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Dahleh MMM, Bortolotto VC, Boeira SP, Segat HJ, Guerra GP, Prigol M. From gains to gaps? How Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) YK11 impact hippocampal function: In silico, in vivo, and ex vivo perspectives. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 394:110971. [PMID: 38521455 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs), particularly (17α,20E)-17,20-[(1-methoxyethylidene)bis(oxy)]-3-oxo-19-norpregna-4,20-diene-21-carboxylic-acid-methyl-ester (YK11), are increasingly popular among athletes seeking enhanced performance. Serving as an Androgen Receptor (AR) agonist, YK11 stimulates muscle growth while inhibiting myostatin. Our study delved into the impact of YK11 on the rat hippocampus, analyzing potential alterations in neurochemical mechanisms and investigating its synergistic effects with exercise (EXE), based on the strong relationship between SARM users and regular exercise. Utilizing Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, we demonstrated YK11 remarkable brain permeability, with molecular docking analysis revealing YK11 inhibitory effects on 5-alpha-reductase type II (5αR2), suggesting high cell bioavailability. Throughout a 5-week experiment, we divided the animals into the following groups: Control, YK11 (0.35 g/kg), EXE (swimming exercise), and EXE + YK11. Our findings showed that YK11 displayed a high binding affinity with AR in the hippocampus, influencing neurochemical function and modulating aversive memory consolidation, including the downregulation of the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling, irrespective of EXE combination. In the hippocampus, YK11 increased pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-6 cytokines, while reducing anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels. However, the EXE + YK11 group counteracted IL-6 effects and elevated IL-10. Analysis of apoptotic proteins revealed heightened p38 MAPK activity in response to YK11-induced inflammation, initiating the apoptotic cascade involving Bax/Bcl-2/cleaved caspase-3. Notably, the EXE + YK11 group mitigated alterations in Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 proteins. In conclusion, our findings suggest that YK11, at anabolic doses, significantly alters hippocampal neurochemistry, leading to impairments in memory consolidation. This underscore concerns about the misuse risks of SARMs among athletes and challenges common perceptions of their minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Munir Mustafa Dahleh
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, LaftamBio, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Vandreza Cardoso Bortolotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, LaftamBio, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvana Peterini Boeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, LaftamBio, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Hecson Jesser Segat
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, LaftamBio, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Petri Guerra
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, LaftamBio, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, LaftamBio, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil.
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Sun K, Qin L. Antiosteoporosis effect of bryodulcosigenin on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in experimental rats. Acta Cir Bras 2024; 39:e391024. [PMID: 38656061 PMCID: PMC11037890 DOI: 10.1590/acb391024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteoporosis is a bone disease which commonly occurred in postmenopausal women. Almost 10 percent of world population and approximately 30% of women (postmenopausal) suffer from this disease. Alternative medicine has great success in the treatment of osteoporosis disease. Bryodulcosigenin, a potent phytoconstituent, already displayed the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. In this study, we made effort to analyze the antiosteoporosis effect of bryodulcosigenin against ovariectomy (OVX) induced osteoporosis in rats. METHODS Swiss albino Wistar rats were grouped into fIve groups and given an oral dose of bryodulcosigenin (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) for eight weeks. Body weight, uterus, bone mineral density, cytokines, hormones parameters, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), and its ratio were estimated. RESULTS Bryodulcosigenin significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed the body weight and enhanced the uterine weight and significantly (p < 0.001) increased the bone mineral density in whole femur, caput femoris, distal femur and proximal femur. Bryodulcosigenin significantly (P < 0.001) altered the level of biochemical parameters at dose dependent manner, significantly (P < 0.001) improved the level of estrogen and suppressed the level of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Bryodulcosigenin significantly (P < 0.001) improved the level of OPG and suppressed the level of RANKL. CONCLUSIONS Bryodulcosigenin reduced the cytokines level and suppressed the TGF-β and IGF. We concluded that bryodulcosigenin is an antiosteoporosis medication based on the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Yunnan University – The Affiliated Hospital – Department of Spinal Surgery – Kunming, China
| | - Lin Qin
- Kunming Medical University – School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key – Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products – Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming Medical University – The First Affiliated Hospital – Department of Endocrinology – Kunming, China
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Vasilev V, Boyadjiev N, Hrischev P, Gerginska F, Delchev S, Arabadzhiyska D, Komrakova M, Boeker KO, Schilling AF, Georgieva K. Ostarine blunts the effect of endurance training on submaximal endurance in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03030-w. [PMID: 38451281 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to study the effects of ostarine alone and in combination with endurance training in sexually mature, male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into a treadmill-trained group and a sedentary group. Half of each group received either ostarine or vehicle for 8 weeks (n = 10 each, in total n = 40). We examined some functional, hormonal, and anthropometric parameters and the myogenic gene expression of myostatin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in m. gastrocnemius. Ostarine decreased submaximal endurance and increased myogenic gene expression of myostatin but had no effect on maximal time to exhaustion and grip strength. Training increased submaximal endurance, maximal time to exhaustion, and grip strength. Our results indicate that both exercise and ostarine treatment had no significant effects on serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone, or on the myogenic gene expression of IGF-1 and VEGF-A. Neither ostarine nor the training had a significant effect on the testis, liver, and heart weights. In conclusion, ostarine had no effect on anthropometric and hormonal parameters but increased the myostatin gene expression in muscle. The SARM treatment decreased submaximal endurance without affecting maximal time to exhaustion, and training increased both metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselin Vasilev
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15-A "Vasil Aprilov" Blvd, Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria.
| | - Nikolay Boyadjiev
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15-A "Vasil Aprilov" Blvd, Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Hrischev
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15-A "Vasil Aprilov" Blvd, Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Fanka Gerginska
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15-A "Vasil Aprilov" Blvd, Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Slavi Delchev
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15-A "Vasil Aprilov" Blvd, Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Arabadzhiyska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15-A "Vasil Aprilov" Blvd, Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Marina Komrakova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kai O Boeker
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Arndt F Schilling
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katerina Georgieva
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15-A "Vasil Aprilov" Blvd, Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
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Roch PJ, Noisser L, Böker KO, Hoffmann DB, Schilling AF, Sehmisch S, Komrakova M. Advantage of ostarine over raloxifene and their combined treatments for muscle of estrogen-deficient rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:709-720. [PMID: 37672168 PMCID: PMC10904410 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Selective androgen (ostarine, OST) and estrogen (raloxifene, RAL) receptor modulators with improved tissue selectivity have been developed as alternatives to hormone replacement therapy. We investigated the combined effects of OST and RAL on muscle tissue in an estrogen-deficient rat model of postmenopausal conditions. METHODS Three-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into groups: (1) untreated non-ovariectomized rats (Non-OVX), (2) untreated ovariectomized rats (OVX), (3) OVX rats treated with OST, (4) OVX rats treated with RAL, (5) OVX rats treated with OST and RAL. Both compounds were administered in the diet. The average dose received was 0.6 ± 0.1 mg for OST and 11.1 ± 1.2 mg for RAL per kg body weight/day. After thirteen weeks, rat activity, muscle weight, structure, gene expression, and serum markers were analyzed. RESULTS OST increased muscle weight, capillary ratio, insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf-1) expression, serum phosphorus, uterine weight. RAL decreased muscle weight, capillary ratio, food intake, serum calcium and increased Igf-1 and Myostatin expression, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). OST + RAL increased muscle nucleus ratio, uterine weight, serum phosphorus, FSH and luteinizing hormone and decreased body and muscle weight, serum calcium. Neither treatment changed muscle fiber size. OVX increased body and muscle weight, decreased uterine weight, serum calcium and magnesium. CONCLUSION OST had beneficial effects on muscle in OVX rats. Side effects of OST on the uterus and serum electrolytes should be considered before using it for therapeutic purposes. RAL and RAL + OST had less effect on muscle and showed endocrinological side effects on pituitary-gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Roch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - L Noisser
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K O Böker
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - D B Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A F Schilling
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, University of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Komrakova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Hoffmann DB, Derout C, Müller-Reiter M, Böker KO, Schilling AF, Roch PJ, Lehmann W, Saul D, Hawellek T, Taudien S, Sehmisch S, Komrakova M. Effects of ligandrol as a selective androgen receptor modulator in a rat model for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab 2023; 41:741-751. [PMID: 37407738 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-023-01453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The selective androgen receptor modulator ligandrol (LGD-4033 or VK5211) has been shown to improve muscle tissue. In the present study, the effect of ligandrol on bone tissue was investigated in ovariectomized rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were either ovariectomized (OVX, n = 60) or left intact (NON-OVX, n = 15). After 9 weeks, OVX rats were divided into four groups: untreated OVX (n = 15) group and three OVX groups (each of 15 rats) treated with ligandrol orally at doses of 0.03, 0.3, or 3 mg/kg body weight. After five weeks, lumbar vertebral bodies (L), tibiae, and femora were examined using micro-computed tomographical, biomechanical, ashing, and gene expression analyses. RESULTS In the 3-mg ligandrol group, bone structural properties were improved (trabecular number: 38 ± 8 vs. 35 ± 7 (femur), 26 ± 7 vs. 22 ± 6 (L), 12 ± 5 vs. 6 ± 3 (tibia) and serum phosphorus levels (1.81 ± 0.17 vs.1.41 ± 0.17 mmol/l), uterus (0.43 ± 0.04 vs. 0.11 ± 0.02 g), and heart (1.13 ± 0.11 vs. 1.01 ± 0.08 g) weights were increased compared to the OVX group. Biomechanical parameters were not changed. Low and medium doses did not affect bone tissue and had fewer side effects. Body weight and food intake were not affected by ligandrol; OVX led to an increase in these parameters and worsened all bone parameters. CONCLUSION Ligandrol at high dose showed a subtle anabolic effect on structural properties without any improvement in biomechanical properties of osteoporotic bones. Considering side effects of ligandrol at this dose, its further investigation for the therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis should be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedic and Plastic Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch St. No. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Derout
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedic and Plastic Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch St. No. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Max Müller-Reiter
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedic and Plastic Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch St. No. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kai O Böker
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedic and Plastic Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch St. No. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Arndt F Schilling
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedic and Plastic Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch St. No. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Paul J Roch
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedic and Plastic Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch St. No. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lehmann
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedic and Plastic Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch St. No. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Saul
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedic and Plastic Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch St. No. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thelonius Hawellek
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedic and Plastic Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch St. No. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Taudien
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Subdivision of General Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Goettingen, Humboldallee 34a, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedic and Plastic Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch St. No. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, University of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Komrakova
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedic and Plastic Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Robert Koch St. No. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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Leciejewska N, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Nogowski L, Sassek M, Strowski MZ, Kołodziejski PA. Sex-specific cytotoxicity of ostarine in cardiomyocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 577:112037. [PMID: 37543162 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Ostarine is the most popular compound in the selective androgen receptor modulator group (SARMs). Ostarine is used as a physical performance-enhancing agent. The abuse of this agent in higher doses may lead to severe side effects. Here, we evaluate the effects of ostarine on the heart. We utilized a cardiomyocyte H9C2 cell line, isolated primary female and male cardiac fibroblast cells, as well as hearts obtained from rats. Ostarine increased the accumulation of two fibrosis protein markers, αSMA and fibronectin (p < 00.1) in male, but not in female fibroblast cells. Ostarine increased the expression of the cardiomyopathy marker βMhc in the H9C2 cell line (p < 0.05) and in the heart in rats (p < 0.01). The unfavorable changes were observed at high ostarine doses. Moreover, a decrease in viability and an increase in cytotoxicity marker LDH were observed already at lowest dose (1 nmoL/l). Taken together, our results suggest that ostarine is cardiotoxic which may be more relevant in males than in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Leciejewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Leszek Nogowski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mathias Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Medical Clinic III, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Paweł A Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
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Dahleh MMM, Bortolotto VC, Guerra GP, Boeira SP, Prigol M. YK11 induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampus: The interplay between a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) and exercise. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 233:106364. [PMID: 37468001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Our study investigates potential neurochemical effects of (17α,20E)- 17,20-[(1-methoxyethylidene)bis(oxy)]- 3-oxo-19-norpregna-4,20-diene-21-carboxylic acid methyl ester (YK11), a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), in the rat hippocampus, with a particular focus on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function, as well as its potential effect when combined with exercise (EXE). To validate YK11's anabolic potential, we performed a molecular docking analysis with the androgen receptor (AR), which showed high affinity with YK11, highlighting hydrogen interactions in Arg752. During the five-week protocol, we divided male Wistar rats into the following groups: Control, YK11 (0.35 g/kg), EXE (swimming protocol), and EXE+YK11. The administration of YK11 resulted in alterations in the endogenous antioxidant system, promoting increased oxidative stress and proteotoxic effects, impairing all mitochondrial function markers in the hippocampus. In contrast, EXE alone had a neuroprotective effect, increasing antioxidant defenses and improving mitochondrial metabolism. When combined, EXE+YK11 prevented alterations in some mitochondrial toxicity markers, including MnSOD/SOD2 and MTT reduction capacity, but did not reverse YK11's neurochemical impairments regarding increased oxidative stress and dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and mitochondrial dynamics regulatory proteins in the hippocampus. In summary, our study identifies important pathways of YK11's hippocampal effects, revealing its potential to promote oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that the administration of YK11 may pose potential neurological risks for athletes and bodybuilders seeking to enhance performance. These findings highlight the need for further research to assess the safety and efficacy of YK11 and SARM use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Munir Mustafa Dahleh
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules - LaftamBio - Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Petri Guerra
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules - LaftamBio - Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvana Peterini Boeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules - LaftamBio - Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules - LaftamBio - Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil.
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Komrakova M, Schilling AF, Lehmann W, Vasilev V, Georgieva K, Gerginska F, Boyadjiev N, Delchev S. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Combined with Treadmill Exercise Have No Bone Benefit in Healthy Adult Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1249. [PMID: 37765057 PMCID: PMC10536500 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of combination treatments using the selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) ostarine (OST) or ligandrol (LIG) with treadmill exercise (TE) were studied in healthy adult rats. Fifteen-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into groups (n = 10/group). Experiment 1 consisted of (1) Control group: sedentary rats receiving vehicle; (2) OST: sedentary rats receiving OST; (3) TE: training rats receiving vehicle; (4) OST + TE: training rats receiving OST. Experiment 2 consisted of (1) LIG: sedentary group receiving LIG; (2) LIG + TE: training group receiving LIG. The TE regime was as follows: 25 m/min, 5° elevation, 40 min, five times/week, and the sedentary regime was 5 min, three times/week. OST and LIG were administered subcutaneously (0.4 mg/kg body weight/day, five times/week). After eight weeks, bone samples underwent microcomputed tomographical, biomechanical, histological, and ashing analyses. All the treatments had weak effects on the bone structure without affecting bone biomechanics. The OST + TE improved bone structure, while the LIG + TE had unfavorable effects. In serum, OST, OST + TE, and LIG + TE altered cholesterol and lipoprotein levels; TE did not change the serum parameters. The SARM treatments had no clear bone benefit, and the serum effects can be considered as side effects. TE represents a safe treatment. Because SARMs are increasingly applied in gyms along with physical activities, attention should be paid to possible side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Komrakova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Arndt Friedrich Schilling
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lehmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Veselin Vasilev
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Katerina Georgieva
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Fanka Gerginska
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Boyadjiev
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Slavi Delchev
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Böker KO, Komrakova M, Fahrendorff L, Spelsberg BR, Hoffmann DB, Schilling AF, Lehmann W, Taudien S, Sehmisch S. Treatment of osteoporosis using a selective androgen receptor modulator ostarine in an orchiectomized rat model. Endocrine 2023; 81:579-591. [PMID: 37378829 PMCID: PMC10403398 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The selective androgen receptor modulator ostarine has been shown to have advantageous effects on skeletal tissue properties, reducing muscle wasting and improving physical function in males. However, data on effects in male osteoporosis remain limited. In this study, the effects of ostarine on osteoporotic bone were evaluated in a rat model of male osteoporosis and compared with those of testosterone treatments. METHODS Eight-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were either non-orchiectomized to serve as a healthy control (Non-Orx, Group 1) or orchiectomized (Orx, Groups 2-6) and then grouped (n = 15/group): (1) Non-Orx, (2) Orx, (3) Ostarine Therapy, (4) Testosterone Therapy, (5) Ostarine Prophylaxis and (6) Testosterone Prophylaxis. Prophylaxis treatments started directly after orchiectomy and continued for 18 weeks, whereas Therapy treatments were initiated 12 weeks after Orx. Ostarine and Testosterone were applied orally at daily doses of 0.4 and 50 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The lumbar vertebral bodies and femora were analyzed using biomechanical, micro-CT, ashing, and gene expression analyses. RESULTS Ostarine Prophylaxis showed positive effects in preventing osteoporotic changes in cortical and trabecular bone (femoral trabecular density: 26.01 ± 9.1% vs. 20.75 ± 1.2% in Orx and in L4: 16.3 ± 7.3% vs 11.8 ± 2.9% in Orx); biomechanical parameters were not affected; prostate weight was increased (0.62 ± 0.13 g vs 0.18 ± 0.07 g in Orx). Ostarine Therapy increased solely the cortical density of the femur (1.25 ± 0.03 g/cm3 vs. 1.18 ± 0.04 g/cm3 in Orx); other bone parameters remained unaffected. Testosteron Prophylaxis positively influenced cortical density in femur (1.24 ± 0.05 g/cm3 vs. 1.18 ± 0.04 g/cm3 in Orx); Test. Therapy did not change any bony parameters. CONCLUSION Ostarine Prophylaxis could be further investigated as a preventative treatment for male osteoporosis, but an androgenic effect on the prostate should be taken into consideration, and combination therapies with other anti-osteoporosis agents could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Böker
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - M Komrakova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - L Fahrendorff
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - B R Spelsberg
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - D B Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - A F Schilling
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - W Lehmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - S Taudien
- Division of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - S Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, University of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Shu H, Huang Y, Zhang W, Ling L, Hua Y, Xiong Z. An integrated study of hormone-related sarcopenia for modeling and comparative transcriptome in rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1073587. [PMID: 36817606 PMCID: PMC9929355 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1073587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a senile disease with high morbidity, serious complications and limited clinical treatments. Menopause increases the risk of sarcopenia in females, while the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. To systematically investigate the development of hormone-related sarcopenia, we established a model of sarcopenia by ovariectomy and recorded successive characteristic changes. Furthermore, we performed the transcriptome RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis on this model to explore the underlying mechanism. In our study, we identified an integrated model combining obesity, osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Functional enrichment analyses showed that most of the significantly enriched pathways were down-regulated and closely correlated with endocrine and metabolism, muscle dysfunction, cognitive impairment and multiple important signaling pathways. We finally selected eight candidate genes to verify their expression levels. These findings confirmed the importance of estrogen in the maintenance of skeletal muscle function and homeostasis, and provided potential targets for further study on hormone-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yubing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengai Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengai Xiong,
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11
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Roch PJ, Wolgast V, Gebhardt MM, Böker KO, Hoffmann DB, Saul D, Schilling AF, Sehmisch S, Komrakova M. Combination of selective androgen and estrogen receptor modulators in orchiectomized rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:1555-1568. [PMID: 35429299 PMCID: PMC9270269 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Selective androgen and estrogen receptor modulators, ostarine (OST) and raloxifen (RAL), reportedly improve muscle tissue and offer therapeutic approaches to muscle maintenance in the elderly. The present study evaluated the effects of OST and RAL and their combination on musculoskeletal tissue in orchiectomized rats. METHODS Eight-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were analyzed. Experiment I: (1) Untreated non-orchiectomized rats (Non-ORX), (2) untreated orchiectomized rats (ORX), (3) ORX rats treated with OST during weeks 0-18 (OST-P), (4) ORX rats treated with OST during weeks 12-18 (OST-T). Experiment II: 1) Non-ORX, (2) ORX, 3) OST-P, (4) ORX rats treated with RAL, during weeks 0-18 (RAL-P), 5) ORX rats treated with OST + RAL, weeks 0-18 (OST + RAL-P). The average daily doses of OST and RAL were 0.4 and 7 mg/kg body weight (BW). Weight, fiber size, and capillarization of muscles, gene expression, serum markers and the lumbar vertebral body were analyzed. RESULTS OST-P exerted favorable effects on muscle weight, expression of myostatin and insulin growth factor-1, but increased prostate weight. OST-T partially improved muscle parameters, showing less effect on the prostate. RAL-P did not show anabolic effects on muscles but improved body constitution by reducing abdominal area, food intake, and BW. OST + RAL-P had an anabolic impact on muscle, reduced androgenic effect on the prostate, and normalized food intake. OST and RAL improved osteoporotic bone. CONCLUSIONS The OST + RAL treatment appeared to be a promising option in the treatment of androgen-deficient conditions and showed fewer side effects than the respective single treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Roch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - V. Wolgast
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - M.-M. Gebhardt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - K. O. Böker
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D. B. Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D. Saul
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Kogod Center On Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - A. F. Schilling
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, University of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Komrakova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Leciejewska N, Kołodziejski PA, Sassek M, Nogowski L, Małek E, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E. Ostarine-Induced Myogenic Differentiation in C2C12, L6, and Rat Muscles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084404. [PMID: 35457222 PMCID: PMC9031805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ostarine (also known as enobosarm or Gtx-024) belongs to the selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). It is a substance with an aryl-propionamide structure, classified as a non-steroidal compound that is not subjected to the typical steroid transformations of aromatization and reduction by α5 reductase. Despite ongoing research on ostarine, knowledge about it is still limited. Earlier studies indicated that ostarine may affect the metabolism of muscle tissue, but this mechanism has not been yet described. We aimed to investigate the effect of ostarine on the differentiation and metabolism of muscle. Using C2C12 and L6 cells, as well as muscles obtained from rats administered ostarine, we showed that ostarine stimulates C2C12 and L6 proliferation and cell viability and that this effect is mediated by androgen receptor (AR) and ERK1/2 kinase activation (p < 0.01). We also found that ostarine stimulates muscle cell differentiation by increasing myogenin, MyoD, and MyH expression in both types of cells (p < 0.01). Moreover, pharmacological blocking of AR inhibits the stimulatory effect of ostarine. We further demonstrated that 30 days of ostarine administration increases myogenin, MyoD, and MyH expression, as well as muscle mass, in rats (p < 0.01). Based on our research, we conclude that ostarine stimulates muscle tissue proliferation and differentiation via the androgen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Leciejewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (N.L.); (P.A.K.); (M.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Paweł A. Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (N.L.); (P.A.K.); (M.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (N.L.); (P.A.K.); (M.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Leszek Nogowski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (N.L.); (P.A.K.); (M.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Emilian Małek
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (N.L.); (P.A.K.); (M.S.); (L.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-8466084
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