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Cammenga J. Of gains and losses: SAMD9/SAMD9L and monosomy 7 in myelodysplastic syndrome. Exp Hematol 2024; 134:104217. [PMID: 38649131 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2024.104217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
SAMD9 and SAMD9L are two interferon-regulated genes located adjacent to each other on chromosome 7q21.2. Germline gain-of-function (GL GOF) mutations in SAMD9/SAMD9L are the genetic cause of MIRAGE syndrome, ataxia-pancytopenia (ATXPC) syndrome, myeloid leukemia syndrome with monosomy 7 (MLSM7), refractory cytopenia of childhood (RCC), transient monosomy 7 in children, SAMD9L-associated autoinflammatory disease (SAAD), and a proportion of inherited aplastic anemia and bone marrow failure syndromes. The myeloid neoplasms associated with GL GOF SAMD9/SAMD9L mutations have been included in the World Health Organization (WHO) 2022 classification. The discovery of SAMD9/SAMD9L-related diseases has revealed some interesting pathobiological mechanisms, such as a high rate of primary somatic compensation, with one of the mechanisms being (transient) monosomy 7 a mechanism also described as "adaption by aneuploidy." The somatic compensation in the blood can complicate the diagnosis of SAMD9/SAMD9L-related disease when relying on hematopoietic tissues for diagnosis. Recently, GL loss-of function (LOF) mutations have been identified in older individuals with myeloid malignancies in accordance with a mouse model of SAMD9L loss that develops a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)-like disease late in life. The discovery of SAMD9/SAMD9L-associated syndromes has resulted in a deeper understanding of the genetics and biology of diseases/syndromes that were previously oblivious and thought to be unrelated to each other. Besides giving an overview of the literature, this review wants to also provide some practical guidance for the classification of SAMD9/SAMD9L variants that is complicated by the nonrecurrent nature of these mutations but also by the fact that both GL GOF, as well as loss-of-function mutations, have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Cammenga
- Department of Hematology, Radiation Physics, Coagulation and Oncology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Skane, Sweden; Department of Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Skane, Sweden; Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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2
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Suntharalingham JP, Ishida M, Del Valle I, Stalman SE, Solanky N, Wakeling E, Moore GE, Achermann JC, Buonocore F. Emerging phenotypes linked to variants in SAMD9 and MIRAGE syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:953707. [PMID: 36060959 PMCID: PMC9433874 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.953707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterozygous de novo variants in SAMD9 cause MIRAGE syndrome, a complex multisystem disorder involving Myelodysplasia, Infection, Restriction of growth, Adrenal hypoplasia, Genital phenotypes, and Enteropathy. The range of additional clinical associations is expanding and includes disrupted placental development, poor post-natal growth and endocrine features. Increasingly, milder phenotypic features such as hypospadias in small for gestational age (SGA) boys and normal adrenal function are reported. Some children present with isolated myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS/monosomy 7) without MIRAGE features. Objective We aimed to investigate: 1) the range of reported SAMD9 variants, clinical features, and possible genotype-phenotype correlations; 2) whether SAMD9 disruption affects placental function and leads to pregnancy loss/recurrent miscarriage (RM); 3) and if pathogenic variants are associated with isolated fetal growth restriction (FGR). Methods Published data were analyzed, particularly reviewing position/type of variant, pregnancy, growth data, and associated endocrine features. Genetic analysis of SAMD9 was performed in products of conception (POC, n=26), RM couples, (couples n=48; individuals n=96), children with FGR (n=44), SGA (n=20), and clinical Silver-Russell Syndrome (SRS, n=8), (total n=194). Results To date, SAMD9 variants are reported in 116 individuals [MDS/monosomy 7, 64 (55.2%); MIRAGE, 52 (44.8%)]. Children with MIRAGE features are increasingly reported without an adrenal phenotype (11/52, 21.2%). Infants without adrenal dysfunction were heavier at birth (median 1515 g versus 1020 g; P < 0.05) and born later (median 34.5 weeks versus 31.0; P < 0.05) compared to those with adrenal insufficiency. In MIRAGE patients, hypospadias is a common feature. Additional endocrinopathies include hypothyroidism, hypo- and hyper-glycemia, short stature and panhypopituitarism. Despite this increasing range of phenotypes, genetic analysis did not reveal any likely pathogenic variants/enrichment of specific variants in SAMD9 in the pregnancy loss/growth restriction cohorts studied. Conclusion MIRAGE syndrome is more phenotypically diverse than originally reported and includes growth restriction and multisystem features, but without adrenal insufficiency. Endocrinopathies might be overlooked or develop gradually, and may be underreported. As clinical features including FGR, severe infections, anemia and lung problems can be non-specific and are often seen in neonatal medicine, SAMD9-associated conditions may be underdiagnosed. Reaching a specific diagnosis of MIRAGE syndrome is critical for personalized management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer P. Suntharalingham
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miho Ishida
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Del Valle
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne E. Stalman
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nita Solanky
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Wakeling
- North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gudrun E. Moore
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Achermann
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Buonocore
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Staels F, Collignon T, Betrains A, Gerbaux M, Willemsen M, Humblet-Baron S, Liston A, Vanderschueren S, Schrijvers R. Monogenic Adult-Onset Inborn Errors of Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:753978. [PMID: 34867986 PMCID: PMC8635491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.753978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a heterogenous group of disorders driven by genetic defects that functionally impact the development and/or function of the innate and/or adaptive immune system. The majority of these disorders are thought to have polygenic background. However, the use of next-generation sequencing in patients with IEI has led to an increasing identification of monogenic causes, unravelling the exact pathophysiology of the disease and allowing the development of more targeted treatments. Monogenic IEI are not only seen in a pediatric population but also in adulthood, either due to the lack of awareness preventing childhood diagnosis or due to a delayed onset where (epi)genetic or environmental factors can play a role. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms accounting for adult-onset presentations and provide an overview of monogenic causes associated with adult-onset IEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Staels
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Albrecht Betrains
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Margaux Gerbaux
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie - Katholieke Universiteit (VIB-KU) Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Willemsen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie - Katholieke Universiteit (VIB-KU) Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Vanderschueren
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Miyazawa H, Wada T. Reversion Mosaicism in Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:783022. [PMID: 34868061 PMCID: PMC8635092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversion mosaicism has been reported in an increasing number of genetic disorders including primary immunodeficiency diseases. Several mechanisms can mediate somatic reversion of inherited mutations. Back mutations restore wild-type sequences, whereas second-site mutations result in compensatory changes. In addition, intragenic recombination, chromosomal deletions, and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity have been demonstrated in mosaic individuals. Revertant cells that have regained wild-type function may be associated with milder disease phenotypes in some immunodeficient patients with reversion mosaicism. Revertant cells can also be responsible for immune dysregulation. Studies identifying a large variety of genetic changes in the same individual further support a frequent occurrence of reversion mosaicism in primary immunodeficiency diseases. This phenomenon also provides unique opportunities to evaluate the biological effects of restored gene expression in different cell lineages. In this paper, we review the recent findings of reversion mosaicism in primary immunodeficiency diseases and discuss its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Miyazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Tanase-Nakao K, Kawai M, Wada K, Kagami M, Narumi S. Acquired uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 in a patient with MIRAGE syndrome that veiled a pathogenic SAMD9 variant. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2021; 30:163-169. [PMID: 34629738 PMCID: PMC8481078 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.30.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function variants in SAMD9, which resides on chromosome 7, cause
MIRAGE syndrome that is associated with congenital adrenal insufficiency and gonadal
dysgenesis. We previously reported a Japanese patient with MIRAGE syndrome carrying a
de novo heterozygous SAMD9 variant (p.Ala1479Ser). In
this study, we confirmed the pathogenicity of Ala1479Ser-SAMD9 in vitro.
Genetic study results revealed an atypically low variant allele frequency (26%) and we
suspected of genomic rearrangement(s) involving chromosome 7. Single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP) array and short tandem repeat analysis showed presence of mosaic
maternal isodisomic uniparental disomy 7 (UPD7). Deep sequencing using DNA samples
obtained at 0, 6, 10, and 25 mo of age revealed that the percentage of cells with UPD7
increased constantly from 6% to 82% over 25 mo, and this increase coincided with a
decrease in the percentage of cells with p.Ala1479Ser from 94% to nearly undetectable
levels. We further screened for low-allele-frequency and rare SAMD9
variants in eight patients with Silver-Russel syndrome and maternal UPD7; however, none of
the patients harbored such a variant. In conclusion, our case demonstrates that genetic
findings can vary considerably in patients with MIRAGE syndrome and that a comprehensive
diagnostic approach, including SNP array and deep sequencing, is important in such
cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Tanase-Nakao
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuko Wada
- Department of Neonatology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayo Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Nagamachi A, Kanai A, Nakamura M, Okuda H, Yokoyama A, Shinriki S, Matsui H, Inaba T. Multiorgan failure with abnormal receptor metabolism in mice mimicking Samd9/9L syndromes. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140147. [PMID: 33373325 DOI: 10.1172/jci140147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant sterile α motif domain containing 9 (Samd9) and Samd9L (Samd9/9L) syndromes are a large subgroup of currently established inherited bone marrow failure syndromes that includes myelodysplasia, infection, growth restriction, adrenal hypoplasia, genital phenotypes, and enteropathy (MIRAGE), ataxia pancytopenia, and familial monosomy 7 syndromes. Samd9/9L genes are located in tandem on chromosome 7 and have been known to be the genes responsible for myeloid malignancies associated with monosomy 7. Additionally, as IFN-inducible genes, Samd9/9L are crucial for protection against viruses. Samd9/9L syndromes are caused by gain-of-function mutations and develop into infantile myelodysplastic syndromes associated with monosomy 7 (MDS/-7) at extraordinarily high frequencies. We generated mice expressing Samd9LD764N, which mimic MIRAGE syndrome, presenting with growth retardation, a short life, bone marrow failure, and multiorgan degeneration. In hematopoietic cells, Samd9LD764N downregulates the endocytosis of transferrin and c-Kit, resulting in a rare cause of anemia and a low bone marrow reconstitutive potential that ultimately causes MDS/-7. In contrast, in nonhematopoietic cells we tested, Samd9LD764N upregulated the endocytosis of EGFR by Ship2 phosphatase translocation to the cytomembrane and activated lysosomes, resulting in the reduced expression of surface receptors and signaling. Thus, Samd9/9L is a downstream regulator of IFN that controls receptor metabolism, with constitutive activation leading to multiorgan dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nagamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akinori Kanai
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okuda
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yokoyama
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan.,National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Shinriki
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsui
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inaba
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Gutierrez-Rodrigues F, Sahoo SS, Wlodarski MW, Young NS. Somatic mosaicism in inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2021; 34:101279. [PMID: 34404533 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2021.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) are a heterogenous group of diseases caused by pathogenic germline variants in key pathways associated with haematopoiesis and genomic stability. Germline variants in IBMFS-related genes are known to reduce the fitness of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC), which has been hypothesized to drive clonal selection in these diseases. In many IBMFS, somatic mosaicism predominantly impacts cells by two distinct mechanisms, with contrasting effects. An acquired variation can improve cell fitness towards baseline levels, providing rescue of a deleterious phenotype. Alternatively, somatic mosaicism may result in a fitness advantage that results in malignant transformation. This review will describe these phenomena in IBMFS and delineate their relevance for diagnosis and clinical management. In addition, we will discuss which samples and methods can be used for detection of mosaicism according to clinical phenotype, type of mosaicism, and sample availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushree S Sahoo
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, TN, USA
| | - Marcin W Wlodarski
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, TN, USA; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chin X, Sreedharan AV, Tan EC, Wei H, Kuan JL, Ho CWW, Lam JCM, Ting TW, Vasanwala RF. MIRAGE Syndrome Caused by a De Novo c.3406G>C (p. Glu1136Gln) Mutation in the SAMD9 Gene Presenting With Neonatal Adrenal Insufficiency and Recurrent Intussusception: A Case Report. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:742495. [PMID: 34659124 PMCID: PMC8511671 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.742495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) presenting in the neonatal period can be life threatening and requires early recognition, diagnosis, and management. PAI due to adrenal hypoplasia (syndromic/non-syndromic) is a rare disorder. MIRAGE is a recently described syndrome with PAI and multisystem involvement. CASE PRESENTATION A preterm female neonate presenting with PAI and persistent severe thrombocytopenia was diagnosed to have MIRAGE syndrome due to a de novo pathogenic variant c.3406G>C (p. Glu1136Gln) in the SAMD9 gene. In the first year of life, she had recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infection causing failure to thrive. At 17 months, she suffered recurrent intussusception requiring treatment with parenteral nutrition and high-dose steroids. Subsequently, she established oral feeds with hydrolysed formula and demonstrated good weight gain. CONCLUSION In neonates presenting with PAI and associated multisystem involvement, a thoughtful approach and genetic testing is valuable in discerning an etiological diagnosis. This case of MIRAGE adds to the spectrum of reported cases and is the first to report on recurrent intussusception and its management with high-dose steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Chin
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Endocrinology Service, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Xinyi Chin,
| | - Aravind Venkatesh Sreedharan
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Endocrinology Service, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ene Choo Tan
- KK Research Centre, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Paediatric Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heming Wei
- KK Research Centre, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jyn Ling Kuan
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine (PRISM), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Wen Wei Ho
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Gastroenterology Hepatology & Nutrition Service, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joyce Ching Mei Lam
- Department of Paediatric Subspecialties, Haematology/Oncology Service, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teck Wah Ting
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Genetics Service, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rashida Farhad Vasanwala
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Endocrinology Service, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Buonocore F, McGlacken-Byrne SM, del Valle I, Achermann JC. Current Insights Into Adrenal Insufficiency in the Newborn and Young Infant. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:619041. [PMID: 33381483 PMCID: PMC7767829 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.619041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a potentially life-threatening condition that can be difficult to diagnose, especially if it is not considered as a potential cause of a child's clinical presentation or unexpected deterioration. Children who present with AI in early life can have signs of glucocorticoid deficiency (hyperpigmentation, hypoglycemia, prolonged jaundice, poor weight gain), mineralocorticoid deficiency (hypotension, salt loss, collapse), adrenal androgen excess (atypical genitalia), or associated features linked to a specific underlying condition. Here, we provide an overview of causes of childhood AI, with a focus on genetic conditions that present in the first few months of life. Reaching a specific diagnosis can have lifelong implications for focusing management in an individual, and for counseling the family about inheritance and the risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John C. Achermann
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Germline predisposition in myeloid neoplasms: Unique genetic and clinical features of GATA2 deficiency and SAMD9/SAMD9L syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2020; 33:101197. [PMID: 33038986 PMCID: PMC7388796 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2020.101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing awareness about germline predisposition and the widespread application of unbiased whole exome sequencing contributed to the discovery of new clinical entities with high risk for the development of haematopoietic malignancies. The revised 2016 WHO classification introduced a novel category of "myeloid neoplasms with germline predisposition" with GATA2, CEBPA, DDX41, RUNX1, ANKRD26 and ETV6 genes expanding the spectrum of hereditary myeloid neoplasms (MN). Since then, more germline causes of MN were identified, including SAMD9, SAMD9L, and ERCC6L2. This review describes the genetic and clinical spectrum of predisposition to MN. The main focus lies in delineation of phenotypes, genetics and management of GATA2 deficiency and the novel SAMD9/SAMD9L-related disorders. Combined, GATA2 and SAMD9/SAMD9L (SAMD9/9L) syndromes are recognized as most frequent causes of primary paediatric myelodysplastic syndromes, particularly in setting of monosomy 7. To date, ~550 cases with germline GATA2 mutations, and ~130 patients with SAMD9/9L mutations had been reported in literature. GATA2 deficiency is a highly penetrant disorder with a progressive course that often rapidly necessitates bone marrow transplantation. In contrast, SAMD9/9L disorders show incomplete penetrance with various clinical outcomes ranging from spontaneous haematological remission observed in young children to malignant progression.
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Onuma S, Wada T, Araki R, Wada K, Tanase-Nakao K, Narumi S, Fukui M, Shoji Y, Etani Y, Ida S, Kawai M. MIRAGE syndrome caused by a novel missense variant (p.Ala1479Ser) in the SAMD9 gene. Hum Genome Var 2020; 7:4. [PMID: 32194975 PMCID: PMC7057985 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-020-0091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MIRAGE syndrome is a recently identified disorder characterized by myelodysplasia, infection, restriction of growth, adrenal hypoplasia, genital phenotypes, and enteropathy. It is caused by a gain-of-function variant in the SAMD9 gene, but there is limited knowledge regarding the genotype-phenotype correlation. We herein report a Japanese patient with MIRAGE syndrome carrying a novel de novo heterozygous missense variant in the SAMD9 gene (c.4435 G > T; p.Ala1479Ser).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Onuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Endocrinology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamaki Wada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Endocrinology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Araki
- Department of Neonatology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuko Wada
- Department of Neonatology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanako Tanase-Nakao
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Fukui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Endocrinology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuko Shoji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Endocrinology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuri Etani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Endocrinology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinobu Ida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Endocrinology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Endocrinology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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