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Etkin A, Mathalon DH. Bringing Imaging Biomarkers Into Clinical Reality in Psychiatry. JAMA Psychiatry 2024:2822966. [PMID: 39230917 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Importance Advancing precision psychiatry, where treatments are based on an individual's biology rather than solely their clinical presentation, requires attention to several key attributes for any candidate biomarker. These include test-retest reliability, sensitivity to relevant neurophysiology, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Unfortunately, these issues have not been systematically addressed by biomarker development efforts that use common neuroimaging tools like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG). Here, the critical barriers that neuroimaging methods will need to overcome to achieve clinical relevance in the near to intermediate term are examined. Observations Reliability is often overlooked, which together with sensitivity to key aspects of neurophysiology and replicated predictive utility, favors EEG-based methods. The principal barrier for EEG has been the lack of large-scale data collection among multisite psychiatric consortia. By contrast, despite its high reliability, structural MRI has not demonstrated clinical utility in psychiatry, which may be due to its limited sensitivity to psychiatry-relevant neurophysiology. Given the prevalence of structural MRIs, establishment of a compelling clinical use case remains its principal barrier. By contrast, low reliability and difficulty in standardizing collection are the principal barriers for functional MRI, along with the need for demonstration that its superior spatial resolution over EEG and ability to directly image subcortical regions in fact provide unique clinical value. Often missing, moreover, is consideration of how these various scientific issues can be balanced against practical economic realities of psychiatric health care delivery today, for which embedding economic modeling into biomarker development efforts may help direct research efforts. Conclusions and Relevance EEG seems most ripe for near- to intermediate-term clinical impact, especially considering its scalability and cost-effectiveness. Recent efforts to broaden its collection, as well as development of low-cost turnkey systems, suggest a promising pathway by which neuroimaging can impact clinical care. Continued MRI research focused on its key barriers may hold promise for longer-horizon utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Etkin
- Alto Neuroscience Inc, Los Altos, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
- Veterans Affairs San Francisco Health Care System, San Francisco, California
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2
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Herzog R, Barbey FM, Islam MN, Rueda-Delgado L, Nolan H, Prado P, Krylova M, Izyurov I, Javaheripour N, Danyeli LV, Sen ZD, Walter M, O'Donnell P, Buhl DL, Murphy B, Ibanez A. High-order brain interactions in ketamine during rest and task: a double-blinded cross-over design using portable EEG on male participants. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:310. [PMID: 39068157 PMCID: PMC11283531 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that induces a shift in global consciousness states and related brain dynamics. Portable low-density EEG systems could be used to monitor these effects. However, previous evidence is almost null and lacks adequate methods to address global dynamics with a small number of electrodes. This study delves into brain high-order interactions (HOI) to explore the effects of ketamine using portable EEG. In a double-blinded cross-over design, 30 male adults (mean age = 25.57, SD = 3.74) were administered racemic ketamine and compared against saline infusion as a control. Both task-driven (auditory oddball paradigm) and resting-state EEG were recorded. HOI were computed using advanced multivariate information theory tools, allowing us to quantify nonlinear statistical dependencies between all possible electrode combinations. Ketamine induced an increase in redundancy in brain dynamics (copies of the same information that can be retrieved from 3 or more electrodes), most significantly in the alpha frequency band. Redundancy was more evident during resting state, associated with a shift in conscious states towards more dissociative tendencies. Furthermore, in the task-driven context (auditory oddball), the impact of ketamine on redundancy was more significant for predictable (standard stimuli) compared to deviant ones. Finally, associations were observed between ketamine's HOI and experiences of derealization. Ketamine appears to increase redundancy and HOI across psychometric measures, suggesting these effects are correlated with alterations in consciousness towards dissociation. In comparisons with event-related potential (ERP) or standard functional connectivity metrics, HOI represent an innovative method to combine all signal spatial interactions obtained from low-density dry EEG in drug interventions, as it is the only approach that exploits all possible combinations between electrodes. This research emphasizes the potential of complexity measures coupled with portable EEG devices in monitoring shifts in consciousness, especially when paired with low-density configurations, paving the way for better understanding and monitoring of pharmacological-induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Herzog
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | - Hugh Nolan
- Cumulus Neuroscience Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pavel Prado
- Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marina Krylova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Igor Izyurov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nooshin Javaheripour
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Lena Vera Danyeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Zümrüt Duygu Sen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Jena, Germany
| | - Patricio O'Donnell
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02390, USA
| | - Derek L Buhl
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02390, USA
| | | | - Agustin Ibanez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
- Global Brain Health Institute, UCSF and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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3
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Ahsan Awais M, Ward T, Redmond P, Healy G. From lab to life: assessing the impact of real-world interactions on the operation of rapid serial visual presentation-based brain-computer interfaces. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:046011. [PMID: 38941986 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad5d17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) have been extensively researched in controlled lab settings where the P300 event-related potential (ERP), elicited in the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm, has shown promising potential. However, deploying BCIs outside of laboratory settings is challenging due to the presence of contaminating artifacts that often occur as a result of activities such as talking, head movements, and body movements. These artifacts can severely contaminate the measured EEG signals and consequently impede detection of the P300 ERP. Our goal is to assess the impact of these real-world noise factors on the performance of a RSVP-BCI, specifically focusing on single-trial P300 detection.Approach.In this study, we examine the impact of movement activity on the performance of a P300-based RSVP-BCI application designed to allow users to search images at high speed. Using machine learning, we assessed P300 detection performance using both EEG data captured in optimal recording conditions (e.g. where participants were instructed to refrain from moving) and a variety of conditions where the participant intentionally produced movements to contaminate the EEG recording.Main results.The results, presented as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) scores, provide insight into the significant impact of noise on single-trial P300 detection. Notably, there is a reduction in classifier detection accuracy when intentionally contaminated RSVP trials are used for training and testing, when compared to using non-intentionally contaminated RSVP trials.Significance.Our findings underscore the necessity of addressing and mitigating noise in EEG recordings to facilitate the use of BCIs in real-world settings, thus extending the reach of EEG technology beyond the confines of the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahsan Awais
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tomas Ward
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Redmond
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Graham Healy
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Eng CM, Tsegai-Moore A, Fisher AV. Incorporating Evidence-Based Gamification and Machine Learning to Assess Preschool Executive Function: A Feasibility Study. Brain Sci 2024; 14:451. [PMID: 38790430 PMCID: PMC11119088 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Computerized assessments and digital games have become more prevalent in childhood, necessitating a systematic investigation of the effects of gamified executive function assessments on performance and engagement. This study examined the feasibility of incorporating gamification and a machine learning algorithm that adapts task difficulty to individual children's performance into a traditional executive function task (i.e., Flanker Task) with children ages 3-5. The results demonstrated that performance on a gamified version of the Flanker Task was associated with performance on the traditional version of the task and standardized academic achievement outcomes. Furthermore, gamification grounded in learning science and developmental psychology theories applied to a traditional executive function measure increased children's task enjoyment while preserving psychometric properties of the Flanker Task. Overall, this feasibility study indicates that gamification and adaptive machine learning algorithms can be successfully incorporated into executive function assessments with young children to increase enjoyment and reduce data loss with developmentally appropriate and intentional practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassondra M. Eng
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1520 Page Mill Road Stanford, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, 335I Baker Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Aria Tsegai-Moore
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Anna V. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, 335I Baker Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
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5
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Ibanez A, Herzog R, Barbey F, Islam MN, Rueda-Delgado L, Nolan H, Prado P, Krylova M, Javaheripour N, Danyeli L, Sen Z, Walter M, Odonnell P, Buhl D, Murphy B, Izyurov I. High-order brain interactions in ketamine during rest and task: A double-blinded cross-over design using portable EEG. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3954073. [PMID: 38562802 PMCID: PMC10984031 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3954073/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In a double-blinded cross-over design, 30 adults (mean age = 25.57, SD = 3.74; all male) were administered racemic ketamine and compared against saline infusion as a control. Both task-driven (auditory oddball paradigm) and resting-state EEG were recorded. HOI were computed using advanced multivariate information theory tools, allowing us to quantify nonlinear statistical dependencies between all possible electrode combinations. Results: Ketamine increased redundancy in brain dynamics, most significantly in the alpha frequency band. Redundancy was more evident during the resting state, associated with a shift in conscious states towards more dissociative tendencies. Furthermore, in the task-driven context (auditory oddball), the impact of ketamine on redundancy was more significant for predictable (standard stimuli) compared to deviant ones. Finally, associations were observed between ketamine's HOI and experiences of derealization. Conclusions: Ketamine appears to increase redundancy and genuine HOI across metrics, suggesting these effects correlate with consciousness alterations towards dissociation. HOI represents an innovative method to combine all signal spatial interactions obtained from low-density dry EEG in drug interventions, as it is the only approach that exploits all possible combinations from different electrodes. This research emphasizes the potential of complexity measures coupled with portable EEG devices in monitoring shifts in consciousness, especially when paired with low-density configurations, paving the way for better understanding and monitoring of pharmacological-induced changes.
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6
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Delnatte C, Roze E, Pouget P, Galléa C, Welniarz Q. Can neuroscience enlighten the philosophical debate about free will? Neuropsychologia 2023; 188:108632. [PMID: 37385373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Free will has been at the heart of philosophical and scientific discussions for many years. However, recent advances in neuroscience have been perceived as a threat to the commonsense notion of free will as they challenge two core requirements for actions to be free. The first is the notion of determinism and free will, i.e., decisions and actions must not be entirely determined by antecedent causes. The second is the notion of mental causation, i.e., our mental state must have causal effects in the physical world, in other words, actions are caused by conscious intention. We present the classical philosophical positions related to determinism and mental causation, and discuss how neuroscience could shed a new light on the philosophical debate based on recent experimental findings. Overall, we conclude that the current evidence is insufficient to undermine free will.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute Institut du Cerveau, F-75013, Paris, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Pouget
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute Institut du Cerveau, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Galléa
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute Institut du Cerveau, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Welniarz
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute Institut du Cerveau, F-75013, Paris, France.
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7
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Sugden RJ, Pham-Kim-Nghiem-Phu VLL, Campbell I, Leon A, Diamandis P. Remote collection of electrophysiological data with brain wearables: opportunities and challenges. Bioelectron Med 2023; 9:12. [PMID: 37340487 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-023-00114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Collection of electroencephalographic (EEG) data provides an opportunity to non-invasively study human brain plasticity, learning and the evolution of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Traditionally, due to sophisticated hardware, EEG studies have been largely limited to research centers which restrict both testing contexts and repeated longitudinal measures. The emergence of low-cost "wearable" EEG devices now provides the prospect of frequent and remote monitoring of the human brain for a variety of physiological and pathological brain states. In this manuscript, we survey evidence that EEG wearables provide high-quality data and review various software used for remote data collection. We then discuss the growing body of evidence supporting the feasibility of remote and longitudinal EEG data collection using wearables including a discussion of potential biomedical applications of these protocols. Lastly, we discuss some additional challenges needed for EEG wearable research to gain further widespread adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard James Sugden
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
| | | | - Ingrid Campbell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alberto Leon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.
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8
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Whelan R, Barbey FM, Cominetti MR, Gillan CM, Rosická AM. Developments in scalable strategies for detecting early markers of cognitive decline. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:473. [PMID: 36351888 PMCID: PMC9645320 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective strategies for early detection of cognitive decline, if deployed on a large scale, would have individual and societal benefits. However, current detection methods are invasive or time-consuming and therefore not suitable for longitudinal monitoring of asymptomatic individuals. For example, biological markers of neuropathology associated with cognitive decline are typically collected via cerebral spinal fluid, cognitive functioning is evaluated from face-to-face assessments by experts and brain measures are obtained using expensive, non-portable equipment. Here, we describe scalable, repeatable, relatively non-invasive and comparatively inexpensive strategies for detecting the earliest markers of cognitive decline. These approaches are characterized by simple data collection protocols conducted in locations outside the laboratory: measurements are collected passively, by the participants themselves or by non-experts. The analysis of these data is, in contrast, often performed in a centralized location using sophisticated techniques. Recent developments allow neuropathology associated with potential cognitive decline to be accurately detected from peripheral blood samples. Advances in smartphone technology facilitate unobtrusive passive measurements of speech, fine motor movement and gait, that can be used to predict cognitive decline. Specific cognitive processes can be assayed using 'gamified' versions of standard laboratory cognitive tasks, which keep users engaged across multiple test sessions. High quality brain data can be regularly obtained, collected at-home by users themselves, using portable electroencephalography. Although these methods have great potential for addressing an important health challenge, there are barriers to be overcome. Technical obstacles include the need for standardization and interoperability across hardware and software. Societal challenges involve ensuring equity in access to new technologies, the cost of implementation and of any follow-up care, plus ethical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Florentine M Barbey
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cumulus Neuroscience Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcia R Cominetti
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Gerontology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Claire M Gillan
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anna M Rosická
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Casson AJ. EEG goes home. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 142:254-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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