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Amoakoh-Coleman M, Vieira D, Abugri J. Ethical considerations for biobanking and use of genomics data in Africa: a narrative review. BMC Med Ethics 2023; 24:108. [PMID: 38053109 PMCID: PMC10699036 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-023-00985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biobanking and genomic research requires collection and storage of human tissue from study participants. From participants' perspectives within the African context, this can be associated with fears and misgivings due to a myriad of factors including myths and mistrust of researchers. From the researchers angle ethical dilemmas may arise especially with consenting and sample reuse during storage. The aim of this paper was to explore these ethical considerations in the establishment and conduct of biobanking and genomic studies in Africa. METHODS We conducted a narrative synthesis following a comprehensive search of nine (9) databases and grey literature. All primary research study designs were eligible for inclusion as well as both quantitative and qualitative evidence from peer reviewed journals, spanning a maximum of 20 years (2000-2020). It focused on research work conducted in Africa, even if data was stored or analysed outside the region. RESULTS Of 2,663 title and abstracts screened, 94 full texts were retrieved and reviewed for eligibility. We included 12 studies (7 qualitative; 4 quantitative and one mixed methods). Ethical issues described in these papers related to community knowledge and understanding of biobanking and genomic research, regulation, and governance of same by research ethics committees, enrolment of participants, types of informed consents, data collection, storage, usage and sharing as well as material transfer, returning results and benefit sharing. ca. Biospecimen collection and storage is given in trust and participants expect confidentially of data and results generated. Most participants are comfortable with broad consent due to trust in researchers, though a few would like to be contacted for reconsenting in future studies, and this would depend on whether the new research is for good cause. Sharing data with external partners is welcome in some contexts but some research participants did not trust foreign researchers. CONCLUSION Biobanking and genomic studies are a real need in Africa. Linked to this are ethical considerations related to setting up and participation in biobanks as well as data storage, export, use and sharing. There is emerging or pre-existing consensus around the acceptability of broad consent as a suitable model of consent, the need for Africans to take the lead in international collaborative studies, with deliberate efforts to build capacity in local storage and analysis of samples and employ processes of sample collection and use that build trust of communities and potential study participants. Research ethics committees, researchers and communities need to work together to work together to adapt and use clearly defined ethical frameworks, guidelines, and policy documents to harmonize the establishment and running of biobanking and genomic research in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Amoakoh-Coleman
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Dorice Vieira
- 2Health Sciences Library, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - James Abugri
- School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C.K. Tedam University. of Technology & Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana
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2
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Abstract
Biomedical research recruitment today focuses on including participants representative of global genetic variation-rightfully so. But ethnographic attention to practices of inclusion highlights how this agenda often transforms into "predatory inclusion," simplistic pushes to get Black and brown people into genomic databases. As anthropologists of medicine, we argue that the question of how to get from diverse data to concrete benefit for people who are marginalized cannot be presumed to work itself out as a byproduct of diverse datasets. To actualize the equitable translation of genomics, practitioners need to place the impacts of ancestral genetic difference in the scope of much more impactful social determinants. For this to happen, multidisciplinary expertise needs to be leveraged, and current, structurally unequal health care systems ultimately need to transform. As modest steps toward this goal, new models for benefit-sharing must be developed and implemented to mitigate existing inequality between data donors and the entities profiting from that data.
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3
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Amoakoh-Coleman M, Vieira D, Abugri J. Ethical considerations for Biobanking and Use of Genomics Data in Africa: A narrative review. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3173909. [PMID: 37546977 PMCID: PMC10402194 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3173909/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Biobanking and genomic research requires collection and storage of human tissue from study participants. From participants' perspectives within the African context, this can be associated with fears and misgivings due to a myriad of factors including myths and mistrust of researchers. From the researchers angle ethical dilemmas may arise especially with consenting and sample reuse during storage. The aim of this paper was to explore these ethical considerations in the establishment and conduct of biobanking and biogenomic studies in Africa. Methods We conducted a narrative synthesis following a comprehensive search of nine (9) databases and grey literature. Ethical issues studied related to community knowledge and understanding of biobanking and genomic research, regulation, and governance of same by research ethics committees, enrolment of participants, types of informed consents, data collection, storage, usage and sharing as well as material transfer, returning results and benefit sharing. Results Of 2,663 title and abstracts screened, 94 full texts were retrieved and reviewed for eligibility. We included 12 studies (7 qualitative; 4 quantitative and one mixed methods). More education of study participants is needed, as well as appropriate community engagement processes that allow community confidence in enrolment into such studies. Competence of review and ethics committees (RECs) should be enhanced to adequately review and govern biobanking and genomic research in Africa. Biospecimen collection and storage is given in trust and participants expect confidentially of data and results generated. Most participants are comfortable with broad consent due to trust in researchers, though a few would like to be contacted for reconsenting in future studies, and this would depend on whether the new research is for good cause. Sharing data with external partners is welcome in some contexts but some research participants did not trust foreign researchers. Conclusion With these varying ethical considerations, we recommend that stakeholders, including research ethics committees, work together to adapt and use clearly defined ethical frameworks, guidelines, and policy documents to harmonize the establishment and running of biobanking and genomic research in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorice Vieira
- Health Sciences Library, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University
| | - James Abugri
- School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C.K. Tedam University. of Technology & Applied Sciences
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4
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Samlali K, Thornbury M, Venter A. Community-led risk analysis of direct-to-consumer whole-genome sequencing. Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 100:499-509. [PMID: 35939839 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2021-0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing is cheaper and more accessible than ever before; however, the intention to combine, reuse, and resell this genetic information as powerful data sets is generally hidden from the consumer. This financial gain is creating a competitive DTC market, reducing the price of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to under 300 USD. Entering this transition from single-nucleotide polymorphism-based DTC testing to WGS DTC testing, individuals looking for access to their whole-genomic information face new privacy and security risks. Differences between WGS and other methods of consumer genetic tests are left unexplored by regulation, leading to the application of legal data anonymization methods on whole-genome data, and questionable consent methods. Large representative genomic data sets are important for research and improve the standard of medicine and personalized care. However, these data can also be used by market players, law enforcement, and governments for surveillance, population analyses, marketing purposes, and discrimination. Here, we present a summary of the state of WGS DTC genetic testing and its current regulation, through a community-based lens to expose dual-use risks in consumer-facing biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenza Samlali
- BricoBio Community Biology Lab, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Thornbury
- BricoBio Community Biology Lab, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrei Venter
- BricoBio Community Biology Lab, Montréal, QC, Canada
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5
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Koplin JJ, Skeggs J, Gyngell C. Ethics of Buying DNA. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2022; 19:395-406. [PMID: 35854191 PMCID: PMC9463216 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-022-10192-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA databases have significant commercial value. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies have built databanks using samples and information voluntarily provided by customers. As the price of genetic analysis falls, there is growing interest in building such databases by paying individuals for their DNA and personal data. This paper maps the ethical issues associated with private companies paying for DNA. We outline the benefits of building better genomic databases and describe possible concerns about crowding out, undue inducement, exploitation, and commodification. While certain objections deserve more empirical and philosophical investigation, we argue that none currently provide decisive reasons against using financial incentives to secure DNA samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian J Koplin
- Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, 185 Pelham St, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia.
- Biomedical Ethics Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jack Skeggs
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Gyngell
- Biomedical Ethics Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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6
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Raz A, Timmermans S, Eyal G, Brothers K, Minari J. Challenges for precision public health communication in the era of genomic medicine. Genet Med 2022; 24:1814-1820. [PMID: 35657379 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although still in the early stages of development, the advent of fast, high-output, and cost-effective next-generation DNA sequencing technology is moving precision medicine into public health. Before this shift toward next-generation sequencing in public health settings, individual patients met geneticists after showing symptoms and through limited family screening. In the new era of precision public health, everyone is a possible participant in genetic sequencing, simply by being born (newborn screening), by donating blood (biobanking), or through population screening. These initiatives are increasingly offered to individuals throughout their life and more individuals are encountering opportunities to use DNA sequencing. This article raises awareness of these growing areas and calls for different models of public engagement and communication about genomics, including screening asymptomatic populations, obtaining consent for unspecified and unforeseen future uses of genomic data, and managing variants of uncertain significance. Given that such communication challenges loom large, established norms of practice in genomic medicine and research should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Raz
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Ben-Gurion University of the Nagev, Beersheba, Israel.
| | | | - Gil Eyal
- Precision Medicine & Society Program, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Kyle Brothers
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jusaku Minari
- Uehiro Research Division for iPS Cell Ethics, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Questions of consent and public interest research loom large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Shabani
- Metamedica, Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Campus Aula, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Charles WM, Delgado BM. Health Datasets as Assets: Blockchain-Based Valuation and Transaction Methods. BLOCKCHAIN IN HEALTHCARE TODAY 2022; 5:185. [PMID: 36779021 PMCID: PMC9907414 DOI: 10.30953/bhty.v5.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition about health-oriented datasets that could be regarded as intangible assets: distinct assets with future economic benefits but without physical properties. While health-oriented datasets - particularly health records - are ascribed monetary value on the black market, there are few established methods for assessing the value for legitimate research and business purposes. The emergence of blockchain has created new commercial opportunities for transferring assets without intermediaries. Therefore, blockchain is proposed as a medium by which research datasets could be transacted to provide future value. For authorized individuals to verify their transactions, blockchain methodologies offer security, auditability, and transparency. The authors share data valuation methodologies consistent with accounting principles and include discussions of black market valuation of health data. Furthermore, this article describes blockchain-based methods of managing real-time payment/micropayment strategies.
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9
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Guerrini CJ, Contreras JL, Brooks WB, Canfield I, Trejo M, McGuire AL. "Idealists and capitalists": ownership attitudes and preferences in genomic citizen science. NEW GENETICS AND SOCIETY 2022; 41:74-95. [PMID: 36593889 PMCID: PMC9802607 DOI: 10.1080/14636778.2022.2063827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The perspectives of genomic citizen scientists on ownership of research outputs are not well understood, yet they are useful for identifying alignment of participant expectations and project practices and can help guide efforts to develop innovative tools and strategies for managing ownership claims. Here, we report findings from 52 interviews conducted in 2018 and 2019 to understand genomic citizen science stakeholders' conceptualizations of, experiences with, and preferences for ownership of research outputs. Interviewees identified four approaches for recognizing genomic citizen scientists' ownership and related credit interests in research outputs: shared governance via commons models; fractional ownership of benefits; full and creative attribution; and offensive and defensive patenting. Interviewees also agreed that the model selected by any project should at least maximize access to research outputs and, as appropriate and to the extent possible, broadly distribute rights of control and entitlements to research benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi J. Guerrini
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jorge L. Contreras
- S.J. Quinney College of Law and School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Whitney Bash Brooks
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isabel Canfield
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meredith Trejo
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amy L. McGuire
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Beyene M, Toussaint PA, Thiebes S, Schlesner M, Brors B, Sunyaev A. OUP accepted manuscript. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2022; 29:1433-1444. [PMID: 35595301 PMCID: PMC9277639 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Rising interests in distributed ledger technology (DLT) and genomics have sparked various interdisciplinary research streams with a proliferating number of scattered publications investigating the application of DLT in genomics. This review aims to uncover the current state of research on DLT in genomics, in terms of focal research themes and directions for future research. Materials and Methods We conducted a scoping review and thematic analysis. To identify the 60 relevant papers, we queried Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, arXiv, and BiorXiv. Results Our analysis resulted in 7 focal themes on DLT in genomics discussed in literature, namely: (1) Data economy and sharing; (2) Data management; (3) Data protection; (4) Data storage; (5) Decentralized data analysis; (6) Proof of useful work; and (7) Ethical, legal, and social implications. Discussion Based on the identified themes, we present 7 future research directions: (1) Investigate opportunities for the application of DLT concepts other than Blockchain; (2) Explore people’s attitudes and behaviors regarding the commodification of genetic data through DLT-based genetic data markets; (3) Examine opportunities for joint consent management via DLT; (4) Investigate and evaluate data storage models appropriate for DLT; (5) Research the regulation-compliant use of DLT in healthcare information systems; (6) Investigate alternative consensus mechanisms based on Proof of Useful Work; and (7) Explore DLT-enabled approaches for the protection of genetic data ensuring user privacy. Conclusion While research on DLT in genomics is currently growing, there are many unresolved problems. This literature review outlines extant research and provides future directions for researchers and practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Beyene
- Department of Economics and Management, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- HIDSS4Health—Helmholtz Information and Data Science School for Health, Karlsruhe/Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp A Toussaint
- Department of Economics and Management, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- HIDSS4Health—Helmholtz Information and Data Science School for Health, Karlsruhe/Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Scott Thiebes
- Department of Economics and Management, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matthias Schlesner
- Biomedical Informatics, Data Mining and Data Analytics, Faculty of Applied Computer Science and Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Sunyaev
- Corresponding Author: Ali Sunyaev, Department of Economics and Management, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 89, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany;
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11
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Business Data Sharing through Data Marketplaces: A Systematic Literature Review. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ELECTRONIC COMMERCE RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jtaer16070180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Data marketplaces are expected to play a crucial role in tomorrow’s data economy, but such marketplaces are seldom commercially viable. Currently, there is no clear understanding of the knowledge gaps in data marketplace research, especially not of neglected research topics that may advance such marketplaces toward commercialization. This study provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of data marketplace research. We employ a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach to examine 133 academic articles and structure our analysis using the Service-Technology-Organization-Finance (STOF) model. We find that the extant data marketplace literature is primarily dominated by technical research, such as discussions about computational pricing and architecture. To move past the first stage of the platform’s lifecycle (i.e., platform design) to the second stage (i.e., platform adoption), we call for empirical research in non-technological areas, such as customer expected value and market segmentation.
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12
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Ahmed Z, Renart EG, Zeeshan S. Genomics pipelines to investigate susceptibility in whole genome and exome sequenced data for variant discovery, annotation, prediction and genotyping. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11724. [PMID: 34395068 PMCID: PMC8320519 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, genomics is leading toward audacious future, and has been changing our views about conducting biomedical research, studying diseases, and understanding diversity in our society across the human species. The whole genome and exome sequencing (WGS/WES) are two of the most popular next-generation sequencing (NGS) methodologies that are currently being used to detect genetic variations of clinical significance. Investigating WGS/WES data for the variant discovery and genotyping is based on the nexus of different data analytic applications. Although several bioinformatics applications have been developed, and many of those are freely available and published. Timely finding and interpreting genetic variants are still challenging tasks among diagnostic laboratories and clinicians. In this study, we are interested in understanding, evaluating, and reporting the current state of solutions available to process the NGS data of variable lengths and types for the identification of variants, alleles, and haplotypes. Residing within the scope, we consulted high quality peer reviewed literature published in last 10 years. We were focused on the standalone and networked bioinformatics applications proposed to efficiently process WGS and WES data, and support downstream analysis for gene-variant discovery, annotation, prediction, and interpretation. We have discussed our findings in this manuscript, which include but not are limited to the set of operations, workflow, data handling, involved tools, technologies and algorithms and limitations of the assessed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ahmed
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Eduard Gibert Renart
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Saman Zeeshan
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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13
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Lu C, Greshake Tzovaras B, Gough J. A survey of direct-to-consumer genotype data, and quality control tool ( GenomePrep) for research. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3747-3754. [PMID: 34285776 PMCID: PMC8267563 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Review of the offerings from commercial genotyping companies. Analysis of consumer genotype data SNP arrays. Quality control analysis of over 7000 open genomes. Open source tools and web service providing quality control report of genotype arrays.
Two major forces have contributed to the fast growth of human genetic data. One from medical research supported by governments and academic institutes; the other from direct-to-consumer (DTC) sequencing companies. While the former benefits from meticulously designed sequencing standards and quality control procedures, the latter comes in various formats and sequencing methods which are subject to changes over time and the particular needs of different companies. Thanks to the general public who shared their DNA data without constraint, here we provide a review for over 7000 genomes made public between 2011 and 2020, and produced by over six DTC sequencing companies. An open source tool-kit to systematically parse, quality check and filter genome files and statistically problematic alleles is provided to prepare consumer DNA datasets for research. The GenomePrep output is available in two common DNA datafile formats to enable further analysis with other tools. We also provide for download the combined output for all OpenSNP array genomes processed in this paper in a single data freeze file.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Lu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Julian Gough
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Miyachi K, Mackey TK. hOCBS: A privacy-preserving blockchain framework for healthcare data leveraging an on-chain and off-chain system design. Inf Process Manag 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The implementation of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has had significant impacts on biomedical research, often complicating data sharing among researchers. The recently announced proposal for a new EU Data Governance Act is a promising step towards facilitating data sharing, if it can interplay well with the GDPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Shabani
- MetamedicaFaculty of Law and CriminologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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16
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Basch CH, Hillyer GC, Wahrman MZ, Garcia P, Basch CE. DNA testing information on YouTube: Inadequate advice can mislead and harm the public. J Genet Couns 2020; 30:785-792. [PMID: 33382174 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct-to-consumer (DTC) DNA (i.e., genetic) testing has become very popular, with close to 30 million Americans having used these services. The 100 most widely viewed DNA YouTube testing videos were analyzed to determine whether they are providing adequate information for consumers. The top 100 videos had more than 300 million cumulative views, showing the popularity and reach of the information source. While many videos addressed the specimen collection process, family roots and ancestry, and the prospect of uncovering unexpected information about family or health leading to possible distress, almost none of the videos addressed accuracy or confidentiality issues, which are major issues of DNA testing. It is recommended that further information on those issues be made readily available, and more vigilant oversight by regulatory agencies be implemented. Such oversight should include monitoring what information is and is not readily provided by each company, and the veracity of information being communicated to existing and prospective consumers. We also recommend that for medical issues, clinical genetic testing, along with genetic counseling by genetic counselors, be the method of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey H Basch
- Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, USA
| | - Grace C Hillyer
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University NY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miryam Z Wahrman
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, USA
| | - Philip Garcia
- Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, USA
| | - Charles E Basch
- Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University NY, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Qin Q, Sun Y. Assessing the Intention to Provide Human Genetic Resources: An Explanatory Model. Public Health Genomics 2020; 23:133-148. [PMID: 32683371 DOI: 10.1159/000509191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human genetic resources are an important material component for life science research and have strategic significance for medical science and technological innovation. In this study, we employ frameworks from social psychology and the science of human behavior to study human genetic resource providers. AIMS We used structural equation techniques to explain factors affecting the intention to provide human genetic resources and the mechanisms for providing such resources. METHODS We conducted an online survey with respondents from ethnic minorities (n = 912). Our model integrates key variables informed by the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the theory of benefit and risk assessment (BRA), as well as variables that represent the policy and political system. RESULTS Our results show that the factors affecting the intention to provide human genetic resources, ranked from highly influential to less influential, are perceived benefits, privacy risk, attitudes toward providing human genetic resources, perceived behavioral efficacy, psychological risk, subjective norms, and physical risk. The variables informed by the TPB all have a significant positive effect on the intention to provide human genetic resources. With the exception of physical risk, the variables informed by the theory of BRA have a significant effect on the intention to provide human genetic resources. Respondents with different health conditions have significantly different levels of physical risk. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study provide insights into how to improve people's intention to provide human genetic resources. We also proposed ways to protect such resources globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qin
- College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,
| | - Youhai Sun
- Law School, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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18
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Ambler J, Diallo AA, Dearden PK, Wilcox P, Hudson M, Tiffin N. Including Digital Sequence Data in the Nagoya Protocol Can Promote Data Sharing. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:116-125. [PMID: 32654776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Nagoya Protocol (NP), a legal framework under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), formalises fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from biological diversity. It encompasses biological samples and associated indigenous knowledge, with equitable return of benefits to those providing samples. Recent proposals that the use of digital sequence information (DSI) derived from samples should also require benefit-sharing under the NP have raised concerns that this might hamper research progress. Here, we propose that formalised benefit-sharing for biological data use can increase willingness to participate in research and share data, by ensuring equitable collaboration between sample providers and researchers, and preventing exploitative practices. Three case studies demonstrate how equitable benefit-sharing agreements might build long-term collaborations, furthering research for global benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ambler
- Computational Biology Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Peter K Dearden
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Phil Wilcox
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maui Hudson
- Faculty of Māori and Indigenous Studies, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Nicki Tiffin
- Computational Biology Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Folkersen L, Pain O, Ingason A, Werge T, Lewis CM, Austin J. Impute.me: An Open-Source, Non-profit Tool for Using Data From Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing to Calculate and Interpret Polygenic Risk Scores. Front Genet 2020; 11:578. [PMID: 32714365 PMCID: PMC7340159 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, interpretation of genomic information has focused on single variants conferring disease risk, but most disorders of major public concern have a polygenic architecture. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) give a single measure of disease liability by summarizing disease risk across hundreds of thousands of genetic variants. They can be calculated in any genome-wide genotype data-source, using a prediction model based on genome-wide summary statistics from external studies. As genome-wide association studies increase in power, the predictive ability for disease risk will also increase. Although PRSs are unlikely ever to be fully diagnostic, they may give valuable medical information for risk stratification, prognosis, or treatment response prediction. Public engagement is therefore becoming important on the potential use and acceptability of PRSs. However, the current public perception of genetics is that it provides "yes/no" answers about the presence/absence of a condition, or the potential for developing a condition, which in not the case for common, complex disorders with polygenic architecture. Meanwhile, unregulated third-party applications are being developed to satisfy consumer demand for information on the impact of lower-risk variants on common diseases that are highly polygenic. Often, applications report results from single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and disregard effect size, which is highly inappropriate for common, complex disorders where everybody carries risk variants. Tools are therefore needed to communicate our understanding of genetic vulnerability as a continuous trait, where a genetic liability confers risk for disease. Impute.me is one such tool, whose focus is on education and information on common, complex disorders with polygenetic architecture. Its research-focused open-source website allows users to upload consumer genetics data to obtain PRSs, with results reported on a population-level normal distribution. Diseases can only be browsed by International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) chapter-location or alphabetically, thus prompting the user to consider genetic risk scores in a medical context of relevance to the individual. Here, we present an overview of the implementation of the impute.me site, along with analysis of typical usage patterns, which may advance public perception of genomic risk and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Folkersen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sankt Hans, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oliver Pain
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés Ingason
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sankt Hans, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sankt Hans, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jehannine Austin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Narayanasamy S, Markina V, Thorogood A, Blazkova A, Shabani M, Knoppers BM, Prainsack B, Koesters R. Genomic Sequencing Capacity, Data Retention, and Personal Access to Raw Data in Europe. Front Genet 2020; 11:303. [PMID: 32435258 PMCID: PMC7218066 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole genome/exome sequencing (WGS/WES) has become widely adopted in research and, more recently, in clinical settings. Many hope that the information obtained from the interpretation of these data will have medical benefits for patients and—in some cases—also their biological relatives. Because of the manifold possibilities to reuse genomic data, enabling sequenced individuals to access their own raw (uninterpreted) genomic data is a highly debated issue. This paper reports some of the first empirical findings on personal genome access policies and practices. We interviewed 39 respondents, working at 33 institutions in 21 countries across Europe. These sequencing institutions generate massive amounts of WGS/WES data and represent varying organisational structures and operational models. Taken together, in total, these institutions have sequenced ∼317,259 genomes and exomes to date. Most of the sequencing institutions reported that they are able to store raw genomic data in compliance with various national regulations, although there was a lack of standardisation of storage formats. Interviewees from 12 of the 33 institutions included in our study reported that they had received requests for personal access to raw genomic data from sequenced individuals. In the absence of policies on how to process such requests, these were decided on an ad hoc basis; in the end, at least 28 requests were granted, while there were no reports of requests being rejected. Given the rights, interests, and liabilities at stake, it is essential that sequencing institutions adopt clear policies and processes for raw genomic data retention and personal access.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrian Thorogood
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adriana Blazkova
- Megeno S.A., Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mahsa Shabani
- Metamedica, Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartha M Knoppers
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara Prainsack
- Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Alkaraki AK, Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH, Al-Ebbini LMK, Altaany Z. Informed Consent Form Challenges for Genetic Research in Jordan. J Multidiscip Healthc 2020; 13:235-239. [PMID: 32184613 PMCID: PMC7062388 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s243669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Informed consent is an obligatory requirement for research engaging human subjects. Informed consent form (ICF) should be provided for human subjects to confirm their willingness for voluntary participation in a study. Ethical and legal obligations necessitate the presence of informed consent essential items to be built into the ICF. Objective To evaluate the content of ICFs obtained from different genetic studies accomplished in Jordan and their adherence to ethical guidelines proposed by the International Conference on Harmonization—Good Clinical Practice (ICHGCP). Methods and Measures A total of 44 ICFs obtained from master theses and grant proposals at two major universities in Jordan were analyzed according to the good clinical practice criteria proposed by ICHGCP. ICFs were scored for the presence or absence of ICF main items/categories. Results Results show inadequate information present in the examined ICFs. The highest information score was 17 out of 20, while the lowest score was one out of 20. The average score for all studied ICFs was 6.18±3.65. Among essential items/categories that were absent from the majority of studied ICFs were a statement about voluntary participation, confidentiality of data, compensation to study participants, risk/benefits of the study, and researchers’ contact information. Conclusion The ICFs were missing a number of required items. This could reflect inadequate knowledge about minimal informed consent requirements among Jordanian investigators highlighting the need for research ethical training in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almuthanna K Alkaraki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Lina M K Al-Ebbini
- Department of Biomedical Systems and Informatics Engineering, Hijjawi for Engineering Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Zaid Altaany
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
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