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Zhou M, Hanschmann EM, Römer A, Linn T, Petry SF. The significance of glutaredoxins for diabetes mellitus and its complications. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103043. [PMID: 38377787 PMCID: PMC10891345 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable metabolic disease hallmarked by chronic hyperglycemia caused by beta-cell failure. Diabetic complications affect the vasculature and result in macro- and microangiopathies, which account for a significantly increased morbidity and mortality. The rising incidence and prevalence of diabetes is a major global health burden. There are no feasible strategies for beta-cell preservation available in daily clinical practice. Therefore, patients rely on antidiabetic drugs or the application of exogenous insulin. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved members of the thioredoxin family of proteins. They have specific functions in redox-mediated signal transduction, iron homeostasis and biosynthesis of iron-sulfur (FeS) proteins, and the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, and function. The involvement of Grxs in chronic diseases has been a topic of research for several decades, suggesting them as therapeutic targets. Little is known about their role in diabetes and its complications. Therefore, this review summarizes the available literature on the significance of Grxs in diabetes and its complications. In conclusion, Grxs are differentially expressed in the endocrine pancreas and in tissues affected by diabetic complications, such as the heart, the kidneys, the eye, and the vasculature. They are involved in several pathways essential for insulin signaling, metabolic inflammation, glucose and fatty acid uptake and processing, cell survival, and iron and mitochondrial metabolism. Most studies describe significant changes in glutaredoxin expression and/or activity in response to the diabetic metabolism. In general, mitigated levels of Grxs are associated with oxidative distress, cell damage, and even cell death. The induced overexpression is considered a potential part of the cellular stress-response, counteracting oxidative distress and exerting beneficial impact on cell function such as insulin secretion, cytokine expression, and enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhou
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hanschmann
- Experimental and Translational Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Axel Römer
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Linn
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Friedrich Petry
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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Jie YK, Ma HL, Jiang JJ, Cheng CH, Deng YQ, Liu GX, Fan SG, Guo ZX. Glutaredoxin 2 in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain: Identification and functional characterization under hypoxia and pathogen challenge. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:104676. [PMID: 36889371 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxin (Grx) is a glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase that plays a key role in antioxidant defense. In this study, a novel Grx2 gene (SpGrx2) was identified from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain, which consists of a 196 bp 5' untranslated region, a 357 bp open reading frame, and a 964 bp 3' untranslated region. The putative SpGrx2 protein has a typical single Grx domain with the active center sequence C-P-Y-C. The expression analysis revealed that the SpGrx2 mRNA was most abundant in the gill, followed by the stomach and hemocytes. Both mud crab dicistrovirus-1 and Vibrioparahaemolyticus infection as well as hypoxia could differentially induce the expression of SpGrx2. Furthermore, silencing SpGrx2 in vivo affected the expression of a series of antioxidant-related genes after hypoxia treatment. Additionally, SpGrx2 overexpression significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity of Drosophila Schneider 2 cells after hypoxia, resulting in a reduction of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content. The subcellular localization results indicated that SpGrx2 was localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of Drosophila Schneider 2 cells. These results indicate that SpGrx2 plays a crucial role as an antioxidant enzyme in the defense system of mud crabs against hypoxia and pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kun Jie
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hong-Ling Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China
| | - Jian-Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China
| | - Chang-Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China
| | - Yi-Qin Deng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China
| | - Guang-Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China
| | - Si-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China
| | - Zhi-Xun Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China.
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Hypoxia Affects the Antioxidant Activity of Glutaredoxin 3 in Scylla paramamosain through Hypoxia Response Elements. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010076. [PMID: 36670937 PMCID: PMC9855028 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a major environmental stressor that can damage the oxidation metabolism of crustaceans. Glutaredoxin (Grx) is a key member of the thioredoxin superfamily and plays an important role in the host's defense against oxidative stress. At present, the role of Grx in response to hypoxia in crustaceans remains unclear. In this study, the full-length cDNA of Grx3 (SpGrx3) was obtained from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain, which contains a 129-bp 5' untranslated region, a 981-bp open reading frame, and a 1,183-bp 3' untranslated region. The putative SpGrx3 protein contains an N-terminal thioredoxin domain and two C-terminal Grx domains. SpGrx3 was expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest expression in the anterior gills. After hypoxia, SpGrx3 expression was significantly up-regulated in the anterior gills of mud crabs. The expression of Grx2 and glutathione S-transferases was decreased, while the expression of glutathione peroxidases was increased following hypoxia when SpGrx3 was silenced in vivo. In addition, the total antioxidant capacity of SpGrx3-interfered mud crabs was significantly decreased, and the malondialdehyde content was significantly increased during hypoxia. The subcellular localization data indicated that SpGrx3 was predominantly localized in the nucleus when expressed in Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells. Moreover, overexpression of SpGrx3 reduced the content of reactive oxygen species in S2 cells during hypoxia. To further investigate the transactivation mechanism of SpGrx3 during hypoxia, the promoter region of the SpGrx3 was obtained by Genome Walking and three hypoxia response elements (HREs) were predicted. Dual-luciferase reporter assay results demonstrated that SpGrx3 was likely involved in the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathway during hypoxia, which could be mediated through HREs. The results indicated that SpGrx3 is involved in regulating the antioxidant system of mud crabs and plays a critical role in the response to hypoxia.
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Petry SF, Kandula ND, Günther S, Helker C, Schagdarsurengin U, Linn T. Valproic Acid Initiates Transdifferentiation of the Human Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cell-line Panc-1 Into α-Like Cells. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2022; 130:638-651. [PMID: 35451037 DOI: 10.1055/a-1750-9190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Non-mesenchymal pancreatic cells are a potential source for cell replacement. Their transdifferentiation can be achieved by triggering epigenetic remodeling through e. g. post-translational modification of histones. Valproic acid, a branched-chain saturated fatty acid with histone deacetylase inhibitor activity, was linked to the expression of key transcription factors of pancreatic lineage in epithelial cells and insulin transcription. However, the potential of valproic acid to cause cellular reprogramming is not fully understood. To shed further light on it we employed next-generation RNA sequencing, real-time PCR, and protein analyses by ELISA and western blot, to assess the impact of valproic acid on transcriptome and function of Panc-1-cells. Our results indicate that valproic acid has a significant impact on the cell cycle, cell adhesion, histone H3 acetylation, and metabolic pathways as well as the initiation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition through acetylation of histone H3 resulting in α-cell-like characteristics. We conclude that human epithelial pancreatic cells can be transdifferentiated into cells with endocrine properties through epigenetic regulation by valproic acid favoring an α-cell-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Friedrich Petry
- Clinical Research Unit, Center of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Naga Deepa Kandula
- Clinical Research Unit, Center of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Bioinformatics and deep sequencing platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Christian Helker
- Cell Signaling and Dynamics, Department of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Undraga Schagdarsurengin
- Epigenetics of Urogenital System, Clinic and Polyclinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Linn
- Clinical Research Unit, Center of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Petry SF, Römer A, Rawat D, Brunner L, Lerch N, Zhou M, Grewal R, Sharifpanah F, Sauer H, Eckert GP, Linn T. Loss and Recovery of Glutaredoxin 5 Is Inducible by Diet in a Murine Model of Diabesity and Mediated by Free Fatty Acids In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040788. [PMID: 35453472 PMCID: PMC9025089 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFA), hyperglycemia, and inflammatory cytokines are major mediators of β-cell toxicity in type 2 diabetes mellitus, impairing mitochondrial metabolism. Glutaredoxin 5 (Glrx5) is a mitochondrial protein involved in the assembly of iron–sulfur clusters required for complexes of the respiratory chain. We have provided evidence that islet cells are deprived of Glrx5, correlating with impaired insulin secretion during diabetes in genetically obese mice. In this study, we induced diabesity in C57BL/6J mice in vivo by feeding the mice a high-fat diet (HFD) and modelled the diabetic metabolism in MIN6 cells through exposure to FFA, glucose, or inflammatory cytokines in vitro. qRT-PCR, ELISA, immunohisto-/cytochemistry, bioluminescence, and respirometry were employed to study Glrx5, insulin secretion, and mitochondrial biomarkers. The HFD induced a depletion of islet Glrx5 concomitant with an obese phenotype, elevated FFA in serum and reactive oxygen species in islets, and impaired glucose tolerance. Exposure of MIN6 cells to FFA led to a loss of Glrx5 in vitro. The FFA-induced depletion of Glrx5 coincided with significantly altered mitochondrial biomarkers. In summary, we provide evidence that Glrx5 is regulated by FFA in type 2 diabetes mellitus and is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and blunted insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Friedrich Petry
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.R.); (D.R.); (L.B.); (N.L.); (M.Z.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-985-57010
| | - Axel Römer
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.R.); (D.R.); (L.B.); (N.L.); (M.Z.); (T.L.)
| | - Divya Rawat
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.R.); (D.R.); (L.B.); (N.L.); (M.Z.); (T.L.)
| | - Lara Brunner
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.R.); (D.R.); (L.B.); (N.L.); (M.Z.); (T.L.)
| | - Nina Lerch
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.R.); (D.R.); (L.B.); (N.L.); (M.Z.); (T.L.)
| | - Mengmeng Zhou
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.R.); (D.R.); (L.B.); (N.L.); (M.Z.); (T.L.)
| | - Rekha Grewal
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention & Therapy, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (R.G.); (G.P.E.)
| | - Fatemeh Sharifpanah
- Faculty of Medicine, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany;
- Cyntegrity Germany GmbH, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Gunter Peter Eckert
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention & Therapy, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (R.G.); (G.P.E.)
| | - Thomas Linn
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Center of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.R.); (D.R.); (L.B.); (N.L.); (M.Z.); (T.L.)
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Bosma KJ, Andrei SR, Katz LS, Smith AA, Dunn JC, Ricciardi VF, Ramirez MA, Baumel-Alterzon S, Pace WA, Carroll DT, Overway EM, Wolf EM, Kimple ME, Sheng Q, Scott DK, Breyer RM, Gannon M. Pharmacological blockade of the EP3 prostaglandin E 2 receptor in the setting of type 2 diabetes enhances β-cell proliferation and identity and relieves oxidative damage. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101347. [PMID: 34626853 PMCID: PMC8529552 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia and inflammation. Prostaglandin E2, which signals through four G protein-coupled receptors (EP1-4), is a mediator of inflammation and is upregulated in diabetes. We have shown previously that EP3 receptor blockade promotes β-cell proliferation and survival in isolated mouse and human islets ex vivo. Here, we analyzed whether systemic EP3 blockade could enhance β-cell mass and identity in the setting of type 2 diabetes using mice with a spontaneous mutation in the leptin receptor (Leprdb). METHODS Four- or six-week-old, db/+, and db/db male mice were treated with an EP3 antagonist daily for two weeks. Pancreata were analyzed for α-cell and β-cell proliferation and β-cell mass. Islets were isolated for transcriptomic analysis. Selected gene expression changes were validated by immunolabeling of the pancreatic tissue sections. RESULTS EP3 blockade increased β-cell mass in db/db mice through enhanced β-cell proliferation. Importantly, there were no effects on α-cell proliferation. EP3 blockade reversed the changes in islet gene expression associated with the db/db phenotype and restored the islet architecture. Expression of the GLP-1 receptor was slightly increased by EP3 antagonist treatment in db/db mice. In addition, the transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and downstream targets were increased in islets from db/db mice in response to treatment with an EP3 antagonist. The markers of oxidative stress were decreased. CONCLUSIONS The current study suggests that EP3 blockade promotes β-cell mass expansion in db/db mice. The beneficial effects of EP3 blockade may be mediated through Nrf2, which has recently emerged as a key mediator in the protection against cellular oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J Bosma
- Dept. of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Authority, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Spencer R Andrei
- Dept. of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Authority, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Liora S Katz
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley A Smith
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer C Dunn
- Dept. of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Authority, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Marisol A Ramirez
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sharon Baumel-Alterzon
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - William A Pace
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Darian T Carroll
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emily M Overway
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elysa M Wolf
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michelle E Kimple
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard M Breyer
- Dept. of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Authority, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Dept. of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Authority, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Lipotoxic Impairment of Mitochondrial Function in β-Cells: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020293. [PMID: 33672062 PMCID: PMC7919463 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity is a major contributor to type 2 diabetes mainly promoting mitochondrial dysfunction. Lipotoxic stress is mediated by elevated levels of free fatty acids through various mechanisms and pathways. Impaired peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling, enhanced oxidative stress levels, and uncoupling of the respiratory chain result in ATP deficiency, while β-cell viability can be severely impaired by lipotoxic modulation of PI3K/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. However, fatty acids are physiologically required for an unimpaired β-cell function. Thus, preparation, concentration, and treatment duration determine whether the outcome is beneficial or detrimental when fatty acids are employed in experimental setups. Further, ageing is a crucial contributor to β-cell decay. Cellular senescence is connected to loss of function in β-cells and can further be promoted by lipotoxicity. The potential benefit of nutrients has been broadly investigated, and particularly polyphenols were shown to be protective against both lipotoxicity and cellular senescence, maintaining the physiology of β-cells. Positive effects on blood glucose regulation, mitigation of oxidative stress by radical scavenging properties or regulation of antioxidative enzymes, and modulation of apoptotic factors were reported. This review summarizes the significance of lipotoxicity and cellular senescence for mitochondrial dysfunction in the pancreatic β-cell and outlines potential beneficial effects of plant-based nutrients by the example of polyphenols.
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Berndt C, Christ L, Rouhier N, Mühlenhoff U. Glutaredoxins with iron-sulphur clusters in eukaryotes - Structure, function and impact on disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1862:148317. [PMID: 32980338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the thioredoxin superfamily of proteins, the observation that numerous glutaredoxins bind iron-sulphur (Fe/S) clusters is one of the more recent and major developments concerning their functional properties. Glutaredoxins are present in most organisms. All members of the class II subfamily (including most monothiol glutaredoxins), but also some members of the class I (mostly dithiol glutaredoxins) and class III (land plant-specific monothiol or dithiol glutaredoxins) are Fe/S proteins. In glutaredoxins characterised so far, the [2Fe2S] cluster is coordinated by two active-site cysteine residues and two molecules of non-covalently bound glutathione in homo-dimeric complexes bridged by the cluster. In contrast to dithiol glutaredoxins, monothiol glutaredoxins possess no or very little oxidoreductase activity, but have emerged as important players in cellular iron metabolism. In this review we summarise the recent developments of the most prominent Fe/S glutaredoxins in eukaryotes, the mitochondrial single domain monothiol glutaredoxin 5, the chloroplastic single domain monothiol glutaredoxin S14 and S16, the nuclear/cytosolic multi-domain monothiol glutaredoxin 3, and the mitochondrial/cytosolic dithiol glutaredoxin 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Merowingerplatz1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Loïck Christ
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Ulrich Mühlenhoff
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Str. 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Roma LP, Jonas JC. Nutrient Metabolism, Subcellular Redox State, and Oxidative Stress in Pancreatic Islets and β-Cells. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:1461-1493. [PMID: 31634466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells play a critical role in blood glucose homeostasis and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the context of insulin resistance. Based on data obtained at the whole cell level using poorly specific chemical probes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide have been proposed to contribute to the stimulation of insulin secretion by nutrients (positive role) and to the alterations of cell survival and secretory function in T2D (negative role). This raised the controversial hypothesis that any attempt to decrease β-cell oxidative stress and apoptosis in T2D would further impair insulin secretion. Over the last decade, the development of genetically-encoded redox probes that can be targeted to cellular compartments of interest and are specific of redox couples allowed the evaluation of short- and long-term effects of nutrients on β-cell redox changes at the subcellular level. The data indicated that the nutrient regulation of β-cell redox signaling and ROS toxicity is far more complex than previously thought and that the subcellular compartmentation of these processes cannot be neglected when evaluating the mechanisms of ROS production or the efficacy of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant drugs under glucolipotoxic conditions and in T2D. In this review, we present what is currently known about the compartmentation of redox homeostatic systems and tools to investigate it. We then review data about the effects of nutrients on β-cell subcellular redox state under normal conditions and in the context of T2D and discuss challenges and opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia P Roma
- Universität des Saarlandes, Biophysics Department, Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Kirbergerstrasse Building 48, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Jonas
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Avenue Hippocrate 55 (B1.55.06), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Relationships between Body Composition and Plasma Levels of Pancreatic, Gut, and Adipose Tissue Hormones in db/db Mice, a Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:325-328. [PMID: 31346871 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the relationships between body composition parameters and plasma levels of pancreatic, gut, and adipose tissue hormones regulating energy balance and glucose metabolism in diabetic db/db mice (BKS.Cg-Dock7m+/+Leprdb/J). The body composition parameters in mice aged 8, 12, and 16 weeks were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. The concentrations of insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent immunotropic peptide, leptin, resistin, and plasminogen activator-1 were measured by multiplex analysis at the age of 8 and 16 weeks. In comparison with non-diabetic control (db/+), db/db mice demonstrated high fat mass and reduced lean body mass and water content. In 8- and 16-week-old db/db mice, the levels of leptin (p<0.001), insulin (p<0.01), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (p<0.05) were elevated and the concentration of ghrelin (p<0.05) was reduced. The body weight and fat mass positively correlated with the levels of leptin, insulin, plasminogen activator-1, and glucagon-like peptide-1 and negatively correlated with ghrelin concentration. The results provide further details for characteristics of db/db mice, a widely used model of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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