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Li X, Zhou Z, Xia Z, Dong Y, Chen S, Zhan F, Wang Z, Chen Y, Yu J, Xia Z, Li J. Association between estimated glucose disposal rate and atrial fibrillation recurrence in patients undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation: a retrospective study. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:325. [PMID: 38867253 PMCID: PMC11167885 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown a clear link between insulin resistance (IR) and an elevated risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the relationship between the estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), which serves as a marker for IR, and the risk of AF recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the potential association between the eGDR and the risk of AF recurrence following RFCA. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at Nanchang University Affiliated Second Hospital. The study enrolled 899 patients with AF who underwent RFCA between January 2015 and January 2022. The formula used to calculate the eGDR was as follows: 19.02 - (0.22 * body mass index) - (3.26 * hypertension) - (0.61 * HbA1c). Cox proportional hazard regression models and exposure-effect curves were used to explore the correlation between the baseline eGDR and AF recurrence. The ability of the eGDR to predict AF recurrence was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). RESULTS The study observed a median follow-up period of 11.63 months, during which 296 patients experienced AF recurrence. K‒M analyses revealed that the cumulative incidence AF recurrence rate was significantly greater in the group with the lowest eGDR (log-rank p < 0.01). Participants with an eGDR ≥ 8 mg/kg/min had a lower risk of AF recurrence than those with an eGDR < 4 mg/kg/min, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.28 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18, 0.42]. Additionally, restricted cubic spline analyses demonstrated a linear association between the eGDR and AF recurrence (p nonlinear = 0.70). The area under the curve (AUC) for predicting AF recurrence using the eGDR was 0.75. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that a decrease in the eGDR is associated with a greater AF recurrence risk after RFCA. Hence, the eGDR could be used as a novel biomarker for assessing AF recurrence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zhen Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Youzheng Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Fenfang Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zirong Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Juxiang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Azarboo A, Behnoush AH, Vaziri Z, Daneshvar MS, Taghvaei A, Jalali A, Cannavo A, Khalaji A. Assessing the association between triglyceride-glucose index and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:118. [PMID: 38347644 PMCID: PMC10860290 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01716-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An essential relationship between insulin resistance (IR) and atrial fibrillation (AF) has been demonstrated. Among the methods used to assess IR, the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is the more straightforward, dimensionless, and low-cost tool. However, the possible usage of this index in clinical practice to predict and diagnose AF has yet to be determined and consolidated. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Herein, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between the TyG index and AF. METHODS Databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science) were systematically searched for studies evaluating the TyG index in AF. The inclusion criteria were observational studies investigating AF and TyG index correlation in individuals older than 18 years, while preclinical studies and those without the relevant data were excluded. Random effect meta-analyses comparing TyG levels between AF and non-AF cases, AF recurrence after radiofrequency ablation, and post-procedural AF were performed using standardized mean differences (SMD) with their matching 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Our screening identified nine studies to be analyzed, including 6,171 participants including 886 with AF. The meta-analysis demonstrated that the TyG index resulted higher in patients with AF than non-AF counterparts (SMD 1.23, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.75, I2 98%, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed the same results for post-procedure AF (SMD 0.99, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.20, I2 10%, P < 0.001) and post-ablation AF (SMD 1.25, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.43, I2 46%, P < 0.001), while no difference was found in population-based cohorts (SMD 1.45, 95% CI - 0.41 to 3.31, I2 100%, P = 0.13). Publication year (P = 0.036) and sample size (P = 0.003) showed significant associations with the effect size, using multivariable meta-regression. CONCLUSION The TyG index is an easy-to-measure surrogate marker of IR in patients with AF. Further clinical studies are warranted to demonstrate its ability for routine clinical use and as a screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Azarboo
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Behnoush
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 1417613151, Iran.
| | - Zahra Vaziri
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahabaddin Daneshvar
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
| | - Aryan Taghvaei
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
| | - Arash Jalali
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alessandro Cannavo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Amirmohammad Khalaji
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
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Peng Z, Zhao R, Yang Y, Hua K, Yang X. Predictive Value of the CT-Based Visceral Adiposity Tissue Index and Triglyceride-Glucose Index on New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation after Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft: Analyses from a Longitudinal Study. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:338. [PMID: 39076438 PMCID: PMC11272861 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2411338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The visceral-adiposity-tissue index (VATI) and the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index were found to be correlated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, data concerning the association between the visceral adiposity/TyG indexes and the complication of new-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF), especially in patients who had just undergone off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG), are rare. We explored the predictive value of the computed-tomography-based VATI and the TyG index on new-onset POAF after OPCABG. Methods This study used longitudinal data from the cohort of 542 participants who underwent OPCABG in Beijing Anzhen Hospital since June 2017. The predictive relevance of the VATI and TyG index were evaluated through Cox proportional hazards models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The dose‒response relationship of the VATI and TyG index with new-onset POAF was analyzed by multiple-adjusted spline regression models, and sensitivity analysis was used to explore the stability of our findings. Results The analysis found that the highest tertile of VATI [hazard ratio (HR) 2.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-3.45; p = 0.01] and TyG index (HR 2.88, 95% CI 1.76-4.71; p = 0.01) were significantly associated with new-onset POAF compared to the lowest tertile after full adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, c-reactive protein levels, diabetes, emergency operation, New York Heart Association (NYHA) III-IV, and left atrial diameter. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.897 (p < 0.001) and 0.878 (p < 0.001) for the VATI and TyG index, respectively. In addition, the multiple-adjusted spline regression models showed a nonlinear relationship between new-onset POAF and VATI and TyG index (p for nonlinearity < 0.001). Sensitivity analyses confirmed that the results were similar for most tertiles. Conclusions The VATI and TyG index were significantly associated with an increased risk for the development of new-onset POAF after OPCABG. Clinical Trial Registration NCT03729531, https://beta.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03729531.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vessel Disease, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037 Beijing, China
| | - Yunxiao Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vessel Disease, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Kun Hua
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vessel Disease, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Xiubin Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vessel Disease, 100029 Beijing, China
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Guo W, Liu Z, Liu P, Lu Q, Chang Q, Zhang M, Huo Y, Lin X, Peng L, Liu T, Yan Y, Lei Z, Wang Y, Huang C, Zhang D, Wang F, Wu S. Association between Triglyceride-Glucose Index and 1-Year Recurrent Stroke after Acute Ischemic Stroke: Results from the Xi'an Stroke Registry Study of China. Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 53:391-402. [PMID: 37757755 DOI: 10.1159/000534240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is reported to be related to poor functional outcomes and all-cause mortality post-stroke. However, the association between TyG index and recurrent stroke after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has not been well described. We aimed to identify whether the TyG index was associated with 1-year recurrent stroke after AIS. METHODS Baseline patient information was collected at admission, and the TyG index was calculated. Recurrent stroke events were followed up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after diagnosis. We then examined the association between the TyG index and risk of 1-year recurrent stroke using multivariable Cox regression models and restricted cubic spline analyses. RESULTS Among 2,288 participants, the mean TyG index was 8.8 ± 0.7. Those in the fourth quartile (Q4) demonstrated higher recurrent stroke risk than those in Q1 (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98-2.72; p = 0.059). Subgroup analysis revealed a sex-specific association between TyG index and recurrent stroke (p for interaction = 0.022). Additionally, restricted cubic splines analyses showed a nonlinear association between the TyG index and 1-year recurrent stroke. In females, patients in the Q4 had a 2.95-fold increased recurrent stroke risk than did patients in the Q1 (adjusted HR = 2.95; 95% CI: 1.09-7.94; p = 0.032); the risk increased when the TyG index was >8.73. However, no significant correlation was observed in males. CONCLUSION A nonlinear association was found between the TyG index and 1-year recurrent stroke risk. Subsequently, a high TyG index could predict an increased 1-year recurrent stroke risk in female AIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Neuroimmunological Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongzhong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Neuroimmunological Diseases, Xi'an, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Neuroimmunological Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingli Lu
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Neuroimmunological Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Chang
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Neuroimmunological Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Neuroimmunological Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Huo
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Neuroimmunological Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuemei Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Neuroimmunological Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Linna Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Neuroimmunological Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinfang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Neuroimmunological Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Lei
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Neuroimmunological Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanji Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Congli Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Neuroimmunological Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Songdi Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Neuroimmunological Diseases, Xi'an, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Liu X, Abudukeremu A, Jiang Y, Cao Z, Wu M, Ma J, Sun R, He W, Chen Z, Chen Y, Yu P, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Wang J. U-shaped association between the triglyceride-glucose index and atrial fibrillation incidence in a general population without known cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:118. [PMID: 37208737 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index has been shown to be a new alternative measure for insulin resistance. However, no study has attempted to investigate the association of the TyG index with incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in the general population without known cardiovascular diseases. METHODS Individuals without known cardiovascular diseases (heart failure, coronary heart disease, or stroke) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort were recruited. The baseline TyG index was calculated as the Ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. The association between the baseline TyG index and incident AF was examined using Cox regression. RESULTS Of 11,851 participants, the mean age was 54.0 years; 6586 (55.6%) were female. During a median follow-up of 24.26 years, 1925 incidents of AF cases (0.78/per 100 person-years) occurred. An increased AF incidence with a graded TyG index was found by Kaplan‒Meier curves (P < 0.001). In multivariable-adjusted analysis, both < 8.80 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02, 1.29) and > 9.20 levels (aHR 1.18, 95% CI 1.03, 1.37) of the TyG index were associated with an increased risk of AF compared with the middle TyG index category (8.80-9.20). The exposure-effect analysis confirmed the U-shaped association between the TyG index and AF incidence (P = 0.041). Further sex-specific analysis showed that a U-shaped association between the TyG index and incident AF still existed in females but not in males. CONCLUSIONS A U-shaped association between the TyG index and AF incidence is observed in Americans without known cardiovascular diseases. Female sex may be a modifier in the association between the TyG index and AF incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
- Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ayiguli Abudukeremu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maoxiong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Runlu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanbing He
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiteng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China.
- Department of Endocrine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Wengen Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Qi J, Yu B, Zhao J, Pang L, Zhang W, Bin L. Correlation between the triglyceride-glucose index and the onset of atrial fibrillation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:94. [PMID: 37158953 PMCID: PMC10169476 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). Insulin resistance (IR) is the main cause of the high prevalence of AF in NAFLD patients. The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) is a novel IR-related indicator implicated in the incidence and severity of NAFLD. However, the role of TyG in determining the risk for AF in patients with NAFLD remains unclear. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on 912 patients diagnosed with NAFLD via ultrasonography. These patients were divided into two groups: (1) NAFLD+ AF and (2) NAFLD+ non-AF. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression was used to assess the correlation between the TyG index and the high risk for AF. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to evaluate the predictive value for the TyG index for AF. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to test the linear correlation between TyG and the risk for AF. RESULTS A total of 204 patients with AF and 708 patients without AF were included in this study. The LASSO logistic regression analysis showed that TyG was an independent risk factor for AF (odds ratio [OR] = 4.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.98-7.88, P < 0.001). The RCS showed that the risk for AF increased linearly with TyG over the entire TyG range; this risk was also evident when the patients were analyzed based on sex (P for nonlinear > 0.05). In addition, the correlation between TyG and AF was a consistent finding in subgroup analysis. Furthermore, ROC curve analysis showed that TyG levels combined with traditional risk factors improved the predictive value for atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSION The TyG index is useful in assessing the risk for atrial fibrillation in patients with NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD and increased TyG indices have higher risks for atrial fibrillation. Therefore, TyG indices should be assessed when managing patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Leigang Wang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiaxin Qi
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianqi Zhao
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Lin Pang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Liang Bin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China.
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Muhammad IF, Bao X, Nilsson PM, Zaigham S. Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a predictor of arterial stiffness, incidence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: A longitudinal two-cohort analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1035105. [PMID: 36684574 PMCID: PMC9846351 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1035105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a useful low-cost marker of insulin resistance. We aimed to evaluate the association between TyG index and arterial stiffness, incidence of diabetes, adverse cardiovascular outcomes, and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in two large prospective Swedish cohorts, the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study-Cardiovascular Cohort (MDCS-CV) and the Malmö Preventive Project (MPP). Methods Association between baseline TyG index and arterial stiffness, measured by carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (c-f PWV), was assessed using linear regression and general linear models, adjusting for covariates. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to assess the association between TyG index and incidence of diabetes, coronary events (CE), stroke, atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure, and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Results After multivariable adjustment, baseline TyG index was significantly associated with increased arterial stiffness (β for c-f PWV = 0.61, p = 0.018). Participants in the highest quartile of TyG index vs. lowest quartile had an increased incidence of diabetes (HR: 3.30, 95% CI: 2.47-4.41), CE (HR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.41-1.68), stroke (HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.18-1.44), all-cause mortality (HR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.16-1.28), and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.26-1.49) after adjustment for covariates. Per unit increase in TyG index was associated with increased heart failure risk. No significant association was observed for incident AF. Conclusion Elevated TyG index is positively associated with increased arterial stiffness and increased incidence of diabetes, CE, stroke, and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The results suggest that TyG index can potentially be useful in the identification of those at increased long-term risk of adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Faqir Muhammad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden,*Correspondence: Iram Faqir Muhammad,
| | - Xue Bao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden,Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Peter M. Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden,Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Suneela Zaigham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden,Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lei L, Liang H, Qu Y, Zhong Q, Zhang Q, Dai L, Lu J, Xiao M, Zhao Z, Zhou F, Li Y, Hu G, Xiu J, Zhang X. Association between triglyceride-glucose index and worsening renal function in the elderly. Front Nutr 2022; 9:951564. [PMID: 36505264 PMCID: PMC9730025 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.951564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a simple marker of insulin resistance. However, insufficient data is available on whether the TyG index is associated with worsening renal function (WRF) in the elderly. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the association between the TyG index and WRF based on a community elderly cohort. Methods In this study, 7,822 elderly (aged ≥ 65 years) adults from southern China were enrolled and divided into four groups according to the TyG index quartiles. The primary endpoint was incident chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as incident estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Additional endpoints included a decline in eGFR of 30% and 40% during the follow-up period. Results During the median 2.04 year follow-up period, 1,541 (19.7%) participants developed CKD. After adjusting for confounding factors, multivariable Cox regression models revealed significant associations between TyG index and incident CKD (HR per SD increase, 1.21; 95% CI: 1.14-1.29), a decline in eGFR of 30% (HR per SD increase, 1.38; 95% CI: 1.26-1.50), and decline in eGFR of 40% (HR per SD increase, 1.42; 95% CI: 1.24-1.63). Furthermore, compared with those in Q1, participants in Q4 demonstrated a higher risk of developing CKD (HR, 1.59; 95% CI: 1.35-1.88). These positive associations remained consistent across different subgroup populations. Conclusion Our study suggests a positive and independent association between the TyG index and WRF in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lei
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Qu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianhong Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Foshan (Tuberculosis Control Center of Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Qiuxia Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital Zengcheng Branch, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyan Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital Zengcheng Branch, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital Zengcheng Branch, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhimeng Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Foshan (Tuberculosis Control Center of Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Fengyun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Public Health Management, Zengcheng Xintang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guifang Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Guifang Hu
| | - Jiancheng Xiu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital Zengcheng Branch, Guangzhou, China,Jiancheng Xiu
| | - Xinlu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Xinlu Zhang
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9
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Shi W, Qin M, Wu S, Xu K, Zheng Q, Liu X. Usefulness of Triglyceride-glucose index for detecting prevalent atrial fibrillation in a type 2 diabetic population. Postgrad Med 2022; 134:820-828. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2022.2124088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qidong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Yuhuan Second People’s Hospital, 18 Changle Road, Yuhuan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai, China
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Tang Q, Guo XG, Sun Q, Ma J. The pre-ablation triglyceride-glucose index predicts late recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation in non-diabetic adults. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:219. [PMID: 35568806 PMCID: PMC9107168 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current prognostic risk scoring systems and biomarkers are routinely used as non-invasive methods for assessing late recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients who have undergone radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index for late AF recurrence after RFCA in non-diabetic patients. Methods In total, 275 patients with AF who underwent RFCA at the Fuwai hospital (Beijing, China) between January 2016 and December 2018 were enrolled in this study. During follow up, patients were divided into late and non-late AF recurrence groups, based on whether they had experienced late AF recurrence determined by electrocardiography (ECG) examine or 48 h Holter monitoring. The TyG index was calculated using the following equation: ln [fasting triglycerides [mg/dL] × fasting glucose [mg/dL]/2]. Results During a median follow-up of 26.1 months, late AF recurrence event rates significantly increased in the highest TyG index tertile group (tertile 3) compared to the lowest group (tertile 1) (54% versus 12%, respectively; p < 0.001). The mean TyG index was higher in the late AF recurrence group compared to the non- late AF recurrence group (9.42 ± 0.6 versus 8.68 ± 0.70, respectively; p < 0.001). On multivariate Cox regression analysis, the pre-ablation TyG index was an independent risk factor for late recurrence of AF after RFCA (hazard ratio [HR] 2.015 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.408–4.117]; p = 0.009). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that TyG index was a significant predictor of late AF recurrence after RFCA, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.737 (95% CI: 0.657–0.816; p < 0.001). In addition, the AUC of left atrial diameter (LAD) was 0.780 (95%CI: 0.703–0.857, p < 0.001). Finally, the TyG index positively correlated with LAD (r = 0.133, p = 0.027), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (r = 0.132, p = 0.028) and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (r = 0.291, p < 0.001) levels. Conclusions An elevated pre-ablation TyG index was associated with an increased risk of late AF recurrence after RFCA in non-diabetic patients. The TyG index may be potentially useful as a novel biomarker for the risk stratification of late AF recurrence in non-diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Tang
- Arrhythmia Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Bei Li Shi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Guo
- Arrhythmia Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Bei Li Shi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Arrhythmia Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Bei Li Shi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Arrhythmia Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Bei Li Shi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China.
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11
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Ling Y, Fu C, Fan Q, Liu J, Jiang L, Tang S. Triglyceride-Glucose Index and New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:838761. [PMID: 35345486 PMCID: PMC8957253 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.838761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background New-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) is associated with worse prognostic outcomes in cases diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, as a credible and convenient marker of insulin resistance, has been shown to be predictive of outcomes for STEMI patients following revascularization. The association between TyG index and NOAF among STEMI patients following PCI, however, has not been established to date. Objective To assess the utility of the TyG index as a predictor of NOAF incidence in STEMI patients following PCI, and to assess the relationship between NOAF and long-term all-cause mortality. Methods This retrospective cohort research enrolled 549 STEMI patients that had undergone PCI, with these patients being clustered into the NOAF group and sinus rhythm (SR) group. The predictive relevance of TyG index was evaluated through logistic regression analyses and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Kaplan-Meier curve was employed to explore differences in the long-term all-cause mortality between the NOAF and SR group. Results NOAF occurred in 7.7% of the enrolled STEMI patients after PCI. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, the TyG index was found to be an independent predictor of NOAF [odds ratio (OR): 8.884, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.570–50.265, P = 0.014], with ROC curve analyses further supporting the predictive value of this parameter, which exhibited an area under ROC curve of 0.758 (95% CI: 0.720–0.793, P < 0.001). All-cause mortality rates were greater for patients in the NOAF group in comparison with the SR group over a median 35-month follow-up period (log-rank P = 0.002). Conclusions The TyG index exhibits values as an independent predictor of NOAF during hospitalization, which indicated a poorer prognosis after a relatively long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ling
- Department of Cardiology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Cong Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Qun Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jichun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Shengxing Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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Chen S, Mei Q, Guo L, Yang X, Luo W, Qu X, Li X, Zhou B, Chen K, Zeng C. Association between triglyceride-glucose index and atrial fibrillation: A retrospective observational study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1047927. [PMID: 36568072 PMCID: PMC9773201 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1047927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance is associated with atrial remodeling as well as atrial fibrillation (AF). However, there was limited evidence on the relationship of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) index, a simple, valuable marker of insulin resistance, with AF. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association between TyG index and AF among hospitalized patients. METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted in Daping Hospital, which included 356 hospitalized patients from the Department of Cardiology. Clinical and biochemical parameters were collected from electronic medical records and AF was diagnosed from electrocardiogram (ECG) findings. RESULTS We found that the TyG index was significantly higher in the AF group than in the group without AF. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that hypertension (OR = 1.756, 95%CI 1.135-2.717, P = 0.011) and TyG index (OR = 2.092, 95%CI 1.412-3.100, P<0.001) were positively associated with AF. The analysis of the area under the ROC curve was performed and revealed that area under curve (AUC) of TyG index was 0.600 (95%CI, 0.542-0.659, P = 0.001), the optimal critical value was 8.35, the sensitivity was 65.4%, and the specificity was 52.0%. Additional subgroup analyses of diabetic and non-diabetic subjects were also performed and found the TyG index was increased in non-diabetic subjects with AF. Furthermore, a logistic regression analysis showed TyG index was associated with AF (OR = 3.065, 95% CI, 1.819-5.166, P<0.001) in non-diabetic subjects. However, TyG index was not associated with AF in diabetic subjects. CONCLUSION Elevated TyG index is an independent risk factor for AF among non-diabetic hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Chen
- ChongQing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao Mei
- ChongQing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenbin Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Qu
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingqing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Ken Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyu Zeng, ; Ken Chen,
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- ChongQing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyu Zeng, ; Ken Chen,
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