Chemistry and Hypoglycemic Activity of GPR119 Agonist ZB-16

GPR119 agonists for type 2 diabetes: past failures and future hopes for preclinical and early phase candidates

INTRODUCTION

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is metabolic disorder associated with a decrease in insulin activity and/or secretion from the β-cells of the pancreas, leading to elevated circulating glucose. Current management practices for T2D are complex with varying long-term effectiveness. Agonism of the G protein-coupled receptor GPR119 has received a lot of recent interest as a potential T2D therapeutic.

AREAS COVERED

This article reviews studies focused on GPR119 agonism in animal models of T2D and in patients with T2D.

EXPERT OPINION

GPR119 agonists in vitro and in vivo can potentially regulate incretin hormone release from the gut, then pancreatic insulin release which regulates blood glucose concentrations. However, the success in controlling glucose homeostasis in rodent models of T2D and obesity, failed to translate to early-stage clinical trials in patients with T2D. However, in more recent studies, acute and chronic dosing with the GPR119 agonist DS-8500a had increased efficacy, although this compound was discontinued for further development. New trials on GPR119 agonists are needed, however it may be that the future of GPR119 agonists lie in the development of combination therapy with other T2D therapeutics.

Therapeutic charisma of imidazo [2,1-b] [1,3,4]-thiadiazole analogues: a patent review

Imidazothiadiazole was discovered around the 1950s era, containing an imidazole ring fused to a thiadiazole ring. Imidazothiadiazole exhibit versatile pharmacological properties including anticonvulsant, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antifungal, antibacterial and anticancer. Despite of the being discovered in 1950s, the imidazothiadiazole derivatives are unable to being processed to clinical trials because of lack of bioavailability, efficacy and cytotoxicity. The recent patent literature focused on structural modification of imidazothiadiazole core to overcome these problems. This review limelight a disease-centric perspective on patented imidazothiadiazole from 2015-2023 and to understand their mechanism of action in related diseases. The relevant granted patent applications were located using patent databases, Google Patents, USPTO, EPO, WIPO, Espacenet and Lens.

HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT OF SITAGLIPTIN AND AMINOGUANIDINE COMBINATION IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS

The aim of the work was to determine the antidiabetic effect of a sitagliptin and aminoguanidine combination in rats with experimental diabetes mellitus.

Materials and methods. The study was carried out on male Wistar rats and C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. According to the models used, it was divided into 4 series, in which alloxan, steroid-induced (dexamethasone) and streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) were formed, respectively, in rats, and in the 4 series, obese C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were used. In the 1 and 2 series, the treatment was started prophylactically – 3 h after the alloxan administration and simultaneously with the dexamethasone administration, in the 3rd and 4th series, the treatment was carried out after the pathology had developed – 7 days after the streptozotocin with nicotinamide administration, and in the obese mice – immediately after their distribution according to the groups. The treatment was carried out with sitagliptin (10 mg/kg), aminoguanidine (25 mg/kg), or a combination thereof. The treatment was continued till the end of the experiment, which was completed with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after 4 h of fasting. The obtained data were subjected to statistical processing.

Results. In the course of the experiments, it was found out that the prophylactic administration of a sitagliptin and aminoguanidine combination, unlike each of the components, prevented the development of alloxan DM. More effectively than the administration of sitagliptin alone, it reduced the severity of steroid-induced DM, which was expressed in a significantly lower level of fasting glycemia (after 4 h of fasting) and postprandial glycemia (during OGTT). Under the conditions of streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced DM, the studied combination slowed down the progression of the pathology, and in the obese mice, the course therapeutic administration of sitagliptin and its combination reduced the severity of carbohydrate metabolism disorders (fasting glycemia) and increased the rate of glucose utilization.

Conclusion. As an iNOS blocker, aminoguanidine enhances the antidiabetic effect of sitagliptin, preventing the development of alloxan diabetes and reducing the severity of steroid-induced DM when administered prophylactically. When administered therapeutically, it reduces the severity of streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced DM in rats and type 2 DM in mice with a predisposition to obesity.

 

Targeting the GPR119/incretin axis: a promising new therapy for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease

In the past decade, G protein-coupled receptors have emerged as drug targets, and their physiological and pathological effects have been extensively studied. Among these receptors, GPR119 is expressed in multiple organs, including the liver. It can be activated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands. After GPR119 is activated, the cell secretes a variety of incretins, including glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2, which may attenuate the metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, including improving glucose and lipid metabolism, inhibiting inflammation, reducing appetite, and regulating the intestinal microbial system. GPR119 has been a potential therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus type 2 for many years, but its role in metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease deserves further attention. In this review, we discuss relevant research and current progress in the physiology and pharmacology of the GPR119/incretin axis and speculate on the potential therapeutic role of this axis in metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, which provides guidance for transforming experimental research into clinical applications.

Recent Updates on Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (GPR-40) Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

BACKGROUND

The global incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has enthused the development of new antidiabetic targets with low toxicity and long-term stability. In this respect, free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1), which is also recognized as a G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), is a novel target for the treatment of T2DM. FFAR1/GPR40 has a high level of expression in β-cells of the pancreas, and the requirement of glucose for stimulating insulin release results in immense stimulation to utilise this target in the medication of T2DM.

METHODS

The data used for this review is based on the search of several scienctific databases as well as various patent databases. The main search terms used were free fatty acid receptor 1, FFAR1, FFAR1 agonists, diabetes mellitus, G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), GPR40 agonists, GPR40 ligands, type 2 diabetes mellitus and T2DM.

RESULTS

The present review article gives a brief overview of FFAR1, its role in T2DM, recent developments in small molecule FFAR1 (GPR40) agonists reported till now, compounds of natural/plant origin, recent patents published in the last few years, mechanism of FFAR1 activation by the agonists, and clinical status of the FFAR1/GPR40 agonists.

CONCLUSION

The agonists of FFAR1/GRP40 showed considerable potential for the therapeutic control of T2DM. Most of the small molecule FFAR1/GPR40 agonists developed were aryl alkanoic acid derivatives (such as phenylpropionic acids, phenylacetic acids, phenoxyacetic acids, and benzofuran acetic acid derivatives) and thiazolidinediones. Some natural/plant-derived compounds, including fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, isoquinoline, and indole alkaloids, were also reported as potent FFAR1 agonists. The clinical investigations of the FFAR1 agonists demonstrated their probable role in the improvement of glucose control. Though, there are some problems still to be resolved in this field as some FFAR1 agonists terminated in the late phase of clinical studies due to "hepatotoxicity." Currently, PBI-4050 is under clinical investigation by Prometic. Further investigation of pharmacophore scaffolds for FFAR1 full agonists as well as multitargeted modulators and corresponding clinical investigations will be anticipated, which can open up new directions in this area.

GPR119 agonists: Novel therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) is a group of genetically heterogeneous metabolic disorders whose frequency has gradually risen worldwide. Diabetes mellitus Type 2 (T2D) has started to achieve a pandemic level, and it is estimated that within the next decade, cases of diabetes might get double due to increase in aging population. Diabetes is rightly called the 'silent killer' because it has emerged to be one of the major causes, leading to renal failure, loss of vision; besides cardiac arrest in India. Thus, a clinical requirement for the oral drug molecules monitoring glucose homeostasis appears to be unmet. GPR119 agonist, a family of G-protein coupled receptors, usually noticed in β-cells of pancreatic as well as intestinal L cells, drew considerable interest for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). GPR119 monitors physiological mechanisms that enhance homeostasis of glucose, such as glucose-like peptide-1, gastrointestinal incretin hormone levels, pancreatic beta cell-dependent insulin secretion and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). In this manuscript, we have reviewed the work done in the last five years (2015-2020) which gives an approach to design, synthesize, evaluate and study the structural activity relationship of novel GPR119 agonist-based lead compounds. Our article would help the researchers and guide their endeavours in the direction of strategy and development of innovative, effective GPR119 agonist-based compounds for the management of diabetes mellitus type 2.