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Saravanan PB, Kalivarathan J, McClintock K, Mohammed S, Burch E, Morecock C, Liu J, Khan A, Levy MF, Kanak MA. Inflammatory and hypoxic stress-induced islet exosomes released during isolation are associated with poor transplant outcomes in islet autotransplantation. Am J Transplant 2024; 24:967-982. [PMID: 38364959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Islets experience enormous stress during the isolation process, leading to suboptimal endocrine function after total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT). Our investigation focused on inducing isolation stress in islets ex vivo, where proinflammatory cytokines and hypoxia prompted the release of stress exosomes (exoS) sized between 50 and 200 nm. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed 3 distinct subgroups of immunogenic proteins within these exoS: damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), chaperones, and autoantigens. The involvement of endosomal-sorting complex required for transport proteins including ras-associated binding proteins7A, ras-associated binding protein GGTA, vacuolar protein sorting associated protein 45, vacuolar protein sorting associated protein 26B, and the tetraspanins CD9 and CD63, in exoS biogenesis was confirmed through immunoblotting. Next, we isolated similar exoS from the islet infusion bags of TPIAT recipients (N = 20). The exosomes from infusion bags exhibited higher DAMP (heat shock protein family A [Hsp70] member 1B and histone H2B) levels, particularly in the insulin-dependent TPIAT group. Additionally, elevated DAMP protein levels in islet infusion bag exosomes correlated with increased insulin requirements (P = .010) and higher hemoglobin A1c levels 1-year posttransplant. A deeper exploration into exoS functionality revealed their potential to activate monocytes via the toll-like receptor 3/7: DAMP axis. This stimulation resulted in the induction of inflammatory phenotypes marked by increased levels of CD68, CD80, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2. This activation mechanism may impact the successful engraftment of transplanted islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathab Balaji Saravanan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, VCU, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Hume-Lee Islet Cell Transplant Lab, VCU Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| | - Jagan Kalivarathan
- VCU Hume-Lee Islet Cell Transplant Lab, VCU Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kaeden McClintock
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, VCU, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Elijah Burch
- VCU Hume-Lee Islet Cell Transplant Lab, VCU Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Christiane Morecock
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, VCU, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, VCU, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Aamir Khan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, VCU, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Hume-Lee Islet Cell Transplant Lab, VCU Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Marlon F Levy
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, VCU, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Hume-Lee Islet Cell Transplant Lab, VCU Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mazhar A Kanak
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, VCU, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Hume-Lee Islet Cell Transplant Lab, VCU Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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2
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Gorai PK, Rastogi S, Bharti PS, Agarwal S, Pal S, Sharma MC, Kumar R, Nikolajeff F, Kumar S, Rani N. Deciphering pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Unveiling through circulating small extracellular vesicles. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29079. [PMID: 38596136 PMCID: PMC11002672 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The survival rate over a five-year period for rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET) is notably lower compared to other neuroendocrine tumors due to late-stage detection, which is a consequence of the absence of suitable diagnostic markers; therefore, there exists a critical need for an early-stage biomarker-specific to PanNETs. This study introduces a novel approach, investigating the impact of small extracellular vesicles (sEV) in PanNET growth and metastasis. As proof of concept, this study shows a correlation between sEV concentration in controls and PanNET. Notably, higher sEV concentrations were observed in PanNETs than in controls (p < 0.0001) with a sensitivity of 100%. Further, apparent differences were observed in the sEV concentrations between controls and grades 1 PanNET (p = 0.005). The expression of sEV markers was confirmed using CD63, TSG101, CD9, Flotillin-1, and GAD65 antibodies. Additionally, the expression of cancer marker BIRC2/cIAP1 (p = 0.002) and autophagy marker Beclin-1 (p = 0.02) were observed in plasma-derived sEVs and PanNET tissue. This study represents the first to indicate the increased secretion of sEV in PanNET patients' blood plasma, proposing potential function of sEV as a new biomarker for early-stage PanNET detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kumari Gorai
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Simran Rastogi
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shipra Agarwal
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujoy Pal
- Department of GI Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehar Chand Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Department of Health Science, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden
| | - Neerja Rani
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Mou L, Wang TB, Wang X, Pu Z. Advancing diabetes treatment: the role of mesenchymal stem cells in islet transplantation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1389134. [PMID: 38605972 PMCID: PMC11007079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1389134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a prevalent global health challenge, significantly impacts societal and economic well-being. Islet transplantation is increasingly recognized as a viable treatment for type 1 diabetes that aims to restore endogenous insulin production and mitigate complications associated with exogenous insulin dependence. We review the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in enhancing the efficacy of islet transplantation. MSCs, characterized by their immunomodulatory properties and differentiation potential, are increasingly seen as valuable in enhancing islet graft survival, reducing immune-mediated rejection, and supporting angiogenesis and tissue repair. The utilization of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles further exemplifies innovative approaches to improve transplantation outcomes. However, challenges such as MSC heterogeneity and the optimization of therapeutic applications persist. Advanced methodologies, including artificial intelligence (AI) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), are highlighted as potential technologies for addressing these challenges, potentially steering MSC therapy toward more effective, personalized treatment modalities for diabetes. This review revealed that MSCs are important for advancing diabetes treatment strategies, particularly through islet transplantation. This highlights the importance of MSCs in the field of regenerative medicine, acknowledging both their potential and the challenges that must be navigated to fully realize their therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Mou
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- MetaLife Lab, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tony Bowei Wang
- Biology Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuhui Pu
- Imaging Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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4
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Vasu S, Saracino G, Darden CM, Kumano K, Liu Y, Lawrence MC, Naziruddin B. Clinical and biological significance of circulating miRNAs in chronic pancreatitis patients undergoing total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1434. [PMID: 37846205 PMCID: PMC10579997 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific microRNAs (miRNAs) were elevated in chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients during islet infusion after total pancreatectomy (TPIAT). We aimed to identify circulating miRNA signatures of pancreatic damage, predict miRNA-mRNA networks to identify potential links to CP pathogenesis and identify islet isolation and transplantation functional outcomes. METHODS Small RNA sequencing was performed to identify distinct circulating miRNA signatures in CP. Plasma miRNAs were measured using miRCURY LNA SYBR green quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Correlation analyses were performed using R software. The miRNA target and disease interactions were determined using miRNet and the miRNA enrichment and annotation tool. RESULTS Alterations were found in circulating miRNAs in CP patients compared to healthy controls. Further studies were conducted on 12 circulating miRNAs enriched in the pancreas, other tissues and other diseases including cancer and fibrosis. Approximately 2888 mRNAs in the pancreas were their targets, demonstrating interactions with 76 small molecules. Three miRNAs exhibited interactions with morphine and five exhibited interactions with glucose. The miRNA panel targeted 22 genes associated with pancreatitis. The islet-specific, acinar cell-specific and liver-specific miRNAs were elevated at 6 h after islet infusion and returned to baseline levels 3 months after TPIAT. Circulating levels of miRNAs returned to pre-transplant levels 1-year post-transplant. Circulating miRNAs measured before and 6 h after islet infusion were directly or inversely associated with metabolic outcomes at 3 and 6 months post-transplant. CONCLUSIONS miRNAs may contribute to CP pathogenesis, and elevated circulating levels may be specific to pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Vasu
- Islet Cell LaboratoryBaylor Scott and White Research InstituteDallasTexasUSA
| | - Giovanna Saracino
- Baylor Simmons Transplant InstituteBaylor University Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Carly M. Darden
- Islet Cell LaboratoryBaylor Scott and White Research InstituteDallasTexasUSA
| | - Kenjiro Kumano
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOkayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Yang Liu
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Michael C. Lawrence
- Islet Cell LaboratoryBaylor Scott and White Research InstituteDallasTexasUSA
| | - Bashoo Naziruddin
- Baylor Simmons Transplant InstituteBaylor University Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
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5
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Wang J, Wang J, Wang Y, Ma R, Zhang S, Zheng J, Xue W, Ding X. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived miR-21-5p Protects Grafted Islets Against Apoptosis by Targeting PDCD4. Stem Cells 2022; 41:169-183. [PMID: 36512434 PMCID: PMC9982070 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The apoptosis of grafted islets is an urgent problem due to the high rate of islet loss soon after transplantation. MicroRNA-21-5p (miR-21-5p) is an essential mediator of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (BMSCs-Exo) during anti-apoptosis, but its effect and the underlying molecular mechanism in islet transplantation remain partially understood. Here, we found that miR-21-5p could be delivered to islet cells via BMSCs-Exo. Subsequently, we demonstrated that miR-21-5p overexpression reduced apoptosis in islets and INS-1 cells, whereas miR-21-5p inhibition enhanced apoptosis. A mechanistic analysis involving RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis was performed to determine the interaction between miR-21-5p and its target gene programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), which was further verified by a dual luciferase assay. In vivo, the grafted islets overexpressing miR-21-5p showed a higher survival rate, better insulin secretion function, and a lower apoptosis rate. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that miR‑21‑5p from BMSCs-Exo protects against the apoptosis of grafted islets by inhibiting PDCD4 expression. Hence, miR-21-5p can be used as a cell-free therapeutic agent to minimize β-cell apoptosis at the early stage of islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta Western Rd, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiyang Ma
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta Western Rd, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shucong Zhang
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta Western Rd, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta Western Rd, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wujun Xue
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta Western Rd, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Ding
- Corresponding author: Xiaoming Ding, Department of Renal Transplantation, Hospital of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta Western Rd, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China. Tel: +8613991238632; E-mail:
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6
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Angelescu MA, Andronic O, Dima SO, Popescu I, Meivar-Levy I, Ferber S, Lixandru D. miRNAs as Biomarkers in Diabetes: Moving towards Precision Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12843. [PMID: 36361633 PMCID: PMC9655971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disease with many specifically related complications. Early diagnosis of this disease could prevent the progression to overt disease and its related complications. There are several limitations to using existing biomarkers, and between 24% and 62% of people with diabetes remain undiagnosed and untreated, suggesting a large gap in current diagnostic practices. Early detection of the percentage of insulin-producing cells preceding loss of function would allow for effective therapeutic interventions that could delay or slow down the onset of diabetes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) could be used for early diagnosis, as well as for following the progression and the severity of the disease, due to the fact of their pancreatic specific expression and stability in various body fluids. Thus, many studies have focused on the identification and validation of such groups or "signatures of miRNAs" that may prove useful in diagnosing or treating patients. Here, we summarize the findings on miRNAs as biomarkers in diabetes and those associated with direct cellular reprogramming strategies, as well as the relevance of miRNAs that act as a bidirectional switch for cell therapy of damaged pancreatic tissue and the studies that have measured and tracked miRNAs as biomarkers in insulin resistance are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Octavian Andronic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Olimpia Dima
- Center of Excelence in Translational Medicine (CEMT), Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy Nicolae Cajal Institute of Medical Scientific Research, Titu Maiorescu University, 040441 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irinel Popescu
- Center of Excelence in Translational Medicine (CEMT), Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy Nicolae Cajal Institute of Medical Scientific Research, Titu Maiorescu University, 040441 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irit Meivar-Levy
- Academy Nicolae Cajal Institute of Medical Scientific Research, Titu Maiorescu University, 040441 Bucharest, Romania
- Orgenesis Ltd., Ness Ziona 7414002, Israel
| | - Sarah Ferber
- Academy Nicolae Cajal Institute of Medical Scientific Research, Titu Maiorescu University, 040441 Bucharest, Romania
- Orgenesis Ltd., Ness Ziona 7414002, Israel
- Department of Human Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Daniela Lixandru
- Center of Excelence in Translational Medicine (CEMT), Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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7
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Aguirre RS, Kulkarni A, Becker MW, Lei X, Sarkar S, Ramanadham S, Phelps EA, Nakayasu ES, Sims EK, Mirmira RG. Extracellular vesicles in β cell biology: Role of lipids in vesicle biogenesis, cargo, and intercellular signaling. Mol Metab 2022; 63:101545. [PMID: 35817393 PMCID: PMC9294332 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disorder whose pathogenesis involves an intricate interplay between β cells of the pancreatic islet, other islet cells, and cells of the immune system. Direct intercellular communication within the islet occurs via cell surface proteins and indirect intercellular communication has traditionally been seen as occurring via secreted proteins (e.g., endocrine hormones and cytokines). However, recent literature suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by β cells constitute an additional and biologically important mechanism for transmitting signals to within the islet. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the general mechanisms of EV formation, with a particular focus on how lipids and lipid signaling pathways influence their formation and cargo. We review the implications of EV release from β cells for T1D pathogenesis, how EVs and their cargo might be leveraged as biomarkers of this process, and how EVs might be engineered as a therapeutic candidate to counter T1D outcomes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Islet β cells have been viewed as initiators and propagators of the cellular circuit giving rise to autoimmunity in T1D. In this context, emerging literature suggests that EVs may represent a conduit for communication that holds more comprehensive messaging about the β cells from which they arise. As the field of EV biology advances, it opens the possibility that intervening with EV formation and cargo loading could be a novel disease-modifying approach in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhishek Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew W. Becker
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology & The Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Soumyadeep Sarkar
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology & The Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Edward A. Phelps
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ernesto S. Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Emily K. Sims
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Corresponding author. 900 E. 57th St., KCBD 8130, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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8
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Zhao H, Xue S, Hussherr MD, Teixeira AP, Fussenegger M. Autonomous push button-controlled rapid insulin release from a piezoelectrically activated subcutaneous cell implant. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm4389. [PMID: 35704573 PMCID: PMC9200281 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm4389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Traceless physical cues are desirable for remote control of the in situ production and real-time dosing of biopharmaceuticals in cell-based therapies. However, current optogenetic, magnetogenetic, or electrogenetic devices require sophisticated electronics, complex artificial intelligence-assisted software, and external energy supplies for power and control. Here, we describe a self-sufficient subcutaneous push button-controlled cellular implant powered simply by repeated gentle finger pressure exerted on the overlying skin. Pushing the button causes transient percutaneous deformation of the implant's embedded piezoelectric membrane, which produces sufficient low-voltage energy inside a semi-permeable platinum-coated cell chamber to mediate rapid release of a biopharmaceutical from engineered electro-sensitive human cells. Release is fine-tuned by varying the frequency and duration of finger-pressing stimulation. As proof of concept, we show that finger-pressure activation of the subcutaneous implant can restore normoglycemia in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Self-sufficient push-button devices may provide a new level of convenience for patients to control their cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Zhao
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shuai Xue
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Didiée Hussherr
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana Palma Teixeira
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Zajec A, Trebušak Podkrajšek K, Tesovnik T, Šket R, Čugalj Kern B, Jenko Bizjan B, Šmigoc Schweiger D, Battelino T, Kovač J. Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: Established Facts and New Insights. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040706. [PMID: 35456512 PMCID: PMC9032728 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the T-cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in pancreatic islets. It generally occurs in genetically susceptible individuals, and genetics plays a major role in the development of islet autoimmunity. Furthermore, these processes are heterogeneous among individuals; hence, different endotypes have been proposed. In this review, we highlight the interplay between genetic predisposition and other non-genetic factors, such as viral infections, diet, and gut biome, which all potentially contribute to the aetiology of T1D. We also discuss a possible active role for β-cells in initiating the pathological processes. Another component in T1D predisposition is epigenetic influences, which represent a link between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors and may account for some of the disease heterogeneity. Accordingly, a shift towards personalized therapies may improve the treatment results and, therefore, result in better outcomes for individuals in the long-run. There is also a clear need for a better understanding of the preclinical phases of T1D and finding new predictive biomarkers for earlier diagnosis and therapy, with the final goal of reverting or even preventing the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zajec
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Trebušak Podkrajšek
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tine Tesovnik
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Robert Šket
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Barbara Čugalj Kern
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Jenko Bizjan
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Šmigoc Schweiger
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Battelino
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Kovač
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (K.T.P.); (T.T.); (R.Š.); (B.Č.K.); (B.J.B.); (D.Š.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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10
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Extracellular Vesicles in Type 1 Diabetes: A Versatile Tool. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030105. [PMID: 35324794 PMCID: PMC8945706 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting nearly 35 million people. This disease develops as T-cells continually attack the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which leads to β-cell death, and steadily decreasing secretion of insulin. Lowered levels of insulin minimize the uptake of glucose into cells, thus putting the body in a hyperglycemic state. Despite significant progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease, there is a need for novel developments in the diagnostics and management of type 1 diabetes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound nanoparticles that contain diverse content from their cell of origin and can be used as a biomarker for both the onset of diabetes and transplantation rejection. Furthermore, vesicles can be loaded with therapeutic cargo and delivered in conjunction with a transplant to increase cell survival and long-term outcomes. Crucially, several studies have linked EVs and their cargos to the progression of type 1 diabetes. As a result, gaining a better understanding of EVs would help researchers better comprehend the utility of EVs in regulating and understanding type 1 diabetes. EVs are a composition of biologically active components such as nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and lipids that can be transported to particular cells/tissues through the blood system. Through their varied content, EVs can serve as a flexible aid in the diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes. In this review, we provide an overview of existing knowledge about EVs. We also cover the role of EVs in the pathogenesis, detection, and treatment of type 1 diabetes and the function of EVs in pancreas and islet β-cell transplantation.
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Hu W, Song X, Yu H, Sun J, Wang H, Zhao Y. Clinical Translational Potentials of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:682145. [PMID: 35095751 PMCID: PMC8789747 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.682145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific disease characterized by the deficiency of insulin caused by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β cells. Stem cell-based therapies play essential roles in immunomodulation and tissue regeneration, both of which hold great promise for treating many autoimmune dysfunctions. However, their clinical translational potential has been limited by ethical issues and cell transplant rejections. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by almost all types of cells, performing a variety of cell functions through the delivery of their molecular contents such as proteins, DNAs, and RNAs. Increasing evidence suggests that stem cell-derived EVs exhibit similar functions as their parent cells, which may represent novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of autoimmune diseases including T1D. In this review, we summarize the current research progresses of stem cell-derived EVs for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Xiang Song
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Haibo Yu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | - Yong Zhao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Throne Biotechnologies Inc., Paramus, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhao,
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