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Liang D, Zhang J, Li L, Li Y, Xu L, Wu H. Associations of life's essential 8 with MAFLD and liver fibrosis among US adults: a nationwide cross-section study. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1403720. [PMID: 38933880 PMCID: PMC11199778 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1403720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Life's essential' 8 (LE8) is a newly updated cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics from the American Heart Association, with close relevance to metabolism. Our objective is to explore the association between LE8 scores and incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and advanced liver fibrosis in American adults. Methods This population-based cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2005 and 2018, encompassing adults aged 20 years or older. Validated non-invasive scoring systems were employed to define liver steatosis and advanced liver fibrosis. Multivariable logistic regression and smooth curve fitting techniques were applied to evaluate the associations. All analyses were adjusted for the survey' complex design parameters and accounted for sample weights. Results A total of 11,820 participants were included. A higher LE8 score was found to be inversely associated with the incidence of MAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis, with odds ratios (OR) of 0.64 (95% CI: 0.57-0.71) for MAFLD and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.61-0.92) for advanced liver fibrosis per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in LE8 score. Similar patterns were found in the relationship between health behaviors/factors score and incidence of MAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis. In subgroup analyses, the interaction test showed that age, education level, marital status, CVD, hypertension and diabetes had a significant impact on the association between LE8 score and MAFLD (all P for interaction < 0.05). Among male, elderly, wealthy, other race, CVD, diabetes and depression participants, the correlation between LE8 score and advanced liver fibrosis was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Younger participants exhibited a more pronounced negative association between the CVH metric and both MAFLD and advanced life fibrosis. Conclusion LE8 and its subscales score were inversely associated with the presence of MAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis in non-linear patterns. Optimal LE8 score may significantly reduce the risk of liver steatosis and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Medicine Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Medicine Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Medicine Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Medicine Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lidong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Medicine Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huili Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Medicine Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Zhengzhou, China
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Feng Y, Lin H, Tan H, Liu X. Life's essential 8 metrics and mortality outcomes in insulin resistance: The role of inflammation, vascular aging, and gender. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 61:131-139. [PMID: 38777424 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance (IR) elevates cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality risks. Insulin resistance (IR) increases the risk of CVDs and mortality. Recently, the American Heart Association introduced the Life's Essential 8 (LE8) framework to assess cardiovascular health (CVH). However, its impact on mortality in IR populations is unknown. METHODS Analyzing 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, we studied 5301 IR adults (≥20 years). LE8 scores were calculated and participants were categorized into low, moderate, and high CVH groups. Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and heart age/vascular age (HVA) were measured as potential mediators. Cox models estimated all-cause and CVD mortality hazard ratios (HRs), stratified by LE8 score and sex, and adjusted for covariates. Mediation analyses assessed SII and HVA's indirect effects. This study is an observational cohort study. RESULTS Over a 7.5-year median follow-up, 625 deaths occurred, including 159 CVD-related. Compared to low CVH, moderate and high CVH groups showed reduced all-cause (HR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.58-0.89; HR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.22-0.67) and CVD mortality (HR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.26-0.69; HR = 0.15, 95% CI 0.04-0.57). A 10-point LE8 increase correlated with 15% and 31% reductions in all-cause and CVD mortality, respectively. SII and HVA mediated up to 38% and 12% of these effects. The LE8's protective effect was more pronounced in men. CONCLUSION LE8 effectively evaluates CVH and lowers mortality risk in IR adults, partially mediated by SII and HVA. The findings inform clinical practice and public health strategies for CVD prevention in IR populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China.
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China.
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Chen S, Li H, Wang S, Yang S, Liu S, Song Y, Li X, Li R, Wang J, Liu M, He Y. Association of cardiovascular health at old age with all-cause mortality: a prospective cohort study in China. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:437. [PMID: 37454054 PMCID: PMC10349403 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease has become the leading cause of death worldwide, but there is a lack of data on whether cardiovascular health (CVH) is associated with elderly mortality in China. We investigated the relationship between the ideal CVH score of Chinese elderly and the all-cause mortality. METHODS The Beijing Elderly Comprehensive Health Cohort Study included a total of 4,499 participants aged 60 years and above. The CVH metric was calculated at baseline and had a score ranging from 0 to 12. The relationship of CVH metrics with all-cause mortality was investigated using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. The robustness of results was tested using subgroup and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS The median CVH score among participants was 8.00 (2.00), with only 8.0% scoring 11-12 points. 667 deaths were observed during an average follow-up time of 8.2 years. Participants with a CVH score of 11-12 had a decreased risk of all-cause mortality when compared to those with a CVH score of 0-4(HR = 0.584, 95% CI: 0.373-0.913). Participants had a 7.5% lower risk of all-cause death with each unit higher CVH score (HR = 0.925, 95%CI: 0.885-0.967) with a linearly decreasing trend (P nonlinear = 0.575). The relationships were greater in younger elderly people and stroke patients (P interaction = 0.011 and 0.037. respectively). The consistency of significant trends in sensitivity analysis shows the robustness of association (P trend < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Among the Chinese elderly, there was a linear relationship between improving CVH scores and a lower risk of all-cause mortality. Because of the enormous benefits brought by one point, strategies are essential for improving cardiovascular health attainment. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered at China Clinical Trial Registration Center (ChiCTR2100049866).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Chen
- Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Haowei Li
- Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shengshu Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yang Song
- Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xuehang Li
- Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yao He
- Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Sun J, Li Y, Zhao M, Yu X, Zhang C, Magnussen CG, Xi B. Association of the American Heart Association's new "Life's Essential 8" with all-cause and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality: prospective cohort study. BMC Med 2023; 21:116. [PMID: 36978123 PMCID: PMC10053736 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Heart Association recently updated its construct of what constitutes cardiovascular health (CVH), called Life's Essential 8. We examined the association of total and individual CVH metrics according to Life's Essential 8 with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-specific mortality later in life. METHODS Data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018 at baseline linked to the 2019 National Death Index records. Total and individual CVH metric scores including diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep health, body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure were classified as 0-49 (low level), 50-74 (intermediate level), and 75-100 (high level) points. The total CVH metric score (the average of the 8 metrics) as a continuous variable was also used for dose-response analysis. The main outcomes included all-cause and CVD-specific mortality. RESULTS A total of 19,951 US adults aged 30-79 years were included in this study. Only 19.5% of adults achieved a high total CVH score, whereas 24.1% had a low score. During a median follow-up of 7.6 years, compared with adults with a low total CVH score, those with an intermediate or high total CVH score had 40% (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51-0.71) and 58% (adjusted HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.32-0.56) reduced risk of all-cause mortality. The corresponding adjusted HRs (95%CIs) were 0.62 (0.46-0.83) and 0.36 (0.21-0.59) for CVD-specific mortality. The population-attributable fractions for high (score ≥ 75 points) vs. low or intermediate (score < 75 points) CVH scores were 33.4% for all-cause mortality and 42.9% for CVD-specific mortality. Among all 8 individual CVH metrics, physical activity, nicotine exposure, and diet accounted for a large proportion of the population-attributable risks for all-cause mortality, whereas physical activity, blood pressure, and blood glucose accounted for a large proportion of CVD-specific mortality. There were approximately linear dose-response associations of total CVH score (as a continuous variable) with all-cause and CVD-specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS Achieving a higher CVH score according to the new Life's Essential 8 was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and CVD-specific mortality. Public health and healthcare efforts targeting the promotion of higher CVH scores could provide considerable benefits to reduce the mortality burden later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Sun
- Department of Epidemiology/Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Public Health/Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yanzhi Li
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Bo Xi
- Department of Epidemiology/Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Public Health/Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Wang L, Yi J, Guo X, Ren X. Associations between life's essential 8 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among US adults. J Transl Med 2022; 20:616. [PMID: 36564799 PMCID: PMC9789599 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with Cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aim to examine the association of Life's Essential 8 (LE8), the recently updated measurement of cardiovascular health (CVH), with the presence of NAFLD among US adults. METHODS This population-based cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2017-2018 and included adults 20 years or older. LE8 score (range 0-100) was measured according to American Heart Association definitions and was categorized into low (0-49), moderate (50-79), and high (80-100) CVH. NAFLD was determined by transient elastography measured hepatic steatosis in the absence of other liver diseases and excess alcohol use. Multivariable logistic and restricted cubic spline models were used to assess the associations. RESULTS Among 3588 participants included (weighted mean age, 48.0 years; 95% confidence interval [CI] 46.4-49.7 years), 1839 were female (weighted percentage, 51.6%; 95% CI 49.0-54.2%) and 1483 were determined to have NAFLD (weighted percentage, 36.5%; 95% CI 33.3-39.7%). The weighted mean LE8 score of the study population was 67.9 (95% CI 66.6-69.2). After the adjustment of potential confounders, higher LE8 scores were associated with reduced odds of NAFLD (odds ratio [OR] for per 10 score increase, 0.67; 95% CI 0.59-0.76) and a nonlinear dose-response relationship was observed. Similar patterns were also identified in the association of health behavior and health factor scores with NAFLD. The inversed association of LE8 score and NAFLD was significantly stronger among younger, Asian, and participants with higher education and income level. CONCLUSIONS LE8 and its subscales scores were negatively associated with the presence of NAFLD in non-linear fashions. Promoting adherence to optimal CVH levels may be beneficial to reduce the burden of NAFLD as well as CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Yi
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xinli Guo
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangpeng Ren
- grid.411870.b0000 0001 0063 8301College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, No.899 Guangqiong Road, Jiaxing City, Jiaxing, 314001 Zhejiang Province China
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Lloyd-Jones DM, Allen NB, Anderson CAM, Black T, Brewer LC, Foraker RE, Grandner MA, Lavretsky H, Perak AM, Sharma G, Rosamond W. Life's Essential 8: Updating and Enhancing the American Heart Association's Construct of Cardiovascular Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2022; 146:e18-e43. [PMID: 35766027 PMCID: PMC10503546 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 298.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, the American Heart Association defined a novel construct of cardiovascular health to promote a paradigm shift from a focus solely on disease treatment to one inclusive of positive health promotion and preservation across the life course in populations and individuals. Extensive subsequent evidence has provided insights into strengths and limitations of the original approach to defining and quantifying cardiovascular health. In response, the American Heart Association convened a writing group to recommend enhancements and updates. The definition and quantification of each of the original metrics (Life's Simple 7) were evaluated for responsiveness to interindividual variation and intraindividual change. New metrics were considered, and the age spectrum was expanded to include the entire life course. The foundational contexts of social determinants of health and psychological health were addressed as crucial factors in optimizing and preserving cardiovascular health. This presidential advisory introduces an enhanced approach to assessing cardiovascular health: Life's Essential 8. The components of Life's Essential 8 include diet (updated), physical activity, nicotine exposure (updated), sleep health (new), body mass index, blood lipids (updated), blood glucose (updated), and blood pressure. Each metric has a new scoring algorithm ranging from 0 to 100 points, allowing generation of a new composite cardiovascular health score (the unweighted average of all components) that also varies from 0 to 100 points. Methods for implementing cardiovascular health assessment and longitudinal monitoring are discussed, as are potential data sources and tools to promote widespread adoption in policy, public health, clinical, institutional, and community settings.
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BMI, Blood Pressure, and Plasma Lipids among Centenarians and Their Offspring. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3836247. [PMID: 35096109 PMCID: PMC8794670 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3836247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is increasing substantially due to population growth and aging. Determining effective prevention and understanding the underlying mechanisms remain desirable pursuits for increasing the quality of life. As centenarians and their offspring may have genetic advantages, they may present with healthier cardiovascular-related profiles. Methods We launched a cross-sectional household-based survey of centenarian families, including 253 centenarians, 217 centenarian offspring, and 116 offspring spouses without centenarian parents from county-level Chinese longevity city Rugao. Among offspring and offspring spouses were the following arrangements: 101 paired offspring and offspring spouses who lived together, 116 unpaired offspring, and 16 unpaired spouses. We investigated their cardiovascular-related health status including waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and plasma lipids and compared results among centenarians, centenarian offspring, and offspring spouses. Results Centenarians ranged from 99 to 109 years with a median age of 100 years. Centenarian offspring, with a median age of 70 years, and offspring spouses, with a median age of 69 years, shared similar age. Results of blood pressure, plasma lipid levels, and BMI displayed no significant difference between centenarian offspring and offspring spouses. However, centenarians appeared to have lower waist circumference, BMI, TC, LDL-C, TG, and diastolic blood pressure but higher levels of systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia was similar between centenarian offspring and offspring spouses, while centenarians appeared to have a lower prevalence of obesity and a higher prevalence of hypertension (p < 0.05). Conclusions Centenarians and centenarian offspring did not present healthier BMI, blood pressure, or plasma lipids than offspring spouses. Further research on longevity and cardiovascular diseases are desirable.
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