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VanSant-Webb C, Low HK, Kuramoto J, Stanley CE, Qiang H, Su AY, Ross AN, Cooper CG, Cox JE, Summers SA, Evason KJ, Ducker GS. Phospholipid isotope tracing suggests β-catenin-driven suppression of phosphatidylcholine metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159514. [PMID: 38795827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Activating mutations in the CTNNB1 gene encoding β-catenin are among the most frequently observed oncogenic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Profound alterations in lipid metabolism, including increases in fatty acid oxidation and transformation of the phospholipidome, occur in HCC with CTNNB1 mutations, but it is unclear what mechanisms give rise to these changes. We employed untargeted lipidomics and targeted isotope tracing to measure phospholipid synthesis activity in an inducible human liver cell line expressing mutant β-catenin, as well as in transgenic zebrafish with activated β-catenin-driven HCC. In both models, activated β-catenin expression was associated with large changes in the lipidome including conserved increases in acylcarnitines and ceramides and decreases in triglycerides. Lipid isotope tracing analysis in human cells revealed a reduction in phosphatidylcholine (PC) production rates as assayed by choline incorporation. We developed lipid isotope tracing analysis for zebrafish tumors and observed reductions in phosphatidylcholine synthesis by both the CDP-choline and PEMT pathways. The observed changes in the β-catenin-driven HCC phospholipidome suggest that zebrafish can recapitulate conserved features of HCC lipid metabolism and may serve as a model for identifying future HCC-specific lipid metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad VanSant-Webb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Hayden K Low
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Junko Kuramoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Hantao Qiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Audrey Y Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alexis N Ross
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chad G Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kimberley J Evason
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Gregory S Ducker
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Gasque-Belz L, Park B, Siciliano S, Hogan N, Weber L, Campbell P, Peters R, Hanson M, Hecker M. Characterization of Adverse Outcomes from Legacy-Contaminated Groundwater Exposure to Early Life Stages of Fathead Minnow. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00244-024-01069-7. [PMID: 38871949 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-024-01069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of chemicals present in groundwater at legacy-contaminated industrial sites can pose significant risks to adjacent surface waters. The combination of short-term molecular and chronic apical effect assessments is a promising approach to characterize the potential hazard of such complex mixtures. The objectives of this study were to: (1) assess the apical effects (survival, growth, development, and liver histopathology) after chronic exposure of early life stages (ELSs) of fathead minnows (FHM; Pimephales promelas) to contaminated groundwater from a legacy-contaminated pesticide manufacturing and packaging plant, and (2) identify possible molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects by comparing results to mechanistic outcomes previously determined by a short-term reduced transcriptome assay (EcoToxChips). This study revealed a significant increase in mortality and prevalence of spinal curvatures, as well as a significant reduction in the length of FHMs exposed to the groundwater mixtures in a concentration-dependent manner. There was an increasing trend in the prevalence of edema in FHMs, though not significantly different from controls. Additionally, no histopathological effects were observed in the liver of FHMs exposed to the groundwater mixtures. Short-term molecular outcomes determined in a parallel study were found to be informative of chronic apical outcomes, including cardiotoxicity, spinal deformities, and liver toxicity. Overall, the results observed in this study demonstrated that short-term transcriptomics analyses could support the hazard assessment of complex contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gasque-Belz
- Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bradley Park
- Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Steven Siciliano
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Natacha Hogan
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lynn Weber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Rachel Peters
- Federated Co-Operatives Limited, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mark Hanson
- Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- School of the Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Wang L, Li W, Li Y, Chen G, Zhao L, Li W, Wang S, Wang C, Feng Y, Zhang Y. Dried tangerine peel polysaccharide (DTPP) alleviates hepatic steatosis by suppressing TLR4/MD-2-mediated inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107369. [PMID: 38640721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex pathogenic metabolic syndrome characterized by increased inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In recent years, natural polysaccharides derived from traditional Chinese medicine have shown significant anti-inflammatory effects, making them an attractive therapeutic option. However, little research has been conducted on the therapeutic potential of dried tangerine peel polysaccharide (DTPP) - one of the most important medicinal resources in China. The results of the present study showed that DTPP substantially reduced macrophage infiltration in vivo and suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes. Additionally, surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that DTPP had a specific affinity to myeloid differentiation factor 2, which consequently suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation via interaction with the toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. This study provides a potential molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of DTPP on NAFLD and suggests DTPP as a promising therapeutic strategy for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxi Li
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yinggang Li
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Gengrui Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Wu Li
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Shengwei Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yanxian Feng
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China.
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhang P, Liu N, Xue M, Zhang M, Xiao Z, Xu C, Fan Y, Qiu J, Zhang Q, Zhou Y. β-Sitosterol Reduces the Content of Triglyceride and Cholesterol in a High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Model. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1289. [PMID: 38731293 PMCID: PMC11083524 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with hyperlipidemia, which is closely related to high levels of sugar and fat. β-sitosterol is a natural product with significant hypolipidemic and cholesterol-lowering effects. However, the underlying mechanism of its action on aquatic products is not completely understood. METHODS A high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD zebrafish model was successfully established, and the anti-hyperlipidemic effect and potential mechanism of β-sitosterol were studied using oil red O staining, filipin staining, and lipid metabolomics. RESULTS β-sitosterol significantly reduced the accumulation of triglyceride, glucose, and cholesterol in the zebrafish model. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that differential lipid molecules in β-sitosterol mainly regulated the lipid metabolism and signal transduction function of the zebrafish model. β-sitosterol mainly affected steroid biosynthesis and steroid hormone biosynthesis in the zebrafish model. Compared with the HFD group, the addition of 500 mg/100 g of β-sitosterol significantly inhibited the expression of Ppar-γ and Rxr-α in the zebrafish model by at least 50% and 25%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS β-sitosterol can reduce lipid accumulation in the zebrafish model of NAFLD by regulating lipid metabolism and signal transduction and inhibiting adipogenesis and lipid storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (P.Z.); (N.L.); (M.X.); (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.X.); (Y.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Naicheng Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (P.Z.); (N.L.); (M.X.); (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.X.); (Y.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (P.Z.); (N.L.); (M.X.); (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.X.); (Y.F.)
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (P.Z.); (N.L.); (M.X.); (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.X.); (Y.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zidong Xiao
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (P.Z.); (N.L.); (M.X.); (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.X.); (Y.F.)
| | - Chen Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (P.Z.); (N.L.); (M.X.); (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.X.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (P.Z.); (N.L.); (M.X.); (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.X.); (Y.F.)
| | - Junqiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (P.Z.); (N.L.); (M.X.); (M.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.X.); (Y.F.)
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Zhang P, Cao J, Liang X, Su Z, Zhang B, Wang Z, Xie J, Chen G, Chen X, Zhang J, Feng Y, Xu Q, Song J, Hong A, Chen X, Zhang Y. Lian-Mei-Yin formula alleviates diet-induced hepatic steatosis by suppressing Yap1/FOXM1 pathway-dependent lipid synthesis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:621-633. [PMID: 38516704 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, with a global prevalence of 25%. Patients with NAFLD are more likely to suffer from advanced liver disease, cardiovascular disease, or type II diabetes. However, unfortunately, there is still a shortage of FDA-approved therapeutic agents for NAFLD. Lian-Mei-Yin (LMY) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula used for decades to treat liver disorders. It has recently been applied to type II diabetes which is closely related to insulin resistance. Given that NAFLD is another disease involved in insulin resistance, we hypothesize that LMY might be a promising formula for NAFLD therapy. Herein, we verify that the LMY formula effectively reduces hepatic steatosis in diet-induced zebrafish and NAFLD model mice in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, LMY suppresses Yap1-mediated Foxm1 activation, which is crucial for the occurrence and development of NAFLD. Consequently, lipogenesis is ameliorated by LMY administration. In summary, the LMY formula alleviates diet-induced NAFLD in zebrafish and mice by inhibiting Yap1/Foxm1 signaling-mediated NAFLD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiguang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jieqiong Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xujing Liang
- Department of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zijian Su
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bihui Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Junye Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gengrui Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinting Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yanxian Feng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianping Song
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - An Hong
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Thompson WA, Rajeswari JJ, Holloway AC, Vijayan MM. Excess feeding increases adipogenesis but lowers leptin transcript abundance in zebrafish larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 276:109816. [PMID: 38061616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Although fish exposed to municipal wastewater effluents (MWWE) show higher lipid accumulation, whether this is due to adipogenesis is unclear. The objective here was to identify molecular markers of adipogenesis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae for use as high throughput screening tools for environmental contaminants, including obesogens in MWWE. Zebrafish larvae were fed a commercial diet at a maintenance level (5 % body mass) or in excess (25 or 50 % body mass) from day 6 to 30 days post-fertilization (dpf) to stimulate adipogenesis. We monitored fat accumulation and markers of lipid metabolism, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (ppar γ), fatty acid synthase (fas), ELOVL fatty acid elongase 2 (elovl2), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (dgat2), leptin (lepa and lepb), leptin receptor (lepr), and lipoprotein lipase (lpl). Excess feeding led to a higher growth rate, protein content and an increase in igf1 transcript abundance. Also, these larvae had higher triglyceride levels and accumulated lipids droplets in the abdominal cavity and viscera. The molecular markers of adipogenesis, including fas, elovl2, and dgat2, were upregulated, while the transcript abundance of lpl, a lipolytic gene, was transiently lower due to excess feeding. The increased adiposity seen at 30 dpf due to excess feeding coincided with a lower lep but not lepr transcript abundance in zebrafish. Our results demonstrate that excess feeding alters the developmental programming of key genes involved in lipid homeostasis, leading to excess lipid accumulation in zebrafish larvae. Overall, fas, elovl2, lpl, and dgat2, but not lep or ppar γ, have the potential to be biomarkers of adipogenesis in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Andrew Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jithine Jayakumar Rajeswari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Alison C Holloway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mathilakath M Vijayan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Jin Y, Kozan D, Anderson JL, Hensley M, Shen MC, Wen J, Moll T, Kozan H, Rawls JF, Farber SA. A high-cholesterol zebrafish diet promotes hypercholesterolemia and fasting-associated liver triglycerides accumulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.01.565134. [PMID: 37961364 PMCID: PMC10635069 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.565134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish are an ideal model organism to study lipid metabolism and to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of human lipid-associated disorders. In this study, we provide an improved protocol to assay the impact of a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) on zebrafish lipid deposition and lipoprotein regulation. Fish fed HCD developed hypercholesterolemia as indicated by significantly elevated ApoB-containing lipoproteins (ApoB-LP) and increased plasma levels of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Feeding of the HCD to larvae (8 days followed by a 1 day fast) and adult female fish (2 weeks, followed by 3 days of fasting) was also associated with a fatty liver phenotype that presented as severe hepatic steatosis. The HCD feeding paradigm doubled the levels of liver triacylglycerol (TG), which was striking because our HCD was only supplemented with cholesterol. The accumulated liver TG was unlikely due to increased de novo lipogenesis or inhibited β-oxidation since no differentially expressed genes in these pathways were found between the livers of fish fed the HCD versus control diets. However, fasted HCD fish had significantly increased lipogenesis gene fasn in adipose tissue and higher free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma. This suggested that elevated dietary cholesterol resulted in lipid accumulation in adipocytes, which supplied more FFA during fasting, promoting hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, our HCD zebrafish protocol represents an effective and reliable approach for studying the temporal characteristics of the physiological and biochemical responses to high levels of dietary cholesterol and provides insights into the mechanisms that may underlie fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Darby Kozan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L Anderson
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Monica Hensley
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Meng-Chieh Shen
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jia Wen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tabea Moll
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hannah Kozan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John F. Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Steven A. Farber
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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8
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Wang Y, Bo J, Zhao Z, Han Y, Zhang Q, Liu L. Depletion of Igfbp7 alleviates zebrafish NAFLD progression through inhibiting hepatic ferroptosis. Life Sci 2023; 332:122086. [PMID: 37714372 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The global increased expression of Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) has been detected in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, however, its roles in NAFLD and the mechanism remain largely unclear. The goal of this study is to investigate the effect and mechanism of Igfbp7 using a zebrafish NAFLD model. MAIN METHODS The igfbp7-/- null zebrafish mutant and the Igfbp7 liver overexpressed (LOE) transgenic zebrafish based on Gal4/UAS system were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 and Tol2 transgenic technique, respectively. The zebrafish NAFLD models in wildtypes, igfbp7-/- mutants and Igfbp7 LOE fishes have been established by high-fat diet feeding. The Igfbp7 dynamic expression and its effects on NAFLD progression have been detected and analyzed in both human NAFLD patients and zebrafish models. And the potential mechanism has been investigated through transcriptome analysis and subsequent detection and verification. KEY FINDINGS High Igfbp7 levels in NASH and fibrosis stages have been detected in liver tissues of both human NAFLD patients and zebrafish models. Depletion of Igfbp7 significantly alleviated liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, whereas liver specific Igfbp7 overexpression dramatically exacerbated liver fibrosis in zebrafish NAFLD model. The hepatic iron deposition, lipid peroxidation products, and ferroptosis-related index were also significantly reduced at the NASH stage in the absence of Igfbp7. Igfbp7 promotes NAFLD progression through regulating ferroptosis, and Ncoa4-mediated ferritinophagy may be the pathway of Igfbp7-regulated ferroptosis. SIGNIFICANCE Igfbp7 is confirmed as an important regulator in NAFLD progression. Depleting Igfbp7 effectively alleviates zebrafish NAFLD progression by inhibiting hepatic ferroptosis, suggesting a novel potential target for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jiaqi Bo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, 1331 Local Bio-Resources and Health Industry Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yuhang Han
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; Experimental Center of Science and Research, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Liver Injury and Digestive System Neoplasms, Provincial Committee of the Medical and Health, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; Experimental Center of Science and Research, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Liver Injury and Digestive System Neoplasms, Provincial Committee of the Medical and Health, Taiyuan 030001, China.
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9
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VanSant-Webb C, Low HK, Kuramoto J, Stanley CE, Qiang H, Su A, Ross AN, Cooper CG, Cox JE, Summers SA, Evason KJ, Ducker GS. Phospholipid isotope tracing reveals β-catenin-driven suppression of phosphatidylcholine metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562134. [PMID: 37904922 PMCID: PMC10614757 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Activating mutations in the CTNNB1 gene encoding β-catenin are among the most frequently observed oncogenic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC with CTNNB1 mutations show profound alterations in lipid metabolism including increases in fatty acid oxidation and transformation of the phospholipidome, but it is unclear how these changes arise and whether they contribute to the oncogenic program in HCC. Methods We employed untargeted lipidomics and targeted isotope tracing to quantify phospholipid production fluxes in an inducible human liver cell line expressing mutant β-catenin, as well as in transgenic zebrafish with activated β-catenin-driven HCC. Results In both models, activated β-catenin expression was associated with large changes in the lipidome including conserved increases in acylcarnitines and ceramides and decreases in triglycerides. Lipid flux analysis in human cells revealed a large reduction in phosphatidylcholine (PC) production rates as assayed by choline tracer incorporation. We developed isotope tracing lipid flux analysis for zebrafish and observed similar reductions in phosphatidylcholine synthesis flux accomplished by sex-specific mechanisms. Conclusions The integration of isotope tracing with lipid abundances highlights specific lipid class transformations downstream of β-catenin signaling in HCC and suggests future HCC-specific lipid metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad VanSant-Webb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Hayden K Low
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Junko Kuramoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Hantao Qiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Audrey Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Alexis N Ross
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Chad G Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health. Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Kimberley J Evason
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah. Salt Lake City UT, 84112 USA
| | - Gregory S Ducker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine. Salt Lake City UT, 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah. Salt Lake City UT, 84112 USA
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10
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Shimizu N, Shiraishi H, Hanada T. Zebrafish as a Useful Model System for Human Liver Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2246. [PMID: 37759472 PMCID: PMC10526867 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases represent a significant global health challenge, thereby necessitating extensive research to understand their intricate complexities and to develop effective treatments. In this context, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a valuable model organism for studying various aspects of liver disease. The zebrafish liver has striking similarities to the human liver in terms of structure, function, and regenerative capacity. Researchers have successfully induced liver damage in zebrafish using chemical toxins, genetic manipulation, and other methods, thereby allowing the study of disease mechanisms and the progression of liver disease. Zebrafish embryos or larvae, with their transparency and rapid development, provide a unique opportunity for high-throughput drug screening and the identification of potential therapeutics. This review highlights how research on zebrafish has provided valuable insights into the pathological mechanisms of human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Shimizu
- Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
| | | | - Toshikatsu Hanada
- Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
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11
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Chang C, Li H, Zhang R. Zebrafish facilitate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease research: Tools, models and applications. Liver Int 2023; 43:1385-1398. [PMID: 37122203 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an increasingly epidemic metabolic disease worldwide. NAFLD can gradually deteriorate from simple liver steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis to liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Zebrafish are vertebrate animal models that are genetically and metabolically conserved with mammals and have unique advantages such as high fecundity, rapid development ex utero and optical transparency. These features have rendered zebrafish an emerging model system for liver diseases and metabolic diseases favoured by many researchers in recent years. In the present review, we summarize a series of tools for zebrafish NAFLD research and the models established through different dietary feeding, hepatotoxic chemical treatments and genetic manipulations via transgenic or genome editing technologies. We also discuss how zebrafish models facilitate NAFLD studies by providing novel insights into NAFLD pathogenesis, toxicology research, and drug evaluation and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huicong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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12
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Sun Y, Heng J, Liu F, Zhang S, Liu P. Isolation and proteomic study of fish liver lipid droplets. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2023; 9:120-133. [PMID: 38028150 PMCID: PMC10648235 DOI: 10.52601/bpr.2023.230004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are a neutral lipid storage organelle that is conserved in almost all species. Excessive storage of neutral lipids in LDs is directly associated with many metabolic syndromes. Zebrafish is a better model animal for the study of LD biology due to its transparent embryonic stage compared to other organisms. However, the study of LDs in fish has been difficult due to the lack of specific LD marker proteins and the limitation of purification technology. In this paper, the purification and proteomic analysis of liver LDs of fish including zebrafish and Carassius auratus were performed for the first time. 259 and 267 proteins were identified respectively. Besides most of the identified proteins were reported in previous LD proteomes of mammals, indicating the similarity between mammal and fish LDs. We also identified many unique proteins of liver LDs in fish that are involved in the regulation of LD dynamics. Through morphological and biochemical analysis, we found that the marker protein Plin2 of zebrafish LD was located on LDs in Huh7 cells. These results will facilitate further study of LDs in fish and liver metabolic diseases using fish as a model animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Azbazdar Y, Poyraz YK, Ozalp O, Nazli D, Ipekgil D, Cucun G, Ozhan G. High-fat diet feeding triggers a regenerative response in the adult zebrafish brain. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2486-2506. [PMID: 36670270 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a range of liver conditions ranging from excess fat accumulation to liver failure. NAFLD is strongly associated with high-fat diet (HFD) consumption that constitutes a metabolic risk factor. While HFD has been elucidated concerning its several systemic effects, there is little information about its influence on the brain at the molecular level. Here, by using a high-fat diet (HFD)-feeding of adult zebrafish, we first reveal that excess fat uptake results in weight gain and fatty liver. Prolonged exposure to HFD induces a significant increase in the expression of pro-inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation markers in the liver and brain tissues. Immunofluorescence analyses of the brain tissues disclose stimulation of apoptosis and widespread activation of glial cell response. Moreover, glial activation is accompanied by an initial decrease in the number of neurons and their subsequent replacement in the olfactory bulb and the telencephalon. Long-term consumption of HFD causes activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the brain tissues. Finally, fish fed an HFD induces anxiety, and aggressiveness and increases locomotor activity. Thus, HFD feeding leads to a non-traumatic brain injury and stimulates a regenerative response. The activation mechanisms of a regeneration response in the brain can be exploited to fight obesity and recover from non-traumatic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Azbazdar
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA
| | - Yusuf Kaan Poyraz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozgun Ozalp
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dilek Nazli
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dogac Ipekgil
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Cucun
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 3640 76021, Karlsruhe, Postfach, Germany
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430, Izmir, Turkey.
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14
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Simonian R, Pannia E, Hammoud R, Noche RR, Cui X, Kranenburg E, Kubant R, Ashcraft P, Wasek B, Bottiglieri T, Dowling JJ, Anderson GH. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency and high-dose FA supplementation disrupt embryonic development of energy balance and metabolic homeostasis in zebrafish. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1575-1588. [PMID: 36637428 PMCID: PMC10117162 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Folic acid (synthetic folate, FA) is consumed in excess in North America and may interact with common pathogenic variants in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR); the most prevalent inborn error of folate metabolism with wide-ranging obesity-related comorbidities. While preclinical murine models have been valuable to inform on diet-gene interactions, a recent Folate Expert panel has encouraged validation of new animal models. In this study, we characterized a novel zebrafish model of mthfr deficiency and evaluated the effects of genetic loss of mthfr function and FA supplementation during embryonic development on energy homeostasis and metabolism. mthfr-deficient zebrafish were generated using CRISPR mutagenesis and supplemented with no FA (control, 0FA) or 100 μm FA (100FA) throughout embryonic development (0-5 days postfertilization). We show that the genetic loss of mthfr function in zebrafish recapitulates key biochemical hallmarks reported in MTHFR deficiency in humans and leads to greater lipid accumulation and aberrant cholesterol metabolism as reported in the Mthfr murine model. In mthfr-deficient zebrafish, energy homeostasis was also impaired as indicated by altered food intake, reduced metabolic rate and lower expression of central energy-regulatory genes. Microglia abundance, involved in healthy neuronal development, was also reduced. FA supplementation to control zebrafish mimicked many of the adverse effects of mthfr deficiency, some of which were also exacerbated in mthfr-deficient zebrafish. Together, these findings support the translatability of the mthfr-deficient zebrafish as a preclinical model in folate research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Simonian
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Emanuela Pannia
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Rola Hammoud
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Ramil R Noche
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale Zebrafish Research Core, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Xiucheng Cui
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Eva Kranenburg
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ruslan Kubant
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Paula Ashcraft
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Brandi Wasek
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - James J Dowling
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - G Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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15
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Li X, Zhou L, Zheng Y, He T, Guo H, Li J, Zhang J. Establishment of a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model by high fat diet in adult zebrafish. Animal Model Exp Med 2023. [PMID: 36942644 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease in recent years, but the pathogenesis is not fully understood. Therefore, it is important to establish an effective animal model for studying NAFLD. METHODS Adult zebrafish were fed a normal diet or a high-fat diet combined with egg yolk powder for 30 days. Body mass index (BMI) was measured to determine overall obesity. Serum lipids were measured using triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) kits. Liver lipid deposition was detected by Oil Red O staining. Liver injury was assessed by measuring glutathione aminotransferase (AST) and glutamic acid aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were used to evaluate oxidative damage. The level of inflammation was assessed by qRT-PCR for pro-inflammatory factors. H&E staining was used for pathological histology. Caspase-3 immunofluorescence measured apoptosis. Physiological disruption was assessed via RNA-seq analysis of genes at the transcriptional level and validated by qRT-PCR. RESULTS The high-fat diet led to significant obesity in zebrafish, with elevated BMI, hepatic TC, and TG. Severe lipid deposition in the liver was observed by ORO and H&E staining, accompanied by massive steatosis and ballooning. Serum AST and ALT levels were elevated, and significant liver damage was observed. The antioxidant system in the body was severely imbalanced. Hepatocytes showed massive apoptosis. RNA-seq results indicated that several physiological processes, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, and glucolipid metabolism, were disrupted. CONCLUSION Additional feeding of egg yolk powder to adult zebrafish for 30 consecutive days can mimic the pathology of human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuying Zheng
- Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Taiping He
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Honghui Guo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiangbin Li
- School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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16
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Beneficial Effect of Vitamin D on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Progression in the Zebrafish Model. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061362. [PMID: 36986092 PMCID: PMC10052639 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) results from excessive liver fat accumulation. Vitamin D (VitD) plays multiple important roles in diverse physiologic processes. Here, we describe the role of VitD in the complex pathogenesis of NAFLD and explore the possible therapeutic role of VitD supplementation in NAFLD therapy. To compare the effect of VitD to other interventions such as low-calorie diet, we induced NAFLD in young adult zebrafish (Danio rerio, AB strain) and monitored the effects of VitD supplementation on the disease course. The zebrafish administered with high-dose VitD (1.25 μg) had significantly reduced liver fat compared to those that received low-dose VitD (0.049 μg) or caloric restriction. Gene expression analysis revealed that VitD downregulated several pathways that may play a role in NAFLD etiology, which affected fatty acid metabolism, vitamins and their cofactors, ethanol oxidation, and glycolysis. The pathway analysis revealed that the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway and the isoprenoid biosynthetic process pathway were significantly upregulated whereas the small molecule catabolic process pathway significantly downregulated following the exposure of NAFLD zebrafish model to high VitD dose. Therefore, our findings suggest the association of novel biochemical pathways with NAFLD and highlight the potential of VitD supplementation to reverse the severity of NAFLD, especially in younger people.
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17
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He T, Lykov N, Luo X, Wang H, Du Z, Chen Z, Chen S, Zhu L, Zhao Y, Tzeng C. Protective Effects of Lactobacillus gasseri against High-Cholesterol Diet-Induced Fatty Liver and Regulation of Host Gene Expression Profiles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032053. [PMID: 36768377 PMCID: PMC9917166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver is one of the most pervasive liver diseases worldwide. Probiotics play an important role in the progression of liver disease, but their effects on host regulation are poorly understood. This study investigated the protective effects of lactobacillus gasseri (L. gasseri) against high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-induced fatty liver injury using a zebrafish larvae model. Liver pathology, lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and hepatic inflammation were evaluated to demonstrate the changes in a spectrum of hepatic injury. Moreover, multiple indexes on host gene expression profiles were comprehensively characterized by RNA screening. The results showed that treatment with L. gasseri ameliorated HCD-induced morphological and histological alterations, lipid regulations, oxidative stress and macrophage aggregation in the liver of zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, the enrichment of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway revealed that the core pathways of L. gasseri regulation were interleukin-17 (IL-17) signaling, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling pathway, the regulation of lipolysis and adipocytes and fatty acid elongation and estrogen signaling. The genes at key junction nodes, hsp90aa1.1, kyat3, hsd17b7, irs2a, myl9b, ptgs2b, cdk21 and papss2a were significantly regulated by L. gasseri administration. To conclude, the current research extends our understanding of the protective effects of L. gasseri against fatty liver and provides potential therapeutic options for fatty liver treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ye Zhao
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (C.T.)
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18
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Zheng Y, Chen B, Zhang M, Ma Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Jiang J. Autophagic degradation of LOX-1 is involved in the maintenance of vascular integrity injured by oxLDL and protected by Berberine. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:1813-1830. [PMID: 37063419 PMCID: PMC10092756 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.80958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) caused by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) contributes to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Protection effects of Berberine (BBR) on the cardiovascular system have been reported, however, the molecular mechanism of vascular protection is still unclear. In this study, we established two hyperlipidemia models in zebrafish and VEC-VSMC co-culture using high-cholesterol food (HCF) and oxLDL, respectively. We demonstrated that HCF doubled total cholesterol and total glyceride levels, and BBR decreased these indices in a concentration-dependent manner. Lipid staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed that BBR inhibited oxLDL-induced VSMC bulge-like proliferation and migration toward VECs and prevented the HCF-induced trunk vascular obstruction in zebrafish. Immunoblot analysis, cell immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation assays, and transmission electron microscopy showed that oxLDL/HCF increased lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) expression at least 5-fold and significantly inhibited autophagolysosome formation in the blood vessel cells and in zebrafish. These observations were associated with endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in VECs and triggered VE-cadherin ectopic expression in VSMCs, and they were responsible for aberrant VSMC migration and vascular occlusion. However, BBR, by promoting autolysosome formation and degradation of LOX-1, reversed the above events and maintained intracellular homeostasis of vessel cells and vascular integrity. In conclusion, regulation of autophagy may be an effective approach to treating oxLDL-induced cardiovascular diseases by reducing LOX-1 protein level. BBR can protect blood vessels by adjusting the oxLDL-LOX-1-EMT-autophagy axis. This study is a step toward the development of new applications of BBR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lulu Wang
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Lulu Wang, & Jingpu Zhang, ; . Tel.: 0861063186645
| | - Jingpu Zhang
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Lulu Wang, & Jingpu Zhang, ; . Tel.: 0861063186645
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Deficiency of Adipose Triglyceride Lipase Induces Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiomyopathy in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010117. [PMID: 36613558 PMCID: PMC9820674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism dysfunction is related to clinical disorders including obesity, cancer, liver steatosis, and cardiomyopathy. Impaired lipolytic enzymes result in altered release of free fatty acids. The dramatic change in dyslipidemia is important in lipotoxic cardiomyopathy. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) catalyzes the lipolysis of triacylglycerol to reduce intramyocardial triglyceride levels in the heart and improve myocardial function. We examined the role of ATGL in metabolic cardiomyopathy by developing an Atgl knockout (ALKO) zebrafish model of metabolic cardiomyopathy disease by continuously expressing CRISPR/Cas9 protein and atgl gene guide RNAs (gRNAs). The expressed Cas9 protein bound to four gRNAs targeting the atgl gene locus, facilitating systemic gene KO. Ablation of Atgl interfered with lipid metabolism, which induced hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. ALKO adults and embryos displayed hypertrophic hearts. ALKO presented a typical dilated cardiomyopathy profile with a remarkable reduction in four sarcomere genes (myosin heavy chain 7-like, actin alpha cardiac muscle 1b, myosin binding protein C3, and troponin T type 2a) and two Ca2+ handling regulator genes (tropomyosin 4b and ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 2b). Immune cell infiltration in cardiac tissue of ALKO provided direct evidence of advanced metabolic cardiomyopathy. The presently described model could become a powerful tool to clarify the underlying mechanism between metabolic disorders and cardiomyopathies.
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Balamurugan K, Medishetti R, Rao P, K RV, Chatti K, Parsa KV. Protocol to evaluate hyperlipidemia in zebrafish larvae. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101819. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Geng W, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhang J, Zhao J, Wang J, Jia L, Wang Y. Identification of a novel probiotic and its protective effects on NAFLD via modulating gut microbial community. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:4620-4628. [PMID: 35174500 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the most common progressive liver diseases. Therapeutic strategy based on gut-liver axis and probiotics is a promising approach for the treatment of NAFLD. However, rare probiotics have been applied in NAFLD treatment, and the involved molecular mechanism is not entirely clear. RESULTS We initially identified a novel functional probiotic, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens ZW3, on the lipid deposition by a simple and rapid zebrafish model. Supplementation with ZW3 to the methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet induced NAFLD rats could improve the liver impairments and reduce inflammation through TLR4-MyD88 and JNK signaling pathways. Moreover, ZW3 modulated gut microbiota by promoting relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus, decreasing the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Bacteroides. Functional prediction of microbiome showed ZW3 presented potential enhancement on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, cell process control and signal transduction processes, and reduced several human diseases. CONCLUSION This present study identified a novel probiotic and its protective effects on NAFLD, and interpreted the interactions of ZW3 with the immune system and gut microbiota involved in gut-liver axis. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Geng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingnan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingqi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinju Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Longgang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
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22
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Reverse pharmacology of Nimbin-N2 attenuates alcoholic liver injury and promotes the hepatoprotective dual role of improving lipid metabolism and downregulating the levels of inflammatory cytokines in zebrafish larval model. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2387-2401. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A Novel 2-Hit Zebrafish Model to Study Early Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020479. [PMID: 35203687 PMCID: PMC8962409 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases in adults. NAFLD progresses from benign liver fat accumulation to liver inflammation and cirrhosis, and ultimately leads to liver failure. Although several rodent models have been established for studying NAFLD, they have limitations that include cost, speed of disease development, key dissimilarities, and poor amenability to pharmacological screens. Here, we present a novel 2-hit zebrafish model to replicate aspects of NAFLD pathogenesis. We fed zebrafish larvae a high-fat diet (HFD) to drive liver fat accumulation (first hit). Next, we exacerbated liver-specific inflammation using a transgenic line (fabp10-CETI-PIC3) that induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines following induction with doxycycline (second hit). These hits promoted fat accumulation and liver inflammation, as demonstrated by the high expression of inflammatory cytokines, macrophage infiltration, stress induction, and hepatic lipid droplet accumulation. Furthermore, zebrafish in this paradigm showed deranged glucose metabolism. To validate a small-molecule screening approach, we treated HFD-fed fish with pioglitazone, a drug shown to be beneficial for NAFLD in humans, and measured a sharp reduction in liver lipid accumulation. These results demonstrate new utility for zebrafish in modeling early NAFLD pathogenesis and demonstrate their feasibility for in vivo screening of new pharmacological interventions.
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Raby L, Völkel P, Hasanpour S, Cicero J, Toillon RA, Adriaenssens E, Van Seuningen I, Le Bourhis X, Angrand PO. Loss of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Function Alters Digestive Organ Homeostasis and Neuronal Differentiation in Zebrafish. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113142. [PMID: 34831364 PMCID: PMC8620594 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) mediates histone H3K27me3 methylation and the stable transcriptional repression of a number of gene expression programs involved in the control of cellular identity during development and differentiation. Here, we report on the generation and on the characterization of a zebrafish line harboring a null allele of eed, a gene coding for an essential component of the PRC2. Homozygous eed-deficient mutants present a normal body plan development but display strong defects at the level of the digestive organs, such as reduced size of the pancreas, hepatic steatosis, and a loss of the intestinal structures, to die finally at around 10-12 days post fertilization. In addition, we found that PRC2 loss of function impairs neuronal differentiation in very specific and discrete areas of the brain and increases larval activity in locomotor assays. Our work highlights that zebrafish is a suited model to study human pathologies associated with PRC2 loss of function and H3K27me3 decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Raby
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR 9020-U 1277 – CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.R.); (P.V.); (J.C.); (R.-A.T.); (E.A.); (I.V.S.); (X.L.B.)
| | - Pamela Völkel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR 9020-U 1277 – CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.R.); (P.V.); (J.C.); (R.-A.T.); (E.A.); (I.V.S.); (X.L.B.)
| | - Shaghayegh Hasanpour
- Department of Fisheries and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran;
| | - Julien Cicero
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR 9020-U 1277 – CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.R.); (P.V.); (J.C.); (R.-A.T.); (E.A.); (I.V.S.); (X.L.B.)
- Univ. Artois, UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Robert-Alain Toillon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR 9020-U 1277 – CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.R.); (P.V.); (J.C.); (R.-A.T.); (E.A.); (I.V.S.); (X.L.B.)
| | - Eric Adriaenssens
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR 9020-U 1277 – CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.R.); (P.V.); (J.C.); (R.-A.T.); (E.A.); (I.V.S.); (X.L.B.)
| | - Isabelle Van Seuningen
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR 9020-U 1277 – CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.R.); (P.V.); (J.C.); (R.-A.T.); (E.A.); (I.V.S.); (X.L.B.)
| | - Xuefen Le Bourhis
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR 9020-U 1277 – CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.R.); (P.V.); (J.C.); (R.-A.T.); (E.A.); (I.V.S.); (X.L.B.)
| | - Pierre-Olivier Angrand
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR 9020-U 1277 – CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.R.); (P.V.); (J.C.); (R.-A.T.); (E.A.); (I.V.S.); (X.L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-2033-6222
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Higuchi A, Wakai E, Tada T, Koiwa J, Adachi Y, Shiromizu T, Goto H, Tanaka T, Nishimura Y. Generation of a Transgenic Zebrafish Line for In Vivo Assessment of Hepatic Apoptosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111117. [PMID: 34832899 PMCID: PMC8618266 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic apoptosis is involved in a variety of pathophysiologic conditions in the liver, including hepatitis, steatosis, and drug-induced liver injury. The development of easy-to-perform and reliable in vivo assays would thus greatly enhance the efforts to understand liver diseases and identify associated genes and potential drugs. In this study, we developed a transgenic zebrafish line that was suitable for the assessment of caspase 3 activity in the liver by using in vivo fluorescence imaging. The larvae of transgenic zebrafish dominantly expressed Casper3GR in the liver under control of the promoter of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 gene. Casper3GR is composed of two fluorescent proteins, tagGFP and tagRFP, which are connected via a peptide linker that can be cleaved by activated caspase 3. Under tagGFP excitation conditions in zebrafish that were exposed to the well-characterized hepatotoxicant isoniazid, we detected increased and decreased fluorescence associated with tagGFP and tagRFP, respectively. This result suggests that isoniazid activates caspase 3 in the zebrafish liver, which digests the linker between tagGFP and tagRFP, resulting in a reduction in the Förster resonance energy transfer to tagRFP upon tagGFP excitation. We also detected isoniazid-induced inhibition of caspase 3 activity in zebrafish that were treated with the hepatoprotectants ursodeoxycholic acid and obeticholic acid. The transgenic zebrafish that were developed in this study could be a powerful tool for identifying both hepatotoxic and hepatoprotective drugs, as well as for analyzing the effects of the genes of interest to hepatic apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Higuchi
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan; (A.H.); (E.W.); (J.K.); (Y.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Eri Wakai
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan; (A.H.); (E.W.); (J.K.); (Y.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomoko Tada
- Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise 516-8512, Mie, Japan;
| | - Junko Koiwa
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan; (A.H.); (E.W.); (J.K.); (Y.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Yuka Adachi
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan; (A.H.); (E.W.); (J.K.); (Y.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Takashi Shiromizu
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan; (A.H.); (E.W.); (J.K.); (Y.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Hidemasa Goto
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan;
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan;
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan; (A.H.); (E.W.); (J.K.); (Y.A.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Excess dietary fructose does not alter gut microbiota or permeability in humans: A pilot randomized controlled study. J Clin Transl Sci 2021; 5:e143. [PMID: 34422323 PMCID: PMC8358846 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2021.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing cause of chronic liver disease that accompanies obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Excess fructose consumption can initiate or exacerbate NAFLD in part due to a consequence of impaired hepatic fructose metabolism. Preclinical data emphasized that fructose-induced altered gut microbiome, increased gut permeability, and endotoxemia play an important role in NAFLD, but human studies are sparse. The present study aimed to determine if two weeks of excess fructose consumption significantly alters gut microbiota or permeability in humans. Methods: We performed a pilot double-blind, cross-over, metabolic unit study in 10 subjects with obesity (body mass index [BMI] 30–40 mg/kg/m2). Each arm provided 75 grams of either fructose or glucose added to subjects’ individual diets for 14 days, substituted isocalorically for complex carbohydrates, with a 19-day wash-out period between arms. Total fructose intake provided in the fructose arm of the study totaled a mean of 20.1% of calories. Outcome measures included fecal microbiota distribution, fecal metabolites, intestinal permeability, markers of endotoxemia, and plasma metabolites. Results: Routine blood, uric acid, liver function, and lipid measurements were unaffected by the fructose intervention. The fecal microbiome (including Akkermansia muciniphilia), fecal metabolites, gut permeability, indices of endotoxemia, gut damage or inflammation, and plasma metabolites were essentially unchanged by either intervention. Conclusions: In contrast to rodent preclinical findings, excess fructose did not cause changes in the gut microbiome, metabolome, and permeability as well as endotoxemia in humans with obesity fed fructose for 14 days in amounts known to enhance NAFLD.
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Zebrafish and Flavonoids: Adjuvants against Obesity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26103014. [PMID: 34069388 PMCID: PMC8158719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a pathological condition, defined as an excessive accumulation of fat, primarily caused by an energy imbalance. The storage of excess energy in the form of triglycerides within the adipocyte leads to lipotoxicity and promotes the phenotypic switch in the M1/M2 macrophage. These changes induce the development of a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, subsequently generating obesity-related complications, commonly known as metabolic syndromes. Over the past decade, obesity has been studied in many animal models. However, due to its competitive aspects and unique characteristics, the use of zebrafish has begun to gain traction in experimental obesity research. To counteract obesity and its related comorbidities, several natural substances have been studied. One of those natural substances reported to have substantial biological effects on obesity are flavonoids. This review summarizes the results of studies that examined the effects of flavonoids on obesity and related diseases and the emergence of zebrafish as a model of diet-induced obesity.
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Schneider ACR, de Moura AC, Carvalho FB, Alves T, Meurer F, Porawski M, da Silveira TR. Effect of Melatonin on the Reduction of Hepatic Steatosis and Intestinal Leptin Expression in Zebrafish Exposed to Fructose. Zebrafish 2021; 18:184-189. [PMID: 33983041 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone related to circadian rhythms and has potential clinical applications. Our objectives were to verify the effect of melatonin on the liver of zebrafish exposed to fructose and evaluate the expression of appetite-related genes (leptin, ghrelin, and melanocortin receptor 4 [MC4R]). Animals were divided into three groups: control (CG, n = 25), fructose (FG, n = 25), and fructose+melatonin (FMG, n = 25). The study was carried out in 8 weeks. FG and FMG were exposed to 2% fructose and FMG treated with 1 μM of melatonin. Histological liver studies and gene expression analyses of Leptin, Ghrelin, and MC4R (liver and intestines) were performed. FG developed hepatic steatosis, which did not occur with CG and FMG. Genetic expression of hepatic leptin and MC4R did not show significant difference among the groups. Animals exposed to fructose (FG) presented an increased expression of intestinal leptin compared to those administered with melatonin. Animals exposed to fructose gained weight and developed an important hepatic steatosis, but melatonin reduced significantly the hepatic damage. Intestinal leptin showed increased expression in the group exposed to fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Reis Schneider
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Moura
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Comportamental e Metabólica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Barbosa Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thiago Alves
- Grupo de Pesquisa Experimental em Zebrafish/Biotério, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabio Meurer
- Campus Avançado de Jandaia do Sul, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Jandaia do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marilene Porawski
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Hepatologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Themis Reverbel da Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Singh MK, Jayarajan R, Varshney S, Upadrasta S, Singh A, Yadav R, Scaria V, Sengupta S, Shanmugam D, Shalimar, Sivasubbu S, Gandotra S, Sachidanandan C. Chronic systemic exposure to IL6 leads to deregulation of glycolysis and fat accumulation in the zebrafish liver. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158905. [PMID: 33582286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a constant in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), although their relationship is unclear. In a transgenic zebrafish system with chronic systemic overexpression of human IL6 (IL6-OE) we show that inflammation can cause intra-hepatic accumulation of triglycerides. Transcriptomics and proteomics analysis of the IL6-OE liver revealed a deregulation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, especially a striking down regulation of the glycolytic enzyme aldolase b. Metabolomics analysis by mass spectrometry showed accumulation of hexose monophosphates and their derivatives, which can act as precursors for triglyceride synthesis. Our results suggest that IL6-driven repression of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, specifically aldolase b, may be a novel mechanism for fatty liver. This mechanism may be relevant for NAFLD in lean individuals, an emerging class of NAFLD prevalent more in Asian Indian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rijith Jayarajan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Varshney
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sindhuri Upadrasta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Archana Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rajni Yadav
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Dhanasekaran Shanmugam
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Shalimar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sheetal Gandotra
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Chetana Sachidanandan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Xu H, Jiang Y, Miao XM, Tao YX, Xie L, Li Y. A Model Construction of Starvation Induces Hepatic Steatosis and Transcriptome Analysis in Zebrafish Larvae. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:92. [PMID: 33513687 PMCID: PMC7911188 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis caused by starvation, resulting in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has been a research topic of human clinical and animal experiments. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the triggering of abnormal liver metabolism by starvation, thus inducing hepatic lipid accumulation, we used zebrafish larvae to establish a starvation-induced hepatic steatosis model and conducted comparative transcriptome analysis by RNA-seq. We demonstrated that the incidence of larvae steatosis is positively correlated with starvation time. Under starvation conditions, the fatty acid transporter (slc27a2a and slc27a6-like) and fatty acid translocase (cd36) were up-regulated significantly to promote extrahepatic fatty acid uptake. Meanwhile, starvation inhibits the hepatic fatty acid metabolism pathway but activates the de novo lipogenesis pathway to a certain extent. More importantly, we detected that the expression of numerous apolipoprotein genes was downregulated and the secretion of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) was inhibited significantly. These data suggest that starvation induces hepatic steatosis by promoting extrahepatic fatty acid uptake and lipogenesis, and inhibits hepatic fatty acid metabolism and lipid transport. Furthermore, we found that starvation-induced hepatic steatosis in zebrafish larvae can be rescued by targeting the knockout cd36 gene. In summary, these findings will help us understand the pathogenesis of starvation-induced NAFLD and provide important theoretical evidence that cd36 could serve as a potential target for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.X.); (Y.J.); (X.-M.M.); (Y.-X.T.); (L.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.X.); (Y.J.); (X.-M.M.); (Y.-X.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Xiao-Min Miao
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.X.); (Y.J.); (X.-M.M.); (Y.-X.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Yi-Xi Tao
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.X.); (Y.J.); (X.-M.M.); (Y.-X.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Lang Xie
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.X.); (Y.J.); (X.-M.M.); (Y.-X.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.X.); (Y.J.); (X.-M.M.); (Y.-X.T.); (L.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Yang MS, Xu XJ, Zhang B, Niu F, Liu BY. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of rat versus mouse cerebral cortex after traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1235-1243. [PMID: 33318400 PMCID: PMC8284282 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.301028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced secondary injury has greatly hampered the development of effective treatments for TBI patients. Targeting common processes across species may be an innovative strategy to combat debilitating TBI. In the present study, a cross-species transcriptome comparison was performed for the first time to determine the fundamental processes of secondary brain injury in Sprague-Dawley rat and C57/BL6 mouse models of TBI, caused by acute controlled cortical impact. The RNA sequencing data from the mouse model of TBI were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (ID: GSE79441) at the National Center for Biotechnology Information. For the rat data, peri-injury cerebral cortex samples were collected for transcriptomic analysis 24 hours after TBI. Differentially expressed gene-based functional analysis revealed that common features between the two species were mainly involved in the regulation and activation of the innate immune response, including complement cascades as well as Toll-like and nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor pathways. These findings were further corroborated by gene set enrichment analysis. Moreover, transcription factor analysis revealed that the families of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT), basic leucine zipper (BZIP), Rel homology domain (RHD), and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factors play vital regulatory roles in the pathophysiological processes of TBI, and are also largely associated with inflammation. These findings suggest that targeting the common innate immune response might be a promising therapeutic approach for TBI. The animal experimental procedures were approved by the Beijing Neurosurgical Institute Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No. 201802001) on June 6, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury and Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury and Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bai-Yun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury and Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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32
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van de Venter M, Didloff J, Reddy S, Swanepoel B, Govender S, Dambuza NS, Williams S, Koekemoer TC, Venables L. Wild-Type Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Larvae as a Vertebrate Model for Diabetes and Comorbidities: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:E54. [PMID: 33396883 PMCID: PMC7824285 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have become a popular alternative to higher animals in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. The development of stable mutant lines to model target specific aspects of many diseases, including diabetes, is well reported. However, these mutant lines are much more costly and challenging to maintain than wild-type zebrafish and are simply not an option for many research facilities. As an alternative to address the disadvantages of advanced mutant lines, wild-type larvae may represent a suitable option. In this review, we evaluate organ development in zebrafish larvae and discuss established methods that use wild-type zebrafish larvae up to seven days post fertilization to test for potential drug candidates for diabetes and its commonly associated conditions of oxidative stress and inflammation. This provides an up to date overview of the relevance of wild-type zebrafish larvae as a vertebrate antidiabetic model and confidence as an alternative tool for preclinical studies. We highlight the advantages and disadvantages of established methods and suggest recommendations for future developments to promote the use of zebrafish, specifically larvae, rather than higher animals in the early phase of antidiabetic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna van de Venter
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Jenske Didloff
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Shanika Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Bresler Swanepoel
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Sharlene Govender
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Ntokozo Shirley Dambuza
- Department of Pharmacy, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa;
| | - Saralene Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Trevor Craig Koekemoer
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Luanne Venables
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
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33
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Brenes-Soto A, Tye M, Esmail MY. The Role of Feed in Aquatic Laboratory Animal Nutrition and the Potential Impact on Animal Models and Study Reproducibility. ILAR J 2020; 60:197-215. [PMID: 33094819 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed plays a central role in the physiological development of terrestrial and aquatic animals. Historically, the feeding practice of aquatic research species derived from aquaculture, farmed, or ornamental trades. These diets are highly variable, with limited quality control, and have been typically selected to provide the fastest growth or highest fecundity. These variations of quality and composition of diets may affect animal/colony health and can introduce confounding experimental variables into animal-based studies that impact research reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenes-Soto
- Department of Animal Science, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marc Tye
- Zebrafish Core Facility, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael Y Esmail
- Tufts Comparative Medicine Services, Tufts University Health Science Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
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34
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Vitamin D deficiency serves as a precursor to stunted growth and central adiposity in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16032. [PMID: 32994480 PMCID: PMC7524799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence demonstrates the importance of sufficient vitamin D (1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) levels during early life stage development with deficiencies associated with long-term effects into adulthood. While vitamin D has traditionally been associated with mineral ion homeostasis, accumulating evidence suggests non-calcemic roles for vitamin D including metabolic homeostasis. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency (VDD) during early life stage development precedes metabolic disruption. Three dietary cohorts of zebrafish were placed on engineered diets including a standard laboratory control diet, a vitamin D null diet, and a vitamin D enriched diet. Zebrafish grown on a vitamin D null diet between 2–12 months post fertilization (mpf) exhibited diminished somatic growth and enhanced central adiposity associated with accumulation and enlargement of visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots indicative of both adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. VDD zebrafish exhibited elevated hepatic triglycerides, attenuated plasma free fatty acids and attenuated lipoprotein lipase activity consistent with hallmarks of dyslipidemia. VDD induced dysregulation of gene networks associated with growth hormone and insulin signaling, including induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling. These findings indicate that early developmental VDD impacts metabolic health by disrupting the balance between somatic growth and adipose accumulation.
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35
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Zhao T, Wu K, Hogstrand C, Xu YH, Chen GH, Wei CC, Luo Z. Lipophagy mediated carbohydrate-induced changes of lipid metabolism via oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ChREBP/PPARγ pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1987-2003. [PMID: 31392349 PMCID: PMC11105093 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-carbohydrate diets (HCD) can induce the occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by dramatic accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets (LDs). However, the potential molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy in the process of HCD-induced changes of hepatic lipid metabolism, and to examine the process of underlying mechanisms during these molecular contexts. We found that HCD significantly increased hepatic lipid accumulation and activated autophagy. Using primary hepatocytes, we found that HG increased lipid accumulation and stimulated the release of NEFA by autophagy-mediated lipophagy, and that lipophagy significantly alleviated high glucose (HG)-induced lipid accumulation. Oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways played crucial regulatory roles in HG-induced lipophagy activation and HG-induced changes of lipid metabolism. Further investigation found that HG-activated lipophagy and HG-induced changes of lipid metabolism were via enhancing carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) DNA binding capacity at PPARγ promoter region, which in turn induced transcriptional activation of the key genes related to lipogenesis and autophagy. The present study, for the first time, revealed the novel mechanism for lipophagy mediating HCD-induced changes of lipid metabolism by oxidative stress and ER stress, and ChREBP/PPARγ pathways. Our study provided innovative evidence for the direct relationship between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via ChREBP/PPARγ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yi-Huan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chuan-Chuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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36
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Li F, Wu Z, Sui X. Biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 with wild Cordyceps sinensis and Ascomycota sp. and its antihyperlipidemic effects on the diet-induced cholesterol of zebrafish. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13192. [PMID: 32207149 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation major ginsenoside into minor ginsenoside via microbial fermentation has been proposed as a viable option to produce minor ginsenoside, because of its biological activity superior to major ginsenoside. Cordyceps sinensis contains a complex enzymatic system and many ingredients with medicinal value that could be useful tools for biotransformation applications in the ginseng industry. Wild C. sinensis and Ascomycota sp. were collected from Changbai Mountain and identified. Analysis by UPLC-MS and HPLC indicates that the underlying pathway of major ginsenoside Rb1 during fermentation with strains was Rb1→Rd→F2→CK and Rb1→Rd→Rg3. C. sinensis and Ascomycota sp. can be applied to minor ginsenoside preparation in the food and medical industries. The antihyperlipidemic effects of Rb1 were further screened from fermentation in larvae zebrafish based on the fluorescence intensity. In the adult zebrafish model, treatment with high-dose ginsenoside Rb1 group exhibited a significant decrease in the plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels by 36.49% (p < .05) and 29.97% (p < .05), respectively, compared with high cholesterol group (HC). Furthermore, ginsenoside Rb1 treatment decreased the mRNA levels of LDLR and SREBP2 in the adult zebrafish liver. Ginsenoside Rb1 diet supplement significantly increased the mRNA expression of HMGCR and CYP7A1. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates hypercholesterolemia via the downregulation of cholesterol synthesis and assembly or secretion of lipoproteins as well as the upregulation of cholesterol transport and efflux, providing a novel idea of ginsenoside keeping cholesterol levels down for the clinical application. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Wild Cordyceps sinensis has the potential to be applied to the preparation for minor ginsenoside. Furthermore, the final fermentation product has more functional characteristics, including cordyceps acid, cordycepin, and adenosine. Wild Cordyceps sinensis and Ascomycota sp. could potentially be employed in the food and medical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Biological and Food Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wu
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Sui
- Department of Biological and Food Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China
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37
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Cebola I. Liver gene regulatory networks: Contributing factors to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1480. [PMID: 32020788 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) result from complex interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including genetics and exposure to obesogenic environments. These risk factors converge in aberrant gene expression patterns in the liver, which are underlined by altered cis-regulatory networks. In homeostasis and in disease states, liver cis-regulatory networks are established by coordinated action of liver-enriched transcription factors (TFs), which define enhancer landscapes, activating broad gene programs with spatiotemporal resolution. Recent advances in DNA sequencing have dramatically expanded our ability to map active transcripts, enhancers and TF cistromes, and to define the 3D chromatin topology that contains these elements. Deployment of these technologies has allowed investigation of the molecular processes that regulate liver development and metabolic homeostasis. Moreover, genomic studies of NAFLD patients and NAFLD models have demonstrated that the liver undergoes pervasive regulatory rewiring in NAFLD, which is reflected by aberrant gene expression profiles. We have therefore achieved an unprecedented level of detail in the understanding of liver cis-regulatory networks, particularly in physiological conditions. Future studies should aim to map active regulatory elements with added levels of resolution, addressing how the chromatin landscapes of different cell lineages contribute to and are altered in NAFLD and NAFLD-associated metabolic states. Such efforts would provide additional clues into the molecular factors that trigger this disease. This article is categorized under: Biological Mechanisms > Metabolism Biological Mechanisms > Regulatory Biology Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Genetic/Genomic Methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Cebola
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Section of Genetics and Genomics, Imperial College London, London, UK
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38
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Chen B, Zheng YM, Zhang MQ, Han Y, Zhang JP, Hu CQ. Microarray Expression Profiling and Raman Spectroscopy Reveal Anti-Fatty Liver Action of Berberine in a Diet-Induced Larval Zebrafish Model. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1504. [PMID: 31969822 PMCID: PMC6960226 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing in children and adolescents who are mostly resulted from overfeeding. Previous studies demonstrate that berberine (BBR), a compound derived from plant, has beneficial effects on NAFLD in adults but poorly understood in the pediatric population. This study employed a larval zebrafish model to mimic the therapeutic effects of BBR in the pediatric population and the mechanisms underlying its hepatoprotection. Methods: High-cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed zebrafish exposed to BBR at doses of 0, 1, 5, and 25 μM. After the larvae were treated with BBR for 10 days, its effect on hepatic steatosis was evaluated. We introduced Raman imaging and three-dimensional (3D) molecular imaging to detect changes in the biochemical composition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of zebrafish liver. Gene expression microarray was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) followed by gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and functional category analysis. Results: BBR (5 and 25 μM) administration prevented HCD-induced liver lipid accumulation in larval zebrafish. The result was further confirmed by the pathological observation. Raman mapping indicated that the biochemical composition in the liver of BBR-treated group shifted to the control. The quantitative analysis of 3D imaging showed that the ROS level was significantly decreased in the liver of BBR-treated larvae. In the livers of the BBR group, we found 468 DEGs, including 172 genes with upregulated expression and 296 genes with downregulated expression. Besides, GO enrichment, KEGG pathway, and functional category analysis showed that various processes related to glucolipid metabolism, immune response, DNA damage and repair, and iron were significantly enriched with DEGs. The expression levels of the crucial genes from the functional analysis were also confirmed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Conclusion: BBR can significantly improve hepatic steatosis in HCD-fed zebrafish larvae. Its mechanisms might be associated with the regulation of lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and iron homeostasis. Raman imaging in larval zebrafish might become a useful tool for drug evaluation. Mainly, the gene expression profiles provide molecular information for BBR on the prevention and treatment of pediatric NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, The National Health Commission (NHC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Min Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, The National Health Commission (NHC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Miao-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, The National Health Commission (NHC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.,Postdoctoral Mobile Research Station, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Pu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, The National Health Commission (NHC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Qin Hu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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39
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Chen B, Zhang JP. Three-dimensional integrated quantitative modeling and fluorescent imaging of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in a whole organ using a deconvolution microscope. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 101:106662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Park KH, Ye ZW, Zhang J, Kim SH. Palmitic Acid-Enriched Diet Induces Hepatic Steatosis and Injury in Adult Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2019; 16:497-504. [PMID: 31355732 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2019.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA) is the most abundant saturated fatty acid in fast foods and is known to induce inflammation and cellular injury in various tissues. In this study, we investigated whether a PA-enriched diet can induce hepatic steatosis and injury in adult zebrafish. The adult zebrafish exhibited increased body weight, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and steatosis and a hepatic injury phenotype after being fed with a PA-enriched diet for 6 weeks. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that genes associated with hepatic injury were all significantly increased in the liver. Furthermore, livers from the PA-fed group showed an increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression associated with oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses. We also found significant upregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and triacylglyceride accumulation. Ultrastructural analysis revealed mitochondrial cristae injury and a dilated ER phenotype in the PA-fed hepatocytes, which can be causes of hepatic injury. PA-enriched diet induced hepatic steatosis and injury in adult zebrafish that recapitulated typical metabolic changes and pathophysiological changes as well as increased oxidative stress and ER stress observed in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hoon Park
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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41
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Teame T, Zhang Z, Ran C, Zhang H, Yang Y, Ding Q, Xie M, Gao C, Ye Y, Duan M, Zhou Z. The use of zebrafish ( Danio rerio) as biomedical models. Anim Front 2019; 9:68-77. [PMID: 32002264 PMCID: PMC6951987 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tsegay Teame
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongling Zhang
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yalin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianwen Ding
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minxu Xie
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenchen Gao
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongan Ye
- Dongzhimen Hospital, affiliated to Beijing university of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, China
| | - Ming Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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