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Shahraki K, Pak VI, Najafi A, Shahraki K, Boroumand PG, Sheervalilou R. Non-coding RNA-mediated epigenetic alterations in Grave's ophthalmopathy: A scoping systematic review. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:426-450. [PMID: 37324526 PMCID: PMC10265490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is becoming more and more apparent that Grave's Ophthalmopathy (GO) pathogenesis may be aided by epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation modifications, histone tail covalent modifications, and non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-based epigenetic processes. In the present study, we aimed to focus more on the miRNAs rather than lncRNAs due to lack of investigations on these non-coding RNAs and their role in GO's pathogenesis. Methods A six-stage methodology framework and the PRISMA recommendation were used to conduct this scoping review. A comprehensive search was conducted across seven databases to discover relevant papers published until February 2022. The data extraction separately, and quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. Results A total of 20 articles were found to meet inclusion criteria. According to the results, ncRNA were involved in the regulation of inflammation (miR-146a, LPAL2/miR-1287-5p axis, LINC01820:13/hsa miR-27b-3p axis, and ENST00000499452/hsa-miR-27a-3p axis), regulation of T cell functions (miR-146a/miR-183/miR-96), regulation of glycosaminoglycan aggregation and fibrosis (miR-146a/miR-21), glucocorticoid sensitivity (miR-224-5p), lipid accumulation and adipogenesis (miR-27a/miR-27b/miR-130a), oxidative stress and angiogenesis (miR-199a), and orbital fibroblast proliferation (miR-21/miR-146a/miR-155). Eleven miRNAs (miR-146a/miR-224-5p/miR-Let7d-5p/miR-96-5p/miR-301a-3p/miR-21-5p) were also indicated to have the capacity to be used as biomarkers. Conclusions Regardless of the fact that there is significant documentation of ncRNA-mediated epigenetic dysfunction in GO, additional study is needed to thoroughly comprehend the epigenetic connections concerned in disease pathogenesis, paving the way for novel diagnostic and prognostic tools for epigenetic therapies among the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Shahraki
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Vida Ilkhani Pak
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Najafi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Kianoush Shahraki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Cornea Department, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Ghasemi Boroumand
- ENT, Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Yue R, Hui B, Chen H. EFFECT OF THE C-TERMINUS OF TSHR ON T4 AND TRAB EXPRESSION IN BALB/C MICE. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2023; 19:149-154. [PMID: 37908889 PMCID: PMC10614581 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2023.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Context The expression of TSHR-C on the serum tetraiodothyronine (T4) and TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) levels are rarely studied. Objective The effect of TSHR-c on T4 and TRAb levels and concomitant thyroid histological changes in mice was investigated. Design Animal experimental study. Subjects and methods Female BALB/c mice at 6-8 weeks of age were immunized with the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antigen C-terminus (TSHR-C), and randomly divided into control group (treated with the corresponding concentrations of normal saline) and four experimental subgroups: TSHR-c1 subgroup (4 µg), TSHR-c2 subgroup (6 µg), TSHR-c3 subgroup (8 µg) and TSHR-c4 subgroup (10 µg). Serum T4 and TRAb levels were determined. Results The serum T4 level decreased significantly in the experimental mice as the concentration increased. All the experimental mice were positive for serum TRAb (experimental groups: 40 positive/40, 100% vs. control group: 3 positive/10, 30%) compared to the control group (P =0.000). HE staining showed that the follicles in the control mice were composed of small to medium-sized round follicles, whereas the follicles in the experimental mice were irregularly enlarged under light microscope. Conclusions TSHR-c immunization resulted in thyroid hormone changes like those observed in hypothyroidism, probably due to the induction of TRAb generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.H. Yue
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Department of Endocrine Metabolic, Lanzhou
| | - B. Hui
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group East Hospital - No.1, Department of Cardiology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - H. Chen
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Department of Endocrine Metabolic, Lanzhou
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Shpakov AO. Allosteric Regulation of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: From Diversity of Molecular Mechanisms to Multiple Allosteric Sites and Their Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6187. [PMID: 37047169 PMCID: PMC10094638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric regulation is critical for the functioning of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling pathways. Endogenous allosteric regulators of GPCRs are simple ions, various biomolecules, and protein components of GPCR signaling (G proteins and β-arrestins). The stability and functional activity of GPCR complexes is also due to multicenter allosteric interactions between protomers. The complexity of allosteric effects caused by numerous regulators differing in structure, availability, and mechanisms of action predetermines the multiplicity and different topology of allosteric sites in GPCRs. These sites can be localized in extracellular loops; inside the transmembrane tunnel and in its upper and lower vestibules; in cytoplasmic loops; and on the outer, membrane-contacting surface of the transmembrane domain. They are involved in the regulation of basal and orthosteric agonist-stimulated receptor activity, biased agonism, GPCR-complex formation, and endocytosis. They are targets for a large number of synthetic allosteric regulators and modulators, including those constructed using molecular docking. The review is devoted to the principles and mechanisms of GPCRs allosteric regulation, the multiplicity of allosteric sites and their topology, and the endogenous and synthetic allosteric regulators, including autoantibodies and pepducins. The allosteric regulation of chemokine receptors, proteinase-activated receptors, thyroid-stimulating and luteinizing hormone receptors, and beta-adrenergic receptors are described in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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López Ortega JM, Martínez PS, Acevedo-León D, Capell NE. Anti-TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb): Comparison of two third generation automated immunoassays broadly used in clinical laboratories and results interpretation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270890. [PMID: 35877662 PMCID: PMC9312426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves’ disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in iodine-replete populations. It is an autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies to the TSHR (TRAb). Although the diagnostic is mainly clinical, measuring TRAb improves accuracy and provides valuable prognostic information. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of two of the most widely used immunoassays i.e., EliA™ anti-TSH-R and Elecsys® anti-TSH-R. We have carried out a comparative study measuring TRAb by the two immunoassays in consecutive sera samples referred to the laboratory for TRAb measurement. Autoantibodies were measured in all samples in parallel by the two techniques. The two techniques were highly concordant as demonstrated by a Cohen’s kappa of 0.82. At the manufacturer recommended cut-off, sensitivity of Elecsys® TRAb test was higher (100% vs. 96.6%), while specificity of the EliA™ TRAb test was higher (99.4% vs. 95.3%). In most patients TRAb are detected by any of two tests which are both well suited for Clinical Laboratories use. However, a higher specificity may constitute an advantage for measurement used not for screening but for diagnostic purposes, as anti-TSH-R is.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María López Ortega
- Autoimmunity and Allergy Division, Clinical Laboratories, Dr. Peset University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Pilar Salvador Martínez
- Autoimmunity and Allergy Division, Clinical Laboratories, Dr. Peset University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Delia Acevedo-León
- Hormones and Immunology Division, Clinical Laboratories, Dr. Peset University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Núria Estañ Capell
- Hormones and Immunology Division, Clinical Laboratories, Dr. Peset University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
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Agarwal S, Koh KH, Tardi NJ, Chen C, Dande RR, WerneckdeCastro JP, Sudhini YR, Luongo C, Salvatore D, Samelko B, Altintas MM, Mangos S, Bianco A, Reiser J. Deiodinase-3 is a thyrostat to regulate podocyte homeostasis. EBioMedicine 2021; 72:103617. [PMID: 34649077 PMCID: PMC8517284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is associated with kidney podocyte injury and may occur as part of thyroid autoimmunity such as Graves' disease. Therefore, the present study was designed to ascertain if and how podocytes respond to and regulate the input of biologically active thyroid hormone (TH), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3); and also to decipher the pathophysiological role of type 3 deiodinase (D3), a membrane-bound selenoenzyme that inactivates TH, in kidney disease. METHODS To study D3 function in healthy and injured (PAN, puromycin aminonucleoside and LPS, Lipopolysaccharide-mediated) podocytes, immunofluorescence, qPCR and podocyte-specific D3 knockout mouse were used. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), co-immunoprecipitation and Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) were used for the interaction studies. FINDINGS Healthy podocytes expressed D3 as the predominant deiodinase isoform. Upon podocyte injury, levels of Dio3 transcript and D3 protein were dramatically reduced both in vitro and in the LPS mouse model of podocyte damage. D3 was no longer directed to the cell membrane, it accumulated in the Golgi and nucleus instead. Further, depleting D3 from the mouse podocytes resulted in foot process effacement and proteinuria. Treatment of mouse podocytes with T3 phenocopied the absence of D3 and elicited activation of αvβ3 integrin signaling, which led to podocyte injury. We also confirmed presence of an active thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R) on mouse podocytes, engagement and activation of which resulted in podocyte injury. INTERPRETATION The study provided a mechanistic insight into how D3-αvβ3 integrin interaction can minimize T3-dependent integrin activation, illustrating how D3 could act as a renoprotective thyrostat in podocytes. Further, injury caused by binding of TSH-R with TSH-R antibody, as found in patients with Graves' disease, explained a plausible link between thyroid disorder and NS. FUNDING This work was supported by American Thyroid Association (ATA-2018-050.R1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Kwi Hye Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Nicholas J Tardi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Luongo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Beata Samelko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | - Steve Mangos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Antonio Bianco
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612.
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Prévide RM, Wang K, Smiljanic K, Janjic MM, Nunes MT, Stojilkovic SS. Expression and Role of Thyrotropin Receptors in Proopiomelanocortin-Producing Pituitary Cells. Thyroid 2021; 31:850-858. [PMID: 33191870 PMCID: PMC8110008 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyrotropin (TSH) is well known as the hormone of the anterior pituitary thyrotrophs responsible for acting in the thyroid gland, where it stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormones through Gs and Gq/11 protein coupled TSH receptors (TSHRs). Methods: In this study, we examined whether the functional TSHRs are also expressed in cultured rat pituitary cells, using double immunocytochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis, cAMP and hormone measurements, and single-cell calcium imaging. Results: Double immunocytochemistry revealed the expression of TSHRs in cultured corticotrophs and melanotrophs, in addition to previously identified receptors in folliculostellate cells. The functional coupling of these receptors to the Gq/11 signaling pathway was not observed, as demonstrated by the lack of TSH activation of IP3-dependent calcium mobilization in these cells when bathed in calcium-deficient medium. However, TSH increased cAMP production in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and facilitated calcium influx in single corticotrophs and melanotrophs, indicating their coupling to the Gs signaling pathway. Consistent with these findings, TSH stimulated adrenocorticotropin and β-endorphin release in male and female pituitary cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner without affecting the expression of proopiomelanocortin gene. Conclusions: These results indicate that TSH is a potential paracrine modulator of anterior pituitary corticotrophs and melanotrophs, controlling the exocytotic but not the transcriptional pathway in a cAMP/calcium influx-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Maso Prévide
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
- Address correspondence to: Rafael Maso Prévide, PhD, Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Room 8N240, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1829, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kosara Smiljanic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marija M. Janjic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Tereza Nunes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stanko S. Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Krieger CC, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. Is There Evidence for IGF1R-Stimulating Abs in Graves' Orbitopathy Pathogenesis? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6561. [PMID: 32911689 PMCID: PMC7555308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the evidence against direct stimulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors (IGF1Rs) by autoantibodies in Graves' orbitopathy (GO) pathogenesis. We describe a model of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR)/IGF1R crosstalk and present evidence that observations indicating IGF1R's role in GO could be explained by this mechanism. We evaluate the evidence for and against IGF1R as a direct target of stimulating IGF1R antibodies (IGF1RAbs) and conclude that GO pathogenesis does not involve directly stimulating IGF1RAbs. We further conclude that the preponderance of evidence supports TSHR as the direct and only target of stimulating autoantibodies in GO and maintain that the TSHR should remain a major target for further development of a medical therapy for GO in concert with drugs that target TSHR/IGF1R crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marvin C. Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.C.K.); (S.N.)
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8
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Woeller CF, Roztocil E, Hammond C, Feldon SE. TSHR Signaling Stimulates Proliferation Through PI3K/Akt and Induction of miR-146a and miR-155 in Thyroid Eye Disease Orbital Fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4336-4345. [PMID: 31622470 PMCID: PMC6798326 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the molecular pathways that drive thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR)–induced cellular proliferation in orbital fibroblasts (OFs) from thyroid eye disease (TED) patients. Methods Orbital fibroblasts from TED and non-TED patients were treated with TSH and changes in gene expression and proliferation were measured. To determine the role of TSHR, TSHR-specific siRNA was used to deplete TSHR levels. Proliferation was measured by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. PI3K/Akt activation was analyzed by Western blot. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 was used to investigate PI3K/Akt signaling in OF proliferation. Expression of TSHR, inflammatory cytokines, proliferation related genes and miR-146a and miR-155 were measured by qPCR. Results Orbital fibroblasts from TED patients proliferate significantly more than non-TED OFs in response to TSH. TSH-induced proliferation was dependent upon TSHR expression and required the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade. TSHR activation stimulated miR-146a and miR-155 expression. TED OFs produced significantly more miR-146a and miR-155 than non-TED OFs. MiR-146a and miR-155 targets, ZNRF3 and PTEN, which both limit cell proliferation, were decreased in TSH treated OFs. Conclusions These data reveal that TSHR signaling in TED OFs stimulates proliferation directly through PI3K/Akt signaling and indirectly through induction of miR-146a and miR-155. MiR-146a and miR-155 enhance TED OF proliferation by reducing expression of target genes that normally block cell proliferation. TSHR-dependent expression of miR-146a and miR-155 may explain part of the fibroproliferative pathology observed in TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collynn F Woeller
- Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Elisa Roztocil
- Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Christine Hammond
- Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Steven E Feldon
- Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
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Tozzoli R. Receptor autoimmunity: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. AUTO- IMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2020; 11:1. [PMID: 32127047 PMCID: PMC7065331 DOI: 10.1186/s13317-019-0125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Receptor autoimmunity is one of the ways in which autoimmune diseases appear in humans. Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, idiopathic membranous nephropathy, and autoimmune acute encephalitis are the major autoimmune diseases belonging to this particular group. Receptor autoimmune disease are dependent on the presence of autoantibodies directed against cell-surface antigens, namely TSH receptor in thyrocytes, acetylcholine receptor in neuromuscular junction, phospholipase 2 receptor in podocytes, and NMDA receptor in cortical neurons. In this article we outline the distinctive features of receptor autoimmunity and the specific relationship between the autoimmunology laboratory and the presence/concentration of autoantibodies. Some immunological features distinguish receptor autoimmunity. Anti-receptor autoantibody pathologies are considered T cell-dependent, B-cell-mediated autoimmune disorders: the knowledge about the presence of circulating and/or localized autoantibodies to target organs and identification of autoantigens involved in the autoimmune reaction is of paramount importance. Due to the close correlation between the concentration of anti-receptor autoantibodies, the autoimmune target of some cell-surface receptors and the intensity of symptoms, the measurement of these immunoglobulins has become central to diagnose autoimmune diseases in all affected patients, not just in clinically dubious cases. The measurement of autoantibodies is also relevant for differential diagnosis of autoimmune and non-autoimmune forms with similar symptoms. From the methodological point of view, quantitative immunoassay methods of measurement should be preferred over semi-quantitative ones, for the capacity of the first class of methods to define precisely the reference ranges and decision levels overcoming the measurement uncertainty of semi-quantitative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Tozzoli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, S. Maria degli Angeli Hospital, and Consultant Endocrinologist, San Giorgio Clinics, Pordenone, Italy.
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10
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Gallo D, Piantanida E, Gallazzi M, Bartalena L, Tanda ML, Bruno A, Mortara L. Immunological Drivers in Graves' Disease: NK Cells as a Master Switcher. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:406. [PMID: 32765422 PMCID: PMC7379480 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is a common autoimmune cause of hyperthyroidism, which is eventually related to the generation of IgG antibodies stimulating the thyrotropin receptor. Clinical manifestations of the disease reflect hyperstimulation of the gland, causing thyrocyte hyperplasia (goiter) and excessive thyroid hormone synthesis (hyperthyroidism). The above clinical manifestations are preceded by still partially unraveled pathogenic actions governed by the induction of aberrant phenotype/functions of immune cells. In this review article we investigated the potential contribution of natural killer (NK) cells, based on literature analysis, to discuss the bidirectional interplay with thyroid hormones (TH) in GD progression. We analyzed cellular and molecular NK-cell associated mechanisms potentially impacting on GD, in a view of identification of the main NK-cell subset with highest immunoregulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gallo
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Eliana Piantanida
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Matteo Gallazzi
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Luigi Bartalena
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Tanda
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Mortara
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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11
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Paik JS, Kim SE, Kim JH, Lee JY, Yang SW, Lee SB. Insulin-like growth factor-1 enhances the expression of functional TSH receptor in orbital fibroblasts from thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151902. [PMID: 31899052 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.151902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), an autoimmune disease, occurs in approximately 50 % of patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) that is expressed in orbital fibroblasts is the autoimmune target in the development of TAO. In addition to thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is also involved in the development of TAO. IGF-1 has been reported to potentiate the effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and TSI on TSHR signaling. In the current study, we investigated the effects of IGF-1 on the cell surface expression of the functional TSHR and its possible mechanism of action in human orbital fibroblasts. Our results show that orbital fibroblasts from the TAO patients expressed higher levels of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-R), compared to control subjects. Treatment with IGF-1 enhanced the expression of surface TSHR in orbital fibroblasts from TAO patients, but not from control subjects. In addition, treatment with IGF-1 increased the level of TSHR at both the protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, pre-treatment with IGF-1 potentiated TSH-induced cAMP production, compared to cells that were treated with only TSH. Our results also show that pre-treatment with cycloheximide, an inhibitor of mRNA translation, partially, but not completely, inhibited the expression of TSHR on the cell surfaces of orbital fibroblasts from TAO patients. These collective results show that IGF-1enhances the cell surface expression of functional TSHR, not only by increasing TSHR expression, but also by inducing TSHR translocation to the plasma membrane in orbital fibroblasts from TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Paik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Woo Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Inaba H, Ariyasu H, Takeshima K, Iwakura H, Akamizu T. Comprehensive research on thyroid diseases associated with autoimmunity: autoimmune thyroid diseases, thyroid diseases during immune-checkpoint inhibitors therapy, and immunoglobulin-G4-associated thyroid diseases. Endocr J 2019; 66:843-852. [PMID: 31434818 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Various thyroid diseases are associated with autoimmunity. Major autoimmune thyroid diseases are Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Thyrotropin receptor is an autoantigen in GD, and its immunogenicity has been examined. Immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) is recently widely used for treatment of malignant tumors, but cases of thyroid diseases during ICI treatment have been increasing. Thyroid diseases during ICI therapy have been investigated in immunological and clinical aspects, and their Japanese official diagnostic guidelines were established. In addition, serum and tissue immunoglobulin-G4 levels have been examined in association with clinicopathological characteristics in GD, HT, and Riedel's thyroiditis. We review these diseases associated with thyroid autoimmunity and comprehensively discuss their potential application in future research and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Inaba
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ariyasu
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Ken Takeshima
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwakura
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Takashi Akamizu
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
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