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Pahl I, Pahl A, Hauk A, Budde D, Sievers S, Fruth L, Menzel R. Assessing biologic/toxicologic effects of extractables from plastic contact materials for advanced therapy manufacturing using cell painting assay and cytotoxicity screening. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5933. [PMID: 38467674 PMCID: PMC10928227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastic components are essential in the pharmaceutical industry, encompassing container closure systems, laboratory handling equipment, and single-use systems. As part of their material qualification process, studies on interactions between plastic contact materials and process solutions or drug products are conducted. The assessment of single-use systems includes their potential impact on patient safety, product quality, and process performance. This is particularly crucial in cell and gene therapy applications since interactions with the plastic contact material may result in an adverse effect on the isolated therapeutic human cells. We utilized the cell painting assay (CPA), a non-targeted method, for profiling the morphological characteristics of U2OS human osteosarcoma cells in contact with chemicals related to plastic contact materials. Specifically, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 45 common plastic extractables, and two extracts from single-use systems. Results of the CPA are compared with a standard cytotoxicity assay, an osteogenesis differentiation assay, and in silico toxicity predictions. The findings of this feasibility study demonstrate that the device extracts and most of the tested compounds do not evoke any measurable biological changes on the cells (induction ≤ 5%) among the 579 cell features measured at concentrations ≤ 50 µM. CPA can serve as an important assay to reveal unique information not accessible through quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis and vice versa. The results highlight the need for a combination of in vitro and in silico methods in a comprehensive assessment of single-use equipment utilized in advanced therapy medicinal products manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Pahl
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Axel Pahl
- Compound Management and Screening Center, MPI of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Armin Hauk
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dana Budde
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Compound Management and Screening Center, MPI of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lothar Fruth
- Tox Expert GmbH, An der Feldscheide 1, 37083, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roberto Menzel
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Göttingen, Germany
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Houck KA, Friedman KP, Feshuk M, Patlewicz G, Smeltz M, Clifton MS, Wetmore BA, Velichko S, Berenyi A, Berg EL. Evaluation of 147 perfluoroalkyl substances for immunotoxic and other (patho)physiological activities through phenotypic screening of human primary cells. ALTEX 2022; 40:248–270. [PMID: 36129398 PMCID: PMC10331698 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2203041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A structurally diverse set of 147 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was screened in a panel of 12 human primary cell systems by measuring 148 biomarkers relevant to (patho)physiological pathways to inform hypotheses about potential mechanistic effects of data-poor PFAS in human model systems. This analysis focused on immunosuppressive activity, which was previously reported as an in vivo effect of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), by comparing PFAS responses to four pharmacological immunosuppressants. The PFOS response profile had little correlation with reference immunosuppressants, suggesting in vivo activity does not occur by similar mechanisms. The PFOA response profile did share features with the profile of dexamethasone, although some distinct features were lacking. Other PFAS, including 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl acrylate, demonstrated more similarity to the reference immunosuppressants but with additional activities not found in the reference immunosuppressive drugs. Correlation of PFAS profiles with a database of environmental chemical responses and pharmacological probes identified potential mechanisms of bioactivity for some PFAS, including responses similar to ubiquitin ligase inhibitors, deubiquitylating enzyme (DUB) inhibitors, and thioredoxin reductase inhibitors. Approximately 21% of the 147 PFAS with confirmed sample quality were bioactive at nominal testing concentrations in the 1-60 micromolar range in these human primary cell systems. These data provide new hypotheses for mechanisms of action for a subset of PFAS and may further aid in development of a PFAS categorization strategy useful in safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Houck
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Katie Paul Friedman
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Madison Feshuk
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Grace Patlewicz
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Marci Smeltz
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M Scott Clifton
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Barbara A Wetmore
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Deng C, Liu J, Zhang W. Structural Modification in Anesthetic Drug Development for Prodrugs and Soft Drugs. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:923353. [PMID: 35847008 PMCID: PMC9283706 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.923353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the advancements in drug structural modifications, the increased focus on drug metabolic and pharmacokinetic properties in the anesthetic drug design process has led to significant developments. Drug metabolism also plays a key role in optimizing the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of drug molecules. Thus, in the field of anesthesiology, the applications of pharmacokinetic strategies are discussed in the context of sedatives, analgesics, and muscle relaxants. In this review, we summarize two approaches for structural optimization to develop anesthetic drugs, by designing prodrugs and soft drugs. Drugs that both failed and succeeded during the developmental stage are highlighted to illustrate how drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic optimization strategies may help improve their physical and chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wensheng Zhang,
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Simms L, Mason E, Berg EL, Yu F, Rudd K, Czekala L, Trelles Sticken E, Brinster O, Wieczorek R, Stevenson M, Walele T. Use of a rapid human primary cell-based disease screening model, to compare next generation products to combustible cigarettes. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:309-321. [PMID: 34485931 PMCID: PMC8408431 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of public health bodies, regulators and governments around the world consider electronic vapor products a lower risk alternative to conventional cigarettes. Of critical importance are rapid new approach methodologies to enable the screening of next generation products (NGPs) also known as next generation tobacco and nicotine products. In this study, the activity of conventional cigarette (3R4F) smoke and a range of NGP aerosols (heated tobacco product, hybrid product and electronic vapor product) captured in phosphate buffered saline, were screened by exposing a panel of human cell-based model systems using Biologically Multiplexed Activity Profiling (BioMAP® Diversity PLUS® Panel, Eurofins Discovery). Following exposure, the biological activity for a wide range of biomarkers in the BioMAP panel were compared to determine the presence of toxicity signatures that are associated with specific clinical findings. NGP aerosols were found to be weakly active in the BioMAP Diversity PLUS Panel (≤3/148 biomarkers) whereas significant activity was observed for 3R4F (22/148 biomarkers). Toxicity associated biomarker signatures for 3R4F included immunosuppression, skin irritation and thrombosis, with no toxicity signatures seen for the NGPs. BioMAP profiling could effectively be used to differentiate between complex mixtures of cigarette smoke or NGP aerosol extracts in a panel of human primary cell-based assays. Clinical validation of these results will be critical for confirming the utility of BioMAP for screening NGPs for potential adverse human effects.
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Key Words
- ACM, aerosol collected mass
- AhR, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- Alternative methods
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EVP, Electronic vapor product
- HDFn, Human neonatal dermal fibroblasts
- HTP, Heated Tobacco Product
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- HYB, Hybrid product containing e-liquid drawn through a tobacco plug
- IL, interleukin
- ISO, International Organization for Standardization
- In vitro assays
- MOA, Mechanism of action
- M−CSF, Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- NGP, Next generation product
- NRC, National Research Council
- NRF2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- Next generation products
- PBMC, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- Panel
- Phenotypic screening
- SRB, Sulforhodamine B
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TF, Tissue factor
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TPM, Total particulate matter
- Toxicity signature
- bPBS, Bubbled phosphate buffered saline
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Elizabeth Mason
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Ellen L. Berg
- Eurofins Discovery, Inc., 111 Anza Blvd, Suite 414, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
| | - Fan Yu
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Kathryn Rudd
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Lukasz Czekala
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Edgar Trelles Sticken
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleg Brinster
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Tanvir Walele
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
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Berg EL. The future of phenotypic drug discovery. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:424-430. [PMID: 33529582 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic drug discovery (PDD) uses biological systems directly for new drug screening. While PDD has proved effective in the discovery of drugs with novel mechanisms, for broader adoption, key challenges need resolution: progression of poorly qualified leads and overloaded pipelines due to lack of effective tools to process and prioritize hits; and advancement of leads with undesirable mechanisms that fail at more expensive stages of discovery. Here I discuss how human-based phenotypic platforms are being applied throughout the discovery process for hit triage and prioritization, for elimination of hits with unsuitable mechanisms, and for supporting clinical strategies through pathway-based decision frameworks. Harnessing the data generated in these platforms can also fuel a deeper understanding of drug efficacy and toxicity mechanisms. As these approaches increase in use, they will gain in power for driving better decisions, generating better leads faster and in turn promoting greater adoption of PDD.
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Berg EL, Denker SP, O'Mahony A. Development and Validation of Disease Assays for Phenotypic Screening. PHENOTYPIC DRUG DISCOVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/9781839160721-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Screening in phenotypic assays is an important strategy for the discovery of innovative drugs and novel targets. Here we present key strategies for developing successful phenotypic screens and prosecuting phenotypic drug discovery (PDD) programs. Successful screens incorporate physiological relevance through the use of human cell types and assay designs that have (1) strong mechanistic connection to clinical outcomes and (2) strong biological justification for both efficacy and safety. In addition to guidance for designing successful screens, we also propose incorporation of specific counterscreens at an early point in the program. The suggested counterscreens are based on analysis of 1000s of drugs and drug candidates profiled through a large set of human-based phenotypic assays. These assays include cytotoxicity in human primary vascular endothelial cells, proliferation of endothelial cells, and proliferation of lymphocytes, all under specific activation conditions. These counterscreens form a generic screening funnel to triage a large fraction of early-stage hits, binning compounds into those with undesirable mechanisms (associated with acute toxicity), mechanisms with utility for oncology indications, and mechanisms useful for autoimmune indications. The application of this screening funnel offers a standardized and more predictable path for prosecuting PDD programs, reducing the risk of failure, and improving program timelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L. Berg
- Eurofins Discovery 111 Anza Blvd, Suite 414 Burlingame CA 94010 USA
| | - Sheryl P. Denker
- Eurofins Discovery 111 Anza Blvd, Suite 414 Burlingame CA 94010 USA
| | - Alison O'Mahony
- Eurofins Discovery 111 Anza Blvd, Suite 414 Burlingame CA 94010 USA
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Ursu A, Childs-Disney JL, Angelbello AJ, Costales MG, Meyer SM, Disney MD. Gini Coefficients as a Single Value Metric to Define Chemical Probe Selectivity. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2031-2040. [PMID: 32568503 PMCID: PMC7442733 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Selectivity is a key requirement of high-quality chemical probes and lead medicines; however, methods to quantify and compare the selectivity of small molecules have not been standardized across the field. Herein, we discuss the origins and use of a comprehensive, single value term to quantify selectivity, the Gini coefficient. Case studies presented include compounds that target protein kinases, small molecules that bind RNA structures, and small molecule chimeras that bind to and degrade the target RNA. With an increasing number of transcriptome- and proteome-wide studies, we submit that reporting Gini coefficients as a quantitative descriptor of selectivity should be used broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ursu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | | | | | | | - Samantha M. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Matthew D. Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
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Pottel J, Armstrong D, Zou L, Fekete A, Huang XP, Torosyan H, Bednarczyk D, Whitebread S, Bhhatarai B, Liang G, Jin H, Ghaemi SN, Slocum S, Lukacs KV, Irwin JJ, Berg EL, Giacomini KM, Roth BL, Shoichet BK, Urban L. The activities of drug inactive ingredients on biological targets. Science 2020; 369:403-413. [PMID: 32703874 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz9906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Excipients, considered "inactive ingredients," are a major component of formulated drugs and play key roles in their pharmacokinetics. Despite their pervasiveness, whether they are active on any targets has not been systematically explored. We computed the likelihood that approved excipients would bind to molecular targets. Testing in vitro revealed 25 excipient activities, ranging from low-nanomolar to high-micromolar concentration. Another 109 activities were identified by testing against clinical safety targets. In cellular models, five excipients had fingerprints predictive of system-level toxicity. Exposures of seven excipients were investigated, and in certain populations, two of these may reach levels of in vitro target potency, including brain and gut exposure of thimerosal and its major metabolite, which had dopamine D3 receptor dissociation constant K d values of 320 and 210 nM, respectively. Although most excipients deserve their status as inert, many approved excipients may directly modulate physiologically relevant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Pottel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Duncan Armstrong
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ling Zou
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander Fekete
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27759, USA
| | - Hayarpi Torosyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dallas Bednarczyk
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven Whitebread
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Barun Bhhatarai
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Guiqing Liang
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hong Jin
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - S Nassir Ghaemi
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samuel Slocum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27759, USA
| | - Katalin V Lukacs
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - John J Irwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ellen L Berg
- Eurofins, DiscoverX, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27759, USA
| | - Brian K Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Laszlo Urban
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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