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Kuhn J, Lindstrom A, Volkoff H. Effects of fasting and environmental factors on appetite regulators in pond loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 295:111651. [PMID: 38703991 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The pond loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) is an important aquaculture freshwater species, used as an ornamental fish, food source for humans and angling bait. Pond loaches are resistant to fasting and extreme environmental conditions, including temperature and low oxygen levels. Little is known about how these factors affect the feeding physiology and the endocrine regulation of feeding of loaches. In this study, we examined the effects of fasting, as well as increased temperature and decreased oxygen levels on food intake and transcript levels of appetite regulators. Fasted fish had lower blood glucose levels, and lower expression levels of intestine CCK and PYY, and brain CART1, but had higher levels of brain orexin and ghrelin than fed fish. Fish held at 30 °C had higher food intake, glucose levels, and mRNA levels of intestine CCK and PYY, and brain CART2, but lower brain orexin levels than fish at 20 °C. Fish held at low oxygen levels had a lower food intake, higher intestine CCKa and ghrelin, and brain orexin, CART2 and ghrelin mRNA expression levels than fish held at high O2 levels. Our results suggest that fasting and high temperatures increase the expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic factors respectively, whereas the increase in expression of both orexigenic and anorexigenic factors in low O2 environments might not be related to their role in feeding, but possibly to protection from tissue damage. The results of our study might shed new light on how pond loaches are able to cope with extreme environmental conditions such as low food availability, extreme temperatures and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Kuhn
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; Hochschule Mannheim University, Mannheim 68163, Germany
| | - Annika Lindstrom
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Helene Volkoff
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Chen Y, Zhang S, Ye L, Chen H, Ma P, Wu D. High-intensity interval training improves hypothalamic inflammation by suppressing HIF-1α signaling in microglia of male C57BL/6J mice. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23770. [PMID: 38995817 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400289r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Repeated bouts of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) induce an improvement in metabolism via plasticity of melanocortin circuits and attenuated hypothalamic inflammation. HIF-1α, which plays a vital role in hypothalamus-mediated regulation of peripheral metabolism, is enhanced in the hypothalamus by HIIT. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HIIT on hypothalamic HIF-1α expression and peripheral metabolism in obese mice and the underlying molecular mechanisms. By using a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mouse model, we determined the effect of HIIT on energy balance and the expression of the hypothalamic appetite-regulating neuropeptides, POMC and NPY. Moreover, hypothalamic HIF-1α signaling and its downstream glycolytic enzymes were explored after HIIT intervention. The state of microglia and microglial NF-κB signaling in the hypothalamus were also examined in vivo. In vitro by using an adenovirus carrying shRNA-HIF1β, we explored the impact of HIF-1 signaling on glycolysis and NF-κB inflammatory signaling in BV2 cells. Food intake was suppressed and whole-body metabolism was improved in exercised DIO mice, accompanied by changes in the expression of POMC and NPY. Moreover, total and microglial HIF-1α signaling were obviously attenuated in the hypothalamus, consistent with the decreased levels of glycolytic enzymes. Both HFD-induced microglial activation and hypothalamic NF-κB signaling were significantly suppressed following HIIT in vivo. In BV2 cells, after HIF-1 complex knockdown, glycolysis and NF-κB inflammatory signaling were significantly attenuated. The data indicate that HIIT improves peripheral metabolism probably via attenuated HFD-induced microglial activation and microglial NF-κB signaling in the hypothalamus, which could be mediated by suppressed microglial HIF-1α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandong Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Tzounakou AM, Stathori G, Paltoglou G, Valsamakis G, Mastorakos G, Vlahos NF, Charmandari E. Childhood Obesity, Hypothalamic Inflammation, and the Onset of Puberty: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1720. [PMID: 38892653 PMCID: PMC11175006 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The onset of puberty, which is under the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, is influenced by various factors, including obesity, which has been associated with the earlier onset of puberty. Obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation may cause premature activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, resulting in the development of precocious or early puberty. Mechanisms involving phoenixin action and hypothalamic microglial cells are implicated. Furthermore, obesity induces structural and cellular brain alterations, disrupting metabolic regulation. Imaging studies reveal neuroinflammatory changes in obese individuals, impacting pubertal timing. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy enables the assessment of the brain's neurochemical composition by measuring key metabolites, highlighting potential pathways involved in neurological changes associated with obesity. In this article, we present evidence indicating a potential association among obesity, hypothalamic inflammation, and precocious puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia-Maria Tzounakou
- Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.T.); (G.S.)
| | - Galateia Stathori
- Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.T.); (G.S.)
| | - George Paltoglou
- Diabetes Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘P. & A. Kyriakou’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgios Valsamakis
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aretaieion’ University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (G.M.); (N.F.V.)
| | - George Mastorakos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aretaieion’ University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (G.M.); (N.F.V.)
| | - Nikolaos F. Vlahos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aretaieion’ University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (G.M.); (N.F.V.)
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.T.); (G.S.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Ruan H, Zhang Q, Zhang YP, Li SS, Ran X. Unraveling the role of HIF-1α in sepsis: from pathophysiology to potential therapeutics-a narrative review. Crit Care 2024; 28:100. [PMID: 38539163 PMCID: PMC10976824 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-04885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is characterized by organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated inflammatory response triggered by infection, involving multifactorial and intricate molecular mechanisms. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a notable transcription factor, assumes a pivotal role in the onset and progression of sepsis. This review aims to furnish a comprehensive overview of HIF-1α's mechanism of action in sepsis, scrutinizing its involvement in inflammatory regulation, hypoxia adaptation, immune response, and organ dysfunction. The review encompasses an analysis of the structural features, regulatory activation, and downstream signaling pathways of HIF-1α, alongside its mechanism of action in the pathophysiological processes of sepsis. Furthermore, it will delve into the roles of HIF-1α in modulating the inflammatory response, including its association with inflammatory mediators, immune cell activation, and vasodilation. Additionally, attention will be directed toward the regulatory function of HIF-1α in hypoxic environments and its linkage with intracellular signaling, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage. Finally, the potential therapeutic value of HIF-1α as a targeted therapy and its significance in the clinical management of sepsis will be discussed, aiming to serve as a significant reference for an in-depth understanding of sepsis pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets, as well as to establish a theoretical foundation for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ruan
- Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - You-Ping Zhang
- Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Li
- Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiao Ran
- Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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