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Osakabe N, Shimizu T, Fujii Y, Fushimi T, Calabrese V. Sensory Nutrition and Bitterness and Astringency of Polyphenols. Biomolecules 2024; 14:234. [PMID: 38397471 PMCID: PMC10887135 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the interaction of dietary constituents with taste and olfactory receptors and nociceptors expressed in the oral cavity, nasal cavity and gastrointestinal tract regulate homeostasis through activation of the neuroendocrine system. Polyphenols, of which 8000 have been identified to date, represent the greatest diversity of secondary metabolites in plants, most of which are bitter and some of them astringent. Epidemiological studies have shown that polyphenol intake contributes to maintaining and improving cardiovascular, cognitive and sensory health. However, because polyphenols have very low bioavailability, the mechanisms of their beneficial effects are unknown. In this review, we focused on the taste of polyphenols from the perspective of sensory nutrition, summarized the results of previous studies on their relationship with bioregulation and discussed their future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Osakabe
- Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
- Systems Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan;
- Department of Bio-Science and Engineering, Faculty of System Science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Takafumi Shimizu
- Department of Bio-Science and Engineering, Faculty of System Science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yasuyuki Fujii
- Department of Bio-Science and Engineering, Faculty of System Science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Taiki Fushimi
- Systems Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan;
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
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Tsilingiris D, Kokkinos A. Advances in obesity pharmacotherapy; learning from metabolic surgery and beyond. Metabolism 2024; 151:155741. [PMID: 37995806 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Currently, metabolic surgery (MS) constitutes the most effective means for durable weight loss of clinically meaningful magnitude, type 2 diabetes remission and resolution of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, as well as other obesity-related comorbidities. Accumulating evidence on the mechanisms through which MS exerts its actions has highlighted the altered secretion of hormonally active peptides of intestinal origin with biological actions crucial to energy metabolism as key drivers of MS clinical effects. The initial success of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists regarding weight loss and metabolic amelioration have been followed by the development of unimolecular dual and triple polyagonists, additionally exploiting the effects of glucagon and/or glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) which achieves a magnitude of weight loss approximating that of common MS operations. Through the implementation of such therapies, the feasibility of a "medical bypass", namely the replication of the clinical effects of MS through non-surgical interventions may be foreseeable in the near future. Apart from weight loss, this approach ought to be put to the test also regarding other clinical outcomes, such as liver steatosis and steatohepatitis, cardiovascular disease, and overall prognosis, on which MS has a robustly demonstrated impact. Besides, a medical bypass as an alternative, salvage, or combination strategy to MS may promote precision medicine in obesity therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Iosif CI, Bashir ZI, Apps R, Pickford J. Cerebellar Prediction and Feeding Behaviour. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:1002-1019. [PMID: 36121552 PMCID: PMC10485105 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance of the cerebellum in controlling movements, it might be expected that its main role in eating would be the control of motor elements such as chewing and swallowing. Whilst such functions are clearly important, there is more to eating than these actions, and more to the cerebellum than motor control. This review will present evidence that the cerebellum contributes to homeostatic, motor, rewarding and affective aspects of food consumption.Prediction and feedback underlie many elements of eating, as food consumption is influenced by expectation. For example, circadian clocks cause hunger in anticipation of a meal, and food consumption causes feedback signals which induce satiety. Similarly, the sight and smell of food generate an expectation of what that food will taste like, and its actual taste will generate an internal reward value which will be compared to that expectation. Cerebellar learning is widely thought to involve feed-forward predictions to compare expected outcomes to sensory feedback. We therefore propose that the overarching role of the cerebellum in eating is to respond to prediction errors arising across the homeostatic, motor, cognitive, and affective domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana I Iosif
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Zafar I Bashir
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jasmine Pickford
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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Tang Q, Li W, Ren Z, Ding Q, Peng X, Tang Z, Pang J, Xu Y, Sun Z. Different Fatty Acid Supplementation in Low-Protein Diets Regulate Nutrient Utilization and Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism in Weaned Pigs Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108501. [PMID: 37239844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a low-protein (LP) diet supplemented with sodium butyrate (SB), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on nutrient utilization and lipid and amino acid metabolism in weaned pigs. A total of 120 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire pigs (initial body weight: 7.93 ± 0.65 kg) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments, including the control diet (CON), LP diet, LP + 0.2% SB diet (LP + SB), LP + 0.2% MCFA diet (LP + MCFA) and LP + 0.2% n-3 PUFA diet (LP + PUFA). The results show that the LP + MCFA diet increased (p < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter and total P in pigs compared with the CON and LP diets. In the liver of the pigs, the metabolites involved in sugar metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation significantly changed with the LP diet compared with the CON diet. Compared with the LP diet, the altered metabolites in the liver of the pigs fed with the LP + SB diet were mainly associated with sugar metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism; the altered metabolites in the liver of pigs fed with the LP + MCFA and LP + PUFA diets were mainly associated with lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. In addition, the LP + PUFA diet increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of glutamate dehydrogenase in the liver of pigs compared with the LP diet. Furthermore, the LP + MCFA and LP + PUFA diets increased (p < 0.05) the mRNA abundance of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the liver compared with the CON diet. The LP + PUFA diet increased (p < 0.05) mRNA abundances of fatty acid synthase in the liver compared with the CON and LP diets. Collectively, the LP diet supplemented with MCFAs improved nutrient digestibility, and the LP diet supplemented with MCFAs and n-3 PUFAs promoted lipid and amino acid metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenxue Li
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhongxiang Ren
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qi Ding
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xie Peng
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaman Pang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yetong Xu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Morphology, Histology, and Histochemistry of the Digestive Tract of the Marbled Flounder Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050936. [PMID: 36899793 PMCID: PMC10000053 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the morphological, histological, and histochemical characteristics of the digestive tract of the marbled flounder (Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae). The relative length of the gut of the marbled flounder digestive tract was 1.54 ± 0.10 (n = 20), and it had a simple stomach and 6-9 pyloric caeca. The mucosal folds of the marbled flounder digestive tract exhibited a general branched morphology. The thickness and mucosal fold length of the intestinal muscularis externa showed similar aspects in all areas. The thickness of the intestinal muscularis externa was the thickest in the posterior intestine portion, and the length of mucosal folds was the longest in the anterior intestine portion. It was indicated that food digested by gastric acid in the stomach moves to the anterior portion (including pyloric caeca) and mid portion of the intestine, ensuring effective stimulation of cholecystokinin (CCK)-producing cells. In addition, the distribution pattern of CCK-producing cells in the intestine was very similar to that of mucus-secreting goblet cells. The CCK-producing cells and goblet cells in the marbled flounder were well-adapted to promote optimal control of the digestive process. Based on the morphological and histochemical studies, it was concluded that the marbled flounder displays a digestive tract comparable to that of fish species with carnivorous habits.
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Dengler DG, Harikumar KG, Yen A, Sergienko EA, Miller LJ. Mechanism of Action and Structure-Activity Relationships of Tetracyclic Small Molecules Acting as Universal Positive Allosteric Modulators of the Cholecystokinin Receptor. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:150. [PMID: 36837653 PMCID: PMC9964746 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing effort to develop a drug targeting the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor (CCK1R) to help prevent and/or treat obesity, we recently performed a high throughput screening effort of small molecules seeking candidates that enhanced the action of the natural agonist, CCK, thus acting as positive allosteric modulators without exhibiting intrinsic agonist action. Such probes would be expected to act in a temporally finite way to enhance CCK action to induce satiety during and after a meal and potentially even modulate activity at the CCK1R in a high cholesterol environment present in some obese patients. The current work focuses on the best scaffold, representing tetracyclic molecules identified through high throughput screening we previously reported. Extensive characterization of the two top "hits" from the previous effort demonstrated them to fulfill the desired pharmacologic profile. We undertook analog-by-catalog expansion of this scaffold using 65 commercially available analogs. In this effort, we were able to eliminate an off-target effect observed for this scaffold while retaining its activity as a positive allosteric modulator of CCK1R in both normal and high cholesterol membrane environments. These insights should be useful in the rational medicinal chemical enhancement of this scaffold and in the future development of candidates to advance to pre-clinical proof-of-concept and to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela G. Dengler
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kaleeckal G. Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Alice Yen
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eduard A. Sergienko
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laurence J. Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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Harikumar KG, Coudrat T, Desai AJ, Dong M, Dengler DG, Furness SGB, Christopoulos A, Wootten D, Sergienko EA, Sexton PM, Miller LJ. Discovery of a Positive Allosteric Modulator of Cholecystokinin Action at CCK1R in Normal and Elevated Cholesterol. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:789957. [PMID: 34950108 PMCID: PMC8689142 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.789957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs useful in prevention/treatment of obesity could improve health. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a key regulator of appetite, working through the type 1 CCK receptor (CCK1R); however, full agonists have not stimulated more weight loss than dieting. We proposed an alternate strategy to target this receptor, while reducing likelihood of side effects and/or toxicity. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) with minimal intrinsic agonist activity would enhance CCK action, while maintaining spatial and temporal characteristics of physiologic signaling. This could correct abnormal stimulus-activity coupling observed in a high-cholesterol environment observed in obesity. We utilized high-throughput screening to identify a molecule with this pharmacological profile and studied its basis of action. Compound 1 was a weak partial agonist, with PAM activity to enhance CCK action at CCK1R, but not CCK2R, maintained in both normal and high cholesterol. Compound 1 (10 µM) did not exhibit agonist activity or stimulate internalization of CCK1R. It enhanced CCK activity by slowing the off-rate of bound hormone, increasing its binding affinity. Computational docking of Compound 1 to CCK1R yielded plausible poses. A radioiodinatable photolabile analogue retained Compound 1 pharmacology and covalently labeled CCK1R Thr211, consistent with one proposed pose. Our study identifies a novel, selective, CCK1R PAM that binds to the receptor to enhance action of CCK-8 and CCK-58 in both normal and disease-mimicking high-cholesterol environments. This facilitates the development of compounds that target the physiologic spatial and temporal engagement of CCK1R by CCK that underpins its critical role in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleeckal G. Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Thomas Coudrat
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC (Australian Research Council) Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aditya J. Desai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Maoqing Dong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Daniela G. Dengler
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sebastian G. B. Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC (Australian Research Council) Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC (Australian Research Council) Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Eduard A. Sergienko
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC (Australian Research Council) Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laurence J. Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Laurence J. Miller,
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