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Piccoli GCDO, Antiqueira PAP, Srivastava DS, Romero GQ. Trophic cascades within and across ecosystems: The role of anti-predatory defences, predator type and detritus quality. J Anim Ecol 2024; 93:755-768. [PMID: 38404168 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Species in one ecosystem can indirectly affect multiple biodiversity components and ecosystem functions of adjacent ecosystems. The magnitude of these cross-ecosystem effects depends on the attributes of the organisms involved in the interactions, including traits of the predator, prey and basal resource. However, it is unclear how predators with cross-ecosystem habitat interact with predators with single-ecosystem habitat to affect their shared ecosystem. Also, unknown is how such complex top-down effects may be mediated by the anti-predatory traits of prey and quality of the basal resource. We used the aquatic invertebrate food webs in tank bromeliads as a model system to investigate these questions. We manipulated the presence of a strictly aquatic predator (damselfly larvae) and a predator with both terrestrial and aquatic habitats (spider), and examined effects on survival of prey (detritivores grouped by anti-predator defence), detrital decomposition (of two plant species differing in litter quality), nitrogen flux and host plant growth. To evaluate the direct and indirect effects each predator type on multiple detritivore groups and ultimately on multiple ecosystem processes, we used piecewise structural equation models. For each response variable, we isolated the contribution of different detritivore groups to overall effects by comparing alternate model formulations. Alone, damselfly larvae and spiders each directly decreased survival of detritivores and caused multiple indirect negative effects on detritus decomposition, nutrient cycling and host plant growth. However, when predators co-occurred, the spider caused a negative non-consumptive effect on the damselfly larva, diminishing the net direct and indirect top-down effects on the aquatic detritivore community and ecosystem functioning. Both detritivore traits and detritus quality modulated the strength and mechanism of these trophic cascades. Predator interference was mediated by undefended or partially defended detritivores as detritivores with anti-predatory defences evaded consumption by damselfly larvae but not spiders. Predators and detritivores affected ecosystem decomposition and nutrient cycling only in the presence of high-quality detritus, as the low-quality detritus was consumed more by microbes than invertebrates. The complex responses of this system to predators from both recipient and adjacent ecosystems highlight the critical role of maintaining biodiversity components across multiple ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Cauê de O Piccoli
- Laboratório de Interações Multitróficas e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pablo Augusto P Antiqueira
- Laboratório de Interações Multitróficas e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Diane S Srivastava
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gustavo Q Romero
- Laboratório de Interações Multitróficas e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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2
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Claeson KM, Sidlauskas BL, Troll R, Prescott ZM, Davis EB. From sabers to spikes: A newfangled reconstruction of the ancient, giant, sexually dimorphic Pacific salmon, †Oncorhynchus rastrosus (SALMONINAE: SALMONINI). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300252. [PMID: 38656950 PMCID: PMC11042722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The impressive †Oncorhynchus rastrosus of the Pacific Northwest's Miocene and Pliocene eras was the largest salmonid ever to live. It sported a hypertrophied premaxilla with a pair of enlarged teeth which the original describers reconstructed as projecting ventrally into the mouth, leading them to assign the species to "Smilodonichthys," a genus now in synonymy. Through CT reconstruction of the holotype and newly collected specimens, we demonstrate that the famed teeth projected laterally like tusks, not ventrally like sabers or fangs. We also expand the original description to characterize sexual dimorphism in mature, breeding individuals. Male and female †Oncorhynchus rastrosus differ in the form of the vomer, rostro-dermethmoid-supraethmoid, and dentary, much as do other extant species of Oncorhynchus. Male specimens possess a more elongate vomer than do females, and female vomers have concave ventral surfaces and prominent median dorsal keels. The dentary of females has no evidence of a kype, though some specimens of †O. rastrosus have a non-uniform density mesial to the tooth bed, which we interpret as a male kype. Unlike extant Oncorhynchus, male and female †O. rastrosus do not differ in premaxilla shape. Because male and females possess hypertrophied premaxillae and lateral premaxillary spikes, the former common name "Sabertoothed Salmon" no longer reflects our understanding of the species' morphology. Accordingly, we redub †O. rastrosus the Spike-Toothed Salmon and postulate that its spikes were multifunctional, serving as defense against predators, in agonism against conspecifics, and as a practical aid to nest construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerin M. Claeson
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian L. Sidlauskas
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ray Troll
- Troll Art Studios, Ketchikan, Alaska, United States of America
| | | | - Edward B. Davis
- Museum of Natural and Cultural History and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
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3
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Tsunamoto Y, Tsuruga H, Kobayashi K, Sukegawa T, Asakura T. Seed dispersal function of the brown bear Ursus arctos on Hokkaido Island in northern Japan: gut passage time, dispersal distance, germination, and effects of remaining pulp. Oecologia 2024; 204:505-515. [PMID: 38265600 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Megafauna are important seed dispersers because they can disperse large quantities of seeds over long distances. In Hokkaido, Japan, the largest terrestrial animal is the brown bear (Ursus arctos) and other megafauna seed dispersers are lacking. Thus, brown bears are expected to have an important function as seed dispersers in Hokkaido. In this study, we, for the first time, evaluated the seed dispersal function of brown bears in Hokkaido using three fleshy-fruited trees and studied: (1) gut passage time (GPT) in feeding experiments, (2) seed dispersal distance using tracking data of wild bears, and (3) the effect of gut passage and pulp removal on germination rate. Most seeds were defecated intact, and less than 6% were broken. The average GPT without pulp was 3 h and 56 min to 6 h and 13 min, depending on the plant and trial. Each plant's average simulated seed dispersal distance was 202-512 m. The dispersal distance of Actinidia arguta seeds with pulp was significantly longer than those without pulp because of their longer GPT. The germination rate of defecated seeds without pulp was 19-51%, depending on the plant, and was significantly higher or not different comparing with that of seeds with pulp. We concluded that brown bears in Hokkaido are effective seed dispersers. In managing brown bears in Hokkaido, such ecological functions should be considered along with conserving the bear population and reducing human-bear conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Tsunamoto
- Hokkaido Research Organization, Research Institute of Energy, Environment and Geology, Kita 19 Nishi 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Hifumi Tsuruga
- Hokkaido Research Organization, Research Institute of Energy, Environment and Geology, Kita 19 Nishi 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Konomi Kobayashi
- Sapporo Maruyama Zoo, 3-1 Miyagaoka, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sukegawa
- Sapporo Maruyama Zoo, 3-1 Miyagaoka, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takuya Asakura
- Sapporo Maruyama Zoo, 3-1 Miyagaoka, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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4
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Adams MS, Levi T, Bourbonnais M, Service CN, Artelle K, Bryan H, Paquet P, Nelson T, Darimont CT. Human disturbance in riparian areas disrupts predator-prey interactions between grizzly bears and salmon. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11058. [PMID: 38505181 PMCID: PMC10950355 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildlife must increasingly balance trade-offs between the need to access important foods and the mortality risks associated with human-dominated landscapes. Human disturbance can profoundly influence wildlife behavior, but managers know little about the relationship between disturbance-behavior dynamics and associated consequences for foraging. We address this gap by empirically investigating the consequences of human activity on a keystone predator-prey interaction in a region with limited but varied industrial disturbance. Using stable isotope data from 226 hair samples of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) collected from 1995 to 2014 across 22 salmon-bearing watersheds (88,000 km2) in British Columbia, Canada, we examined how human activity influenced their consumption of spawning salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), a fitness-related food. Accounting for the abundance of salmon and other foods, salmon consumption strongly decreased (up to 59% for females) with increasing human disturbance (as measured by the human footprint index) in riparian zones of salmon-bearing rivers. Declines in salmon consumption occurred with disturbance even in watersheds with low footprints. In a region currently among the least influenced by industrial activity, intensification of disturbance in river valleys is predicted to increasingly decouple bears from salmon, possibly driving associated reductions in population productivity and provisioning of salmon nutrients to terrestrial ecosystems. Accordingly, we draw on our results to make landscape-scale and access-related management recommendations beyond current streamside protection buffers. This work illustrates the interaction between habitat modification and food security for wildlife, highlighting the potential for unacknowledged interactions and cumulative effects in increasingly modified landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S. Adams
- Department of GeographyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Raincoast Conservation FoundationSidneyBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Hakai InstituteCampbell RiverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Central Coast Indigenous Resource AllianceCampbell RiverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Mathieu Bourbonnais
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Christina N. Service
- Department of GeographyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Kitasoo Xai'xais Stewardship Authority, Kitasoo Xai'xais First NationKlemtuBritish ColumbiaCanada
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Kyle Artelle
- Department of GeographyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Raincoast Conservation FoundationSidneyBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Environmental Biology, and Center for Native Peoples and the EnvironmentState University of New York, College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Heather Bryan
- Department of GeographyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Raincoast Conservation FoundationSidneyBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Hakai InstituteCampbell RiverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Ecosystem Science and ManagementUniversity of Northern British ColumbiaPrince GeorgeBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Paul Paquet
- Department of GeographyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Raincoast Conservation FoundationSidneyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Trisalyn Nelson
- Department of GeographyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chris T. Darimont
- Department of GeographyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Raincoast Conservation FoundationSidneyBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Hakai InstituteCampbell RiverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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5
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Gomes DGE, Ruzicka JJ, Crozier LG, Huff DD, Phillips EM, Hernvann PY, Morgan CA, Brodeur RD, Zamon JE, Daly EA, Bizzarro JJ, Fisher JL, Auth TD. An updated end-to-end ecosystem model of the Northern California Current reflecting ecosystem changes due to recent marine heatwaves. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0280366. [PMID: 38241310 PMCID: PMC10798527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The Northern California Current is a highly productive marine upwelling ecosystem that is economically and ecologically important. It is home to both commercially harvested species and those that are federally listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Recently, there has been a global shift from single-species fisheries management to ecosystem-based fisheries management, which acknowledges that more complex dynamics can reverberate through a food web. Here, we have integrated new research into an end-to-end ecosystem model (i.e., physics to fisheries) using data from long-term ocean surveys, phytoplankton satellite imagery paired with a vertically generalized production model, a recently assembled diet database, fishery catch information, species distribution models, and existing literature. This spatially-explicit model includes 90 living and detrital functional groups ranging from phytoplankton, krill, and forage fish to salmon, seabirds, and marine mammals, and nine fisheries that occur off the coast of Washington, Oregon, and Northern California. This model was updated from previous regional models to account for more recent changes in the Northern California Current (e.g., increases in market squid and some gelatinous zooplankton such as pyrosomes and salps), to expand the previous domain to increase the spatial resolution, to include data from previously unincorporated surveys, and to add improved characterization of endangered species, such as Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca). Our model is mass-balanced, ecologically plausible, without extinctions, and stable over 150-year simulations. Ammonium and nitrate availability, total primary production rates, and model-derived phytoplankton time series are within realistic ranges. As we move towards holistic ecosystem-based fisheries management, we must continue to openly and collaboratively integrate our disparate datasets and collective knowledge to solve the intricate problems we face. As a tool for future research, we provide the data and code to use our ecosystem model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G. E. Gomes
- National Academy of Sciences NRC Research Associateship Program, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States of America
| | - James J. Ruzicka
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Lisa G. Crozier
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - David D. Huff
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Phillips
- Fishery Resource Analysis and Monitoring Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Pierre-Yves Hernvann
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, United States of America
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Morgan
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Brodeur
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, United States of America
| | - Jen E. Zamon
- Fish Ecology Division, Point Adams Research Station, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Hammond, OR, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Daly
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States of America
| | - Joseph J. Bizzarro
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
- Fisheries Collaborative Program, University of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Fisher
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, United States of America
| | - Toby D. Auth
- Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Newport, OR, United States of America
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6
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Sorum MS, Cameron MD, Crupi A, Sage GK, Talbot SL, Hilderbrand GV, Joly K. Pronounced brown bear aggregation along anadromous streams in interior Alaska. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/wlb3.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew S. Sorum
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | - Matthew D. Cameron
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | | | - George K. Sage
- Far Northwestern Inst. of Art and Science, Alaska Office Alaska USA
| | - Sandra L. Talbot
- Far Northwestern Inst. of Art and Science, Alaska Office Alaska USA
| | | | - Kyle Joly
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska USA
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7
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Braczkowski AR, O'Bryan CJ, Lessmann C, Rondinini C, Crysell AP, Gilbert S, Stringer M, Gibson L, Biggs D. The unequal burden of human-wildlife conflict. Commun Biol 2023; 6:182. [PMID: 36823291 PMCID: PMC9950466 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-wildlife conflict is one of the most pressing sustainable development challenges globally. This is particularly the case where ecologically and economically important wildlife impact the livelihoods of humans. Large carnivores are one such group and their co-occurrence with low-income rural communities often results in real or perceived livestock losses that place increased costs on already impoverished households. Here we show the disparities associated with the vulnerability to conflict arising from large carnivores on cattle (Bos taurus) globally. Across the distribution of 18 large carnivores, we find that the economic vulnerability to predation losses (as measured by impacts to annual per capita income) is between two and eight times higher for households in transitioning and developing economies when compared to developed ones. This potential burden is exacerbated further in developing economies because cattle keepers in these areas produce on average 31% less cattle meat per animal than in developed economies. In the lowest-income areas, our estimates suggest that the loss of a single cow or bull equates to nearly a year and a half of lost calories consumed by a child. Finally, our results show that 82% of carnivore range falls outside protected areas, and five threatened carnivores have over one third of their range located in the most economically sensitive conflict areas. This unequal burden of human-carnivore conflict sheds light on the importance of grappling with multiple and conflicting sustainable development goals: protecting life on land and eliminating poverty and hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Braczkowski
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Resilient Conservation, Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George Campus, Madiba Drive, 6530, George, South Africa
| | - Christopher J O'Bryan
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Christian Lessmann
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Ifo Institute & CESifo, Poschingerstr. 5, 81679, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Center for Global Wildlife Conservation, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Anna P Crysell
- Department of Political Science, University of California Los Angeles, Bunche Hall, 4289, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sophie Gilbert
- Nature Capital Development, 443 Fillmore Street 380-1418, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Affiliate faculty, Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83843, USA
| | - Martin Stringer
- W.H. Bryan Mining and Geology Research Centre Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Level 4, Sir James Foots Building, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Luke Gibson
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Duan Biggs
- Resilient Conservation, Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- Olajos-Goslow Chair of Environmental Science and Policy, Northern Arizona University, 624 Knoles Dr, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, 19 Jonkershoek Rd, Mostertsdrift, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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8
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Zhao ST, Johnson-Bice SM, Roth JD. Foxes engineer hotspots of wildlife activity on the nutrient-limited Arctic tundra. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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9
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Trujillo SM, McKenney EA, Hilderbrand GV, Mangipane LS, Rogers MC, Joly K, Gustine DD, Erlenbach JA, Mangipane BA, Lafferty DJR. Correlating gut microbial membership to brown bear health metrics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15415. [PMID: 36138067 PMCID: PMC9499961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal mechanisms responsible for modulating physiological condition, particularly those performed by the gut microbiome (GMB), remain under-explored in wildlife. However, as latitudinal and seasonal shifts in resource availability occur, the myriad micro-ecosystem services facilitated by the GMB may be especially important to wildlife health and resilience. Here, we use brown bears (Ursus arctos) as an ecological model to quantify the relationship between wildlife body condition metrics that are commonly used to assess individual and population-level health and GMB community composition and structure. To achieve these aims, we subsampled brown bear fecal samples collected during United States National Park Service research activities at three National Parks and Preserves (Katmai, Lake Clark, and Gates of the Arctic) and extracted microbial DNA for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and microbial taxonomic classification. We analyzed GMB communities using alpha diversity indices, subsequently using Spearman’s correlation analysis to examine relationships between alpha diversity and brown bear health metrics. We found no differences in GMB composition among bears with differing body conditions, nor any correlations between alpha diversity and body condition. Our results indicate that GMB composition reflects diverse foraging strategies while allowing brown bears to achieve similar body condition outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Trujillo
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Science Lab, Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, 49855, USA.
| | - Erin A McKenney
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | | | - Lindsey S Mangipane
- Marine Mammals Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK, 99503, USA
| | - Matthew C Rogers
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA
| | - Kyle Joly
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, National Park Service, Fairbanks, AK, 99709, USA
| | - David D Gustine
- Marine Mammals Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK, 99503, USA
| | - Joy A Erlenbach
- Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak, AK, 99615, USA
| | - Buck A Mangipane
- Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, National Park Service, Anchorage, AK, 99501, USA
| | - Diana J R Lafferty
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Science Lab, Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, 49855, USA
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10
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Shardlow TF, Van Elslander J, Mowat G. The influence of human disturbance on Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) in the diet of American black bears ( Ursus americanus) in two areas of coastal British Columbia, Canada. CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the importance of salmon (genus Oncorhynchus Suckley, 1861) in the diet of bears, and of bears as consumers and key agents supporting the transport of salmon-derived nutrients to riparian ecosystems. Salmon abundance and human disturbance are known influences on bear ecology and behaviour, though few studies have quantified shifts in bear diet due to these effects. We used stable isotope analysis to investigate how salmon escapement and human presence influenced the proportion of salmon in the diet of American black bears ( Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) in two locations in coastal British Columbia, Canada. We found that salmon constituted a small proportion of black bear diet across sexes and ecosystems, while bears appeared to gain a similar amount of energy and lean mass from terrestrial sources. Salmon consumption was not related to the total annual abundance of salmon in a watershed but was significantly lower in large streams with regular human presence, suggesting that human disturbance can cause a dietary shift in bears that could have important consequences to their fitness. We also observed that the isotopic signatures of key bear foods did not vary between foliage and fruit, simplifying data collection for future isotopic studies on bear diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Van Elslander
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - G. Mowat
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Wildlife and Habitat Branch, Suite 401-333 Victoria Street, Nelson, BC V1L 4K3, Canada
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11
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Tulloch VJD, Adams MS, Martin TG, Tulloch AIT, Martone R, Avery-Gomm S, Murray CC. Accounting for direct and indirect cumulative effects of anthropogenic pressures on salmon- and herring-linked land and ocean ecosystems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210130. [PMID: 35574855 PMCID: PMC9108941 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmon and herring support both land and ocean predators and are critical to ecosystem resilience. Their linkages across land and sea realms make them highly susceptible to human activities, which can have flow-on effects up the food web. We quantify and compare the potential cumulative effects of human-driven pressures on interdependent species in salmon- and herring-linked ecosystems of western Canada using a risk assessment methodology. Adding indirect risks resulted in 68% greater total risks for land species than for direct risk alone, versus 15% for marine species. Inclusion of climate change pressures resulted in the greatest change in risk for low trophic marine species and habitats (greater than 25% increase). Forestry-related pressures accounted for the highest risk to all species and projected management of these pressures resulted in a total reduction of risk across all ecosystem components that was more than 14% greater than management of fisheries pressures. Ignoring land food web linkages and pressures underestimated cumulative risk by more than 40% for salmon and herring. This simple framework can be used to evaluate potential risk of existing human uses and future change to inform immediate management of linked land-sea ecosystems and help species avoid the ‘death by a thousand cuts'. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Nurturing resilient marine ecosystems’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivitskaia J D Tulloch
- Conservation Decisions Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan S Adams
- Conservation Decisions Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tara G Martin
- Conservation Decisions Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ayesha I T Tulloch
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Martone
- Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development, Coast Region, Province of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephanie Avery-Gomm
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cathryn C Murray
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
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Trujillo SM, McKenney EA, Hilderbrand GV, Mangipane LS, Rogers MC, Joly K, Gustine DD, Erlenbach JA, Mangipane BA, Lafferty DJR. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence on an omnivore's gut microbiome. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266698. [PMID: 35395042 PMCID: PMC8993001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiomes (GMBs), complex communities of microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of their hosts, perform countless micro-ecosystem services such as facilitating energy uptake and modulating immune responses. While scientists increasingly recognize the role GMBs play in host health, the role of GMBs in wildlife ecology and conservation has yet to be realized fully. Here, we use brown bears (Ursus arctos) as an ecological model to (1) characterize GMB community composition associated with location, season, and reproductive condition of a large omnivore; (2) investigate how both extrinsic and intrinsic factors influence GMB community membership and structure; and (3) quantify differences in GMB communities among different locations, seasons, sex, and reproductive conditions. To achieve these aims, we subsampled brown bear fecal samples collected during United States National Park Service research activities at three National Parks and Preserves (Katmai, Lake Clark, and Gates of the Arctic) and extracted microbial DNA for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and microbial taxonomic classification. We analyzed GMB communities using alpha and beta diversity indices, subsequently using linear mixed models to examine relationships between alpha diversity and extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Katmai brown bears hosted the greatest alpha diversity, whereas Gates brown bears hosted the least alpha diversity. Our results indicate that location and diet drive GMB variation, with bears hosting less phylogenetic diversity as park distance inland increases. Monitoring brown bear GMBs could enable managers to quickly detect and assess the impact of environmental perturbations on brown bear health. By integrating macro and micro-ecological perspectives we aim to inform local and landscape-level management decisions to promote long-term brown bear conservation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Trujillo
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Science Lab, Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Erin A. McKenney
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Grant V. Hilderbrand
- Natural Resources Team, National Park Service, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Lindsey S. Mangipane
- Marine Mammals Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Rogers
- National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Juneau, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Kyle Joly
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, National Park Service, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - David D. Gustine
- Marine Mammals Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Joy A. Erlenbach
- Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Buck A. Mangipane
- Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, National Park Service, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Diana J. R. Lafferty
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Science Lab, Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan, United States of America
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13
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Quinn TP. Time Required for Brown Bears to Capture and Consume Pacific Salmon. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2021. [DOI: 10.3398/064.081.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Quinn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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