorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J G Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B de Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bos
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
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Ren HL, Cai R, Xue R, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Zhang X, Cai R, Sha W, Schally AV, Zhou MS. Growth hormone-releasing hormone agonist attenuates vascular calcification in diabetic db/db mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1102525. [PMID: 36742073 PMCID: PMC9889365 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vascular calcification (VC) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. VC increases mortality of all-causes. VC is one of most common cardiovascular complications in type II diabetes. So far, no therapy has been proven to be effective in treatment of clinical VC. The present study investigated the therapeutic effects of MR409, an agonistic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH-A), on VC in diabetic db/db mice. Method and result Diabetic mice were injected with MR409 subcutaneously every day for 8 weeks. Long-term treatment with MR409 improved serum lipid profile and endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine, and reduced vascular structural injury in diabetic mice without affecting serum growth hormone level. Echocardiography showed that calcium plaques present in heart valve of diabetic mice disappeared in diabetic mice after treatment with MR409. MR409 inhibited vascular calcium deposition associated with a marked reduction in the expressions of osteogenic-regulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and transcription osteogenic marker gene Runx2 in diabetic mice. MR409 also inhibited vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and upregulated the expressions of anti-calcifying protein Klotho in diabetic mice. Discussion Our results demonstrate that GHRH-A MR409 can effectively attenuate VC and heart valve calcification, and protect against endothelial dysfunction and vascular injury in diabetic mice without significantly affecting pituitary-growth hormone axis. The mechanisms may involve upregulation of anti-calcifying protein Klotho and reduction in vascular ROS and the expression of redox sensitive osteogenic genes Runx2 and ALP. GHRH-A may represent a new pharmacological strategy for treatment of VC and diabetics associated cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Lin Ren
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ruiping Cai
- Science and Research Center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China,Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruize Xue
- Science and Research Center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China,Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaoxia Zhang
- Science and Research Center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China,Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Science and Research Center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China,Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xianyang Zhang
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
| | - RenZhi Cai
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States,Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Wei Sha
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States,Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States,Divisions of Medical/Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Science and Research Center, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China,Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Ming-Sheng Zhou,
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Gáll T, Nagy P, Garai D, Potor L, Balla GJ, Balla G, Balla J. Overview on hydrogen sulfide-mediated suppression of vascular calcification and hemoglobin/heme-mediated vascular damage in atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102504. [PMID: 36240620 PMCID: PMC9576974 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques with hemorrhage considerably contribute to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Calcification is the main characteristic of advanced atherosclerotic lesions and calcified aortic valve disease (CAVD). Lyses of red blood cells and hemoglobin (Hb) release occur in human hemorrhagic complicated lesions. During the interaction of cell-free Hb with plaque constituents, Hb is oxidized to ferric and ferryl states accompanied by oxidative changes of the globin moieties and heme release. Accumulation of both ferryl-Hb and metHb has been observed in atherosclerotic plaques. The oxidation hotspots in the globin chain are the cysteine and tyrosine amino acids associated with the generation of Hb dimers, tetramers and polymers. Moreover, fragmentation of Hb occurs leading to the formation of globin-derived peptides. A series of these pro-atherogenic cellular responses can be suppressed by hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Since H2S has been explored to exhibit a wide range of physiologic functions to maintain vascular homeostasis, it is not surprising that H2S may play beneficial effects in the progression of atherosclerosis. In the present review, we summarize the findings about the effects of H2S on atherosclerosis and CAVD with a special emphasis on the oxidation of Hb/heme in atherosclerotic plaque development and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Gáll
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, 11003, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Oncochemistry, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Garai
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Potor
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, 11003, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - György Balla
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, 11003, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, 11003, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Vascular Calcification Is Associated with Fetuin-A and Cortical Bone Porosity in Stone Formers. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071120. [PMID: 35887617 PMCID: PMC9319706 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nephrolithiasis has been associated with bone loss and vascular calcification (VC), reflecting abnormal extraosseous calcium deposition. Fetuin-A (Fet-A) acts as a potent inhibitor of ectopic mineralization. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of VC in stone formers (SF) and non-stone formers (NSF) and to investigate potential determinants of VC among SF, including circulating levels of Fet-A and bone microarchitecture parameters. Methods: Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) was assessed using available computed tomography in SF and in age-, sex-, and BMI-matched NSF (potential living kidney donors). Serum Fet-A was measured in stored blood samples from SF. Bone microarchitecture parameters were obtained as a post hoc analysis of a cross-sectional cohort from young SF evaluated by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). Results: A total of 62 SF (38.0 [28.0−45.3] years old) and 80 NSF (40.0 [37.0−45.8] years old) were included. There was no significant difference in AAC scores between SF and NSF. However, when dividing SF according to mean AAC score, below <5.8% (n = 33) or above ≥5.8% (n = 29), SF with higher AAC presented significantly higher BMI and tibial cortical porosity (Ct.Po) and significantly lower serum HDL, klotho, Fet-A, and eGFR. Urinary calcium did not differ between groups, but fractional excretion of phosphate was higher in the former. Upon multivariate regression, BMI, serum Fet-A, and tibial Ct.Po remained independently associated with AAC. Conclusions: This study suggests an association between reduced circulating Fet-A levels and increased bone Ct.Po with VC in SF.
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Qin Z, Liu Q, Jiao P, Geng J, Liao R, Su B. Higher Blood Cadmium Concentration Is Associated With Increased Likelihood of Abdominal Aortic Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:870169. [PMID: 35557529 PMCID: PMC9086707 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.870169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AimsThis study aimed to evaluate the association between blood cadmium concentration (BCC) and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) in adults aged ≥40 years in the United States.MethodsData were obtained from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants without data about BCC and AAC scores were excluded. BCC was directly measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). AAC scores were quantified by the Kauppila scoring system, and severe AAC was defined as an AAC score >6. Weighted multivariable regression analysis and subgroup analysis were conducted to explore the independent relationship between cadmium exposure with AAC scores and severe AAC.ResultsA total of 1,530 participants were included with an average BCC of 0.47 ± 0.02 μg/L and AAC score of 1.40 ± 0.10 [mean ± standard error (SE)]. The prevalence of severe AAC was 7.96% in the whole subjects and increased with the higher BCC tertiles (Tertile 1: 4.74%, Tertile 2: 9.83%, and Tertile 3: 10.17%; p = 0.0395). We observed a significant positive association between BCC and the AAC score (β = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.01~0.30) and an increased risk of severe AAC [odds ratio (OR) = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.03~2.04]. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests revealed that there was no dependence for the association between BCC and AAC.ConclusionBlood cadmium concentration was associated with a higher AAC score and an increased likelihood of severe AAC in adults in the United States. Cadmium exposure is a risk factor for AAC, and attention should be given to the management of blood cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qin
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med+ Biomaterial Institute of West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med+ Biomaterial Institute of West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengcheng Jiao
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiwen Geng
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med+ Biomaterial Institute of West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoxi Liao
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med+ Biomaterial Institute of West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baihai Su
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med+ Biomaterial Institute of West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Baihai Su
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9
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Saba L, Chen H, Cau R, Rubeis G, Zhu G, Pisu F, Jang B, Lanzino G, Suri J, Qi Y, Wintermark M. Impact Analysis of Different CT Configurations of Carotid Artery Plaque Calcifications on Cerebrovascular Events. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022; 43:272-279. [PMID: 35121588 PMCID: PMC8985662 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CT is considered the standard reference both for quantification and characterization of carotid artery calcifications. Our aim was to investigate the relationship among different types of calcium configurations detected with CT within the plaque with a novel classification and to investigate the prevalence of cerebrovascular events. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven hundred ninety patients (men = 332; mean age, 69.7 [SD, 13] years; 508 symptomatic for cerebrovascular symptoms and 282 asymptomatic) who underwent computed tomography of the carotid arteries were retrospectively included in this institutional review board-approved study. The plaque was classified into 6 types according to the different types of calcium configurations as the following: type 1, complete absence of calcification within the plaque; type 2, intimal or superficial calcifications; type 3, deep or bulky calcifications; type 4, adventitial calcifications with internal soft plaque of <2 mm thickness; type 5, mixed patterns with intimal and bulky calcifications; and type 6, positive rim sign. RESULTS The highest prevalence of cerebrovascular events was observed for type 6, for which 89 of the 99 cases were symptomatic. Type 6 plaque had the highest degree of correlation with TIA, stroke, symptoms, and ipsilateral infarct for both sides with a higher prevalence in younger patients. The frequency of symptoms observed by configuration type significantly differed between right and left plaques, with symptoms observed more frequently in type 6 calcification on the right side (50/53; 94%) than on the left side (39/46; 85%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS We propose a novel carotid artery plaque configuration classification that is associated with the prevalence of cerebrovascular events. If confirmed in longitudinal analysis, this classification could be used to stratify the risk of occurrence of ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Saba
- From the Department of Radiology (L.S., R.C., F.P.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - H. Chen
- Department of Radiology (H.C., G.Z., B.J., M.W.), Division of Neuroradiology, Stanford University Hospital, Stanford, California
| | - R. Cau
- From the Department of Radiology (L.S., R.C., F.P.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - G.D. Rubeis
- Department of Radiology, UOC of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.D.R.), San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Zhu
- Department of Radiology (H.C., G.Z., B.J., M.W.), Division of Neuroradiology, Stanford University Hospital, Stanford, California
| | - F. Pisu
- From the Department of Radiology (L.S., R.C., F.P.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - B. Jang
- Department of Radiology (H.C., G.Z., B.J., M.W.), Division of Neuroradiology, Stanford University Hospital, Stanford, California
| | - G. Lanzino
- Department of Neurologic Surgery (G.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - J.S. Suri
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division (J.S.S.), AtheroPoint, Roseville, California
| | - Y. Qi
- Department of Xuanwu Hospital (Y.Q.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, Chin
| | - M. Wintermark
- Department of Radiology (H.C., G.Z., B.J., M.W.), Division of Neuroradiology, Stanford University Hospital, Stanford, California
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Jawahar G, Rao GN, Vennila AA, Fathima SD, Lawanya MKK, Doss DM, Sherwood IA, Antinisha AA, Bhuvana B. Clinicopathological Correlation of Pulp Stones and Its Association with Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia: An Hospital-based Prevalence Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:S1268-S1274. [PMID: 35017969 PMCID: PMC8686932 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_475_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulp stones are the discrete calcification, located in pulp tissue or attached to or embedded in dentin. It occurs in physiological and pathological conditions. The exact etiopathogenesis of various types of pulp calcifications is unknown and the prevalence varies from 8% to 90%. The histopathological identification of pulp stones is higher than the radiological identification. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to evaluate and correlate the clinical parameters and histopathological analysis of pulp stone with systemic hypertension and hyperlipidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy patients were selected for the study and a detailed case history was recorded. The radiological investigations were noted down and extirpated pulp tissues were sent for processing. The results were analyzed statistically using Chi-square test. RESULTS Out of 70 patients studied, pulp stones were observed radiologically in 14 patients and histopathologically in 30 patients. The presence of irregular and nonlaminated type of pulp stones histopathologically was significantly correlated with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSION The patients with the histopathological presence of nonlaminated and irregular-shaped pulp should be evaluated for lipid profile and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowthami Jawahar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gururaj Narayana Rao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Gururaj Narayana Rao, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai - 625 001, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail:
| | - A. Alagu Vennila
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Deenul Fathima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. K. Keerthik Lawanya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Daffney Mano Doss
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - I. Anand Sherwood
- Department of Endodontics, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A. Annie Antinisha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B. Bhuvana
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Santhanam L, Liu G, Jandu S, Su W, Wodu BP, Savage W, Poe A, Liu X, Alexander LM, Cao X, Wan M. Skeleton-secreted PDGF-BB mediates arterial stiffening. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e147116. [PMID: 34437300 PMCID: PMC8516464 DOI: 10.1172/jci147116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence links osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease but the cellular and molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here we identify skeleton-secreted platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) as a key mediator of arterial stiffening in response to aging and metabolic stress. Aged mice and those fed high-fat diet (HFD), relative to young mice and those fed normal chow food diet, respectively, had higher serum PDGF-BB and developed bone loss and arterial stiffening. Bone/bone marrow preosteoclasts in aged mice and HFD mice secrete an excessive amount of PDGF-BB, contributing to the elevated PDGF-BB in blood circulation. Conditioned medium prepared from preosteoclasts stimulated proliferation and migration of the vascular smooth muscle cells. Conditional transgenic mice, in which PDGF-BB is overexpressed in preosteoclasts, had 3-fold higher serum PDGF-BB concentration and developed simultaneous bone loss and arterial stiffening spontaneously at a young age. Conversely, in conditional knockout mice, in which PDGF-BB is deleted selectively in preosteoclasts, HFD did not affect serum PDGF-BB concentration; as a result, HFD-induced bone loss and arterial stiffening were attenuated. These studies confirm that preosteoclasts are a main source of excessive PDGF-BB in blood circulation during aging and metabolic stress and establish the role of skeleton-derived PDGF-BB as an important mediator of vascular stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guanqiao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sandeep Jandu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Weiping Su
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bulouere P. Wodu
- Department of Biotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William Savage
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan Poe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lacy M. Alexander
- Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Waring OJ, Skenteris NT, Biessen EAL, Donners MMPC. Two-faced Janus: The dual role of macrophages in atherosclerotic calcification. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2768-2777. [PMID: 34550346 PMCID: PMC9586561 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcification is an independent predictor of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular events. Microcalcification is linked to inflamed, unstable lesions, in comparison to the fibrotic stable plaque phenotype generally associated with advanced calcification. This paradox relates to recognition that calcification presents in a wide spectrum of manifestations that differentially impact plaque’s fate. Macrophages, the main inflammatory cells in atherosclerotic plaque, have a multifaceted role in disease progression. They crucially control the mineralization process, from microcalcification to the osteoid metaplasia of bone-like tissue. It is a bilateral interaction that weighs heavily on the overall plaque fate but remains rather unexplored. This review highlights current knowledge about macrophage phenotypic changes in relation to and interaction with the calcifying environment. On the one hand, macrophage-led inflammation kickstarts microcalcification through a multitude of interlinked mechanisms, which in turn stimulates phenotypic changes in vascular cell types to drive microcalcification. Macrophages may also modulate the expression/activity of calcification inhibitors and inducers, or eliminate hydroxyapatite nucleation points. Contrarily, direct exposure of macrophages to an early calcifying milieu impacts macrophage phenotype, with repercussions for plaque progression and/or stability. Macrophages surrounding macrocalcification deposits show a more reparative phenotype, modulating extracellular matrix, and expressing osteoclast genes. This phenotypic shift favours gradual displacement of the pro-inflammatory hubs; the lipid necrotic core, by macrocalcification. Parallels to bone metabolism may explain many of these changes to macrophage phenotype, with advanced calcification able to show homeostatic osteoid metaplasia. As the targeted treatment of vascular calcification developing in atherosclerosis is thus far severely lacking, it is crucial to better understand its mechanisms of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Waring
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - N T Skenteris
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - E A L Biessen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, German
| | - M M P C Donners
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
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13
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Nagy A, Pethő D, Gesztelyi R, Juhász B, Balla G, Szilvássy Z, Balla J, Gáll T. BGP-15 Inhibits Hyperglycemia-Aggravated VSMC Calcification Induced by High Phosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179263. [PMID: 34502172 PMCID: PMC8431374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification associated with high plasma phosphate (Pi) level is a frequent complication of hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. BGP-15 is an emerging anti-diabetic drug candidate. This study was aimed to explore whether BGP-15 inhibits high Pi-induced calcification of human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) under normal glucose (NG) and high glucose (HG) conditions. Exposure of VSMCs to Pi resulted in accumulation of extracellular calcium, elevated cellular Pi uptake and intracellular pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK-4) level, loss of smooth muscle cell markers (ACTA, TAGLN), and enhanced osteochondrogenic gene expression (KLF-5, Msx-2, Sp7, BMP-2). Increased Annexin A2 and decreased matrix Gla protein (MGP) content were found in extracellular vesicles (EVs). The HG condition markedly aggravated Pi-induced VSMC calcification. BGP-15 inhibited Pi uptake and PDK-4 expression that was accompanied by the decreased nuclear translocation of KLF-5, Msx-2, Sp7, retained VSMC markers (ACTA, TAGLN), and decreased BMP-2 in both NG and HG conditions. EVs exhibited increased MGP content and decreased Annexin A2. Importantly, BGP-15 prevented the deposition of calcium in the extracellular matrix. In conclusion, BGP-15 inhibits Pi-induced osteochondrogenic phenotypic switch and mineralization of VSMCs in vitro that make BGP-15 an ideal candidate to attenuate both diabetic and non-diabetic vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamária Nagy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.N.); (D.P.); (T.G.)
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dávid Pethő
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.N.); (D.P.); (T.G.)
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Gesztelyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (R.G.); (B.J.); (Z.S.)
| | - Béla Juhász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (R.G.); (B.J.); (Z.S.)
| | - György Balla
- ELKH-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szilvássy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (R.G.); (B.J.); (Z.S.)
| | - József Balla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.N.); (D.P.); (T.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-255-500 (ext. 55004)
| | - Tamás Gáll
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.N.); (D.P.); (T.G.)
- ELKH-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
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14
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Abstract
Background Vascular calcification is a closely linked to cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, hypertension and aging. The extent of vascular calcification is closely correlate with adverse clinical events and cardiovascular all-cause mortality. The role of autophagy in vascular calcification is complex with many mechanistic unknowns.
Methods In this review, we analyze the current known mechanisms of autophagy in vascular calcification and discuss the theoretical advantages of targeting autophagy as an intervention against vascular calcification. Results Here we summarize the functional link between vascular calcification and autophagy in both animal models of and human cardiovascular disease. Firstly, autophagy can reduce calcification by inhibiting the osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs related to ANCR, ERα, β-catenin, HIF-1a/PDK4, p62, miR-30b, BECN1, mTOR, SOX9, GHSR/ERK, and AMPK signaling. Conversely, autophagy can induce osteoblast differentiation and calcification as mediated by CREB, degradation of elastin, and lncRNA H19 and DUSP5 mediated ERK signaling. Secondly, autophagy also links apoptosis and vascular calcification through AMPK/mTOR/ULK1, Wnt/β-catenin and GAS6/AXL synthesis, as apoptotic cells become the nidus for calcium-phosphate crystal deposition. The failure of mitophagy can activate Drp1, BNIP3, and NR4A1/DNA‑PKcs/p53 mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathways, which have been closely linked to the formation of vascular calcification. Additionally, autophagy also plays a role in osteogenesis by regulating vascular calcification, which in turn regulates expression of proteins related to bone development, such as osteocalcin, osteonectin, etc. and regulated by mTOR, EphrinB2 and RhoA. Furthermore, autophagy also promotes vitamin K2-induced MC3T3 E1 osteoblast differentiation and FGFR4/FGF18- and JNK/complex VPS34–beclin-1-related bone mineralization via vascular calcification. Conclusion The interaction between autophagy and vascular calcification are complicated, with their interaction affected by the disease process, anatomical location, and the surrounding microenvironment. Autophagy activation in existent cellular damage is considered protective, while defective autophagy in normal cells result in apoptotic activation. Identifying and maintaining cells at the delicate line between these two states may hold the key to reducing vascular calcification, in which autophagy associated clinical strategy could be developed.
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15
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Driscoll K, Cruz AD, Butcher JT. Inflammatory and Biomechanical Drivers of Endothelial-Interstitial Interactions in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Circ Res 2021; 128:1344-1370. [PMID: 33914601 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease is dramatically increasing in global burden, yet no therapy exists outside of prosthetic replacement. The increasing proportion of younger and more active patients mandates alternative therapies. Studies suggest a window of opportunity for biologically based diagnostics and therapeutics to alleviate or delay calcific aortic valve disease progression. Advancement, however, has been hampered by limited understanding of the complex mechanisms driving calcific aortic valve disease initiation and progression towards clinically relevant interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander D Cruz
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca NY
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16
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Lopez-Candales A, Vallurupalli S. PCSK9 Inhibition-A Tale of 2 Potential Treatment Opportunities. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 6:480-481. [PMID: 33175082 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.5606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Lopez-Candales
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
| | - Srikanth Vallurupalli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
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17
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Bilalic A, Ticinovic Kurir T, Kumric M, Borovac JA, Matetic A, Supe-Domic D, Bozic J. Circulating Levels of Dephosphorylated-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Molecules 2021; 26:1108. [PMID: 33669806 PMCID: PMC7922740 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification contributes to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease while matrix Gla protein (MGP) was recently identified as a potent inhibitor of vascular calcification. MGP fractions, such as dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP), lack post-translational modifications and are less efficient in vascular calcification inhibition. We sought to compare dp-ucMGP levels between patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stratified by ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) status. Physical examination and clinical data, along with plasma dp-ucMGP levels, were obtained from 90 consecutive ACS patients. We observed that levels of dp-ucMGP were significantly higher in patients with NSTEMI compared to STEMI patients (1063.4 ± 518.6 vs. 742.7 ± 166.6 pmol/L, p < 0.001). NSTEMI status and positive family history of cardiovascular diseases were only independent predictors of the highest tertile of dp-ucMGP levels. Among those with NSTEMI, patients at a high risk of in-hospital mortality (adjudicated by GRACE score) had significantly higher levels of dp-ucMGP compared to non-high-risk patients (1417.8 ± 956.8 vs. 984.6 ± 335.0 pmol/L, p = 0.030). Altogether, our findings suggest that higher dp-ucMGP levels likely reflect higher calcification burden in ACS patients and might aid in the identification of NSTEMI patients at increased risk of in-hospital mortality. Furthermore, observed dp-ucMGP levels might reflect differences in atherosclerotic plaque pathobiology between patients with STEMI and NSTEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admira Bilalic
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Split, Split 21000, Croatia; (A.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Tina Ticinovic Kurir
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (T.T.K.); (M.K.); (J.A.B.)
- Endocrinology Clinic, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marko Kumric
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (T.T.K.); (M.K.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Josip A. Borovac
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (T.T.K.); (M.K.); (J.A.B.)
- Institute of Emergency Medicine of Split-Dalmatia County (ZHM SDZ), 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Andrija Matetic
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Split, Split 21000, Croatia; (A.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Daniela Supe-Domic
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Josko Bozic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (T.T.K.); (M.K.); (J.A.B.)
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18
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Alfaddagh A, Martin SS, Leucker TM, Michos ED, Blaha MJ, Lowenstein CJ, Jones SR, Toth PP. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: From mechanisms to therapeutics. Am J Prev Cardiol 2020; 4:100130. [PMID: 34327481 PMCID: PMC8315628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2020.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation constitutes a complex, highly conserved cascade of molecular and cellular events. Inflammation has been labeled as “the fire within,” is highly regulated, and is critical to host defense and tissue repair. In general, inflammation is beneficial and has evolved to promote survival. However, inflammation can also be maladaptive when chronically activated and sustained, leading to progressive tissue injury and reduced survival. Examples of a maladaptive response include rheumatologic disease and atherosclerosis. Despite evidence gathered by Virchow over 100 years ago showing that inflammatory white cells play a role in atherogenesis, atherosclerosis was until recently viewed as a disease of passive cholesterol accumulation in the subendothelial space. This view has been supplanted by considerable basic scientific and clinical evidence demonstrating that every step of atherogenesis, from the development of endothelial cell dysfunction to foam cell formation, plaque formation and progression, and ultimately plaque rupture stemming from architectural instability, is driven by the cytokines, interleukins, and cellular constituents of the inflammatory response. Herein we provide an overview of the role of inflammation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, discuss the predictive value of various biomarkers involved in inflammation, and summarize recent clinical trials that evaluated the capacity of various pharmacologic interventions to attenuate the intensity of inflammation and impact risk for acute cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhamied Alfaddagh
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seth S Martin
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thorsten M Leucker
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin D Michos
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Blaha
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles J Lowenstein
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven R Jones
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter P Toth
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Wysokowski M, Zaslansky P, Ehrlich H. Macrobiomineralogy: Insights and Enigmas in Giant Whale Bones and Perspectives for Bioinspired Materials Science. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5357-5367. [PMID: 33320547 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The giant bones of whales (Cetacea) are the largest extant biomineral-based constructs known. The fact that such mammalian bones can grow up to 7 m long raises questions about differences and similarities to other smaller bones. Size and exposure to environmental stress are good reasons to suppose that an unexplored level of hierarchical organization may be present that is not needed in smaller bones. The existence of such a macroscopic naturally grown structure with poorly described mechanisms for biomineralization is an example of the many yet unexplored phenomena in living organisms. In this article, we describe key observations in macrobiomineralization and suggest that the large scale of biomineralization taking place in selected whale bones implies they may teach us fundamental principles of the chemistry, biology, and biomaterials science governing bone formation, from atomistic to the macrolevel. They are also associated with a very lipid rich environment on those bones. This has implications for bone development and damage sensing that has not yet been fully addressed. We propose that whale bone construction poses extreme requirements for inorganic material storage, mediated by biomacromolecules. Unlike extinct large mammals, cetaceans still live deep in large terrestrial water bodies following eons of adaptation. The nanocomposites from which the bones are made, comprising biomacromolecules and apatite nanocrystals, must therefore be well adapted to create the macroporous hierarchically structured architectures of the bones, with mechanical properties that match the loads imposed in vivo. This massive skeleton directly contributes to the survival of these largest mammals in the aquatic environments of Earth, with structural refinements being the result of 60 million years of evolution. We also believe that the concepts presented in this article highlight the beneficial uses of multidisciplinary and multiscale approaches to study the structural peculiarities of both organic and inorganic phases as well as mechanisms of biomineralization in highly specialized and evolutionarily conserved hard tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wysokowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan 60965, Poland.,Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Strasse 3, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Department for Restorative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Strasse 3, Freiberg 09599, Germany
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20
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Abstract
Matrix mineralization can be divided into physiological mineralization and pathological mineralization. There is a consensus among existing studies that matrix vesicles (MVs) are the starting sites of bone mineralization, and each component of MVs serves a certain function in mineralization. In addition, ectopic MVs pathologically promote undesired calcification, the primary focus of which is the promotion of vascular calcification. However, the specific mechanisms of the actions of MVs in bone-vascular axis cross-talk have not been fully elucidated. This review summarizes the latest research in this field and explores the roles of MVs in the bone-vascular axis with the aim of generating new ideas for the prevention and treatment of vascular calcification and bone metabolic disease.
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21
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Signalling by lysophosphatidate and its health implications. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:547-563. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractExtracellular lysophosphatidate (LPA) signalling is regulated by the balance of LPA formation by autotaxin (ATX) versus LPA degradation by lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPP) and by the relative expressions of six G-protein-coupled LPA receptors. These receptors increase cell proliferation, migration, survival and angiogenesis. Acute inflammation produced by tissue damage stimulates ATX production and LPA signalling as a component of wound healing. If inflammation does not resolve, LPA signalling becomes maladaptive in conditions including arthritis, neurologic pain, obesity and cancers. Furthermore, LPA signalling through LPA1 receptors promotes fibrosis in skin, liver, kidneys and lungs. LPA also promotes the spread of tumours to other organs (metastasis) and the pro-survival properties of LPA explain why LPA counteracts the effects of chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy. ATX is secreted in response to radiation-induced DNA damage during cancer treatments and this together with increased LPA1 receptor expression leads to radiation-induced fibrosis. The anti-inflammatory agent, dexamethasone, decreases levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. This is linked to a coordinated decrease in the production of ATX and LPA1/2 receptors and increased LPA degradation through LPP1. These effects explain why dexamethasone attenuates radiation-induced fibrosis. Increased LPA signalling is also associated with cardiovascular disease including atherosclerosis and deranged LPA signalling is associated with pregnancy complications including preeclampsia and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. LPA contributes to chronic inflammation because it stimulates the secretion of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, which increase further ATX production and LPA signalling. Attenuating maladaptive LPA signalling provides a novel means of treating inflammatory diseases that underlie so many important medical conditions.
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22
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An overview of the mechanisms in vascular calcification during chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 28:289-296. [PMID: 30985336 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic kidney disease (CKD) facilitates a unique environment to strongly accelerate vascular calcification - the pathological deposition of calcium-phosphate in the vasculature. These calcifications are associated with the excessive cardiovascular mortality of CKD patients. RECENT FINDINGS Vascular calcification is a multifaceted active process, mediated, at least partly, by vascular smooth muscle cells. These cells are able to transdifferentiate into cells with osteo/chondrogenic properties, which exert multiple effects to facilitate vascular tissue mineralization. As the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology increases, first therapeutic concepts begin to emerge. SUMMARY This brief review provides an overview on the so far known mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression of vascular calcification in CKD.
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Huang S, Yu X, Wang H, Zheng J. Elevated serum sortilin is related to carotid plaque concomitant with calcification. Biomark Med 2020; 14:381-389. [PMID: 32077308 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore whether elevated serum sortilin was associated with calcified carotid plaque and ischemic stroke. Methods: A total of 171 patients with cardiovascular risk factors were enrolled. Ultrasonography was performed to evaluate calcified plaques and noncalcified plaques. Serum sortilin concentration was measured by ELISA. Results: Serum sortilin level was higher in patients with calcified carotid plaque and positively related to carotid plaque burden, but not with ischemic stroke during the follow-up. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed serum sortilin level was an independent determinant for calcified carotid plaque (p = 0.001). Receiving operating characteristic analysis showed an area under the curve of sortilin for carotid calcification was 0.759. Conclusion: Higher serum sortilin level was associated with carotid calcification and severe carotid plaque score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xingxing Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Haiqing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jianlei Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China
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Clemente A, Traghella I, Mazzone A, Sbrana S, Vassalle C. Vascular and valvular calcification biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 95:73-103. [PMID: 32122525 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular and valvular calcification constitutes a major health problem with serious clinical consequences. It is important for medical laboratorians to improve their knowledge on this topic and to know which biological markers may have a potential interest and might be useful for diagnosis and for management of ectopic calcifications. This review focuses on the pathophysiological mechanisms of vascular and valvular calcification, with emphasis on the mechanisms that are different for the two types of events, which underscore the need for differentiated healthcare, and explain different response to therapy. Available imaging and scoring tools used to assess both vascular and valvular calcification, together with the more studied and reliable biological markers emerging in this field (e.g., Fetuin A and matrix Gla protein), are discussed. Recently proposed functional assays, measuring the propensity of human serum to calcify, appear promising for vascular calcification assessment and are described. Further advancement through omic technologies and statistical tools is also reported. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine practitioners overlook this new era that will engage them in the near future, where a close cooperation of professionals with different competencies, including laboratorists, is required. This innovative approach may truly revolutionize practice of laboratory and of whole medicine attitude, making progression in knowledge of pathways relevant to health, as the complex calcification-related pathways, and adding value to patient care, through a precision medicine strategy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review addresses recent developments in studies of lipid regulation of calcific disease of arteries and cardiac valves, including the role of nuclear receptors. The role of lipid-soluble signals and their receptors is timely given the recent evidence and concerns that lipid-lowering treatment may increase the rate of progression of coronary artery calcification, which has been long associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Understanding the mechanisms will be important for interpreting such clinical information. RECENT FINDINGS New findings support regulation of calcific vascular and valvular disease by nuclear receptors, including the vitamin D receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, nutrient-sensing nuclear receptors (liver X receptor, farnesoid X receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), and sex hormone (estrogen and androgen) receptors. There were two major unexpected findings: first, vitamin D supplementation, which was previously believed to prevent or reduce vascular calcification, showed no cardiovascular benefit in large randomized, controlled trials. Second, both epidemiological studies and coronary intravascular ultrasound studies suggest that treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors increases progression of coronary artery calcification, raising a question of whether there are mechanically stable and unstable forms of coronary calcification. SUMMARY For clinical practice and research, these new findings offer new fundamental mechanisms for vascular calcification and provide new cautionary insights for therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Sallam
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Yin Tintut
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Linda L. Demer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
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Pathological Mineralization: The Potential of Mineralomics. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12193126. [PMID: 31557841 PMCID: PMC6804219 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathological mineralization has been reported countless times in the literature and is a well-known phenomenon in the medical field for its connections to a wide range of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. The minerals involved in calcification, however, have not been directly studied as extensively as the organic components of each of the pathologies. These have been studied in isolation and, for most of them, physicochemical properties are hitherto not fully known. In a parallel development, materials science methods such as electron microscopy, spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and others have been used in biology mainly for the study of hard tissues and biomaterials and have only recently been incorporated in the study of other biological systems. This review connects a range of soft tissue diseases, including breast cancer, age-related macular degeneration, aortic valve stenosis, kidney stone diseases, and Fahr’s syndrome, all of which have been associated with mineralization processes. Furthermore, it describes how physicochemical material characterization methods have been used to provide new information on such pathologies. Here, we focus on diseases that are associated with calcium-composed minerals to discuss how understanding the properties of these minerals can provide new insights on their origins, considering that different conditions and biological features are required for each type of mineral to be formed. We show that mineralomics, or the study of the properties and roles of minerals, can provide information which will help to improve prevention methods against pathological mineral build-up, which in the cases of most of the diseases mentioned in this review, will ultimately lead to new prevention or treatment methods for the diseases. Importantly, this review aims to highlight that chemical composition alone cannot fully support conclusions drawn on the nature of these minerals.
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