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Zahid A, Wilson JC, Grice ID, Peak IR. Otitis media: recent advances in otitis media vaccine development and model systems. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345027. [PMID: 38328427 PMCID: PMC10847372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Otitis media is an inflammatory disorder of the middle ear caused by airways-associated bacterial or viral infections. It is one of the most common childhood infections as globally more than 80% of children are diagnosed with acute otitis media by 3 years of age and it is a common reason for doctor's visits, antibiotics prescriptions, and surgery among children. Otitis media is a multifactorial disease with various genetic, immunologic, infectious, and environmental factors predisposing children to develop ear infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis are the most common culprits responsible for acute otitis media. Despite the massive global disease burden, the pathogenesis of otitis media is still unclear and requires extensive future research. Antibiotics are the preferred treatment to cure middle ear infections, however, the antimicrobial resistance rate of common middle ear pathogens has increased considerably over the years. At present, pneumococcal and influenza vaccines are administered as a preventive measure against otitis media, nevertheless, these vaccines are only beneficial in preventing carriage and/or disease caused by vaccine serotypes. Otitis media caused by non-vaccine serotype pneumococci, non-typeable H. influenza, and M. catarrhalis remain an important healthcare burden. The development of multi-species vaccines is an arduous process but is required to reduce the global burden of this disease. Many novel vaccines against S. pneumoniae, non-typeable H. influenza, and M. catarrhalis are in preclinical trials. It is anticipated that these vaccines will lower the disease burden and provide better protection against otitis media. To study disease pathology the rat, mouse, and chinchilla are commonly used to induce experimental acute otitis media to test new therapeutics, including antibiotics and vaccines. Each of these models has its advantages and disadvantages, yet there is still a need to develop an improved animal model providing a better correlated mechanistic understanding of human middle ear infections, thereby underpinning the development of more effective otitis media therapeutics. This review provides an updated summary of current vaccines against otitis media, various animal models of otitis media, their limitations, and some future insights in this field providing a springboard in the development of new animal models and novel vaccines for otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zahid
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer C. Wilson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - I. Darren Grice
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian R. Peak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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2
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Blaine‐Sauer S, Samuels TL, Khampang P, Yan K, McCormick ME, Chun RH, Harvey SA, Friedland DR, Johnston N, Kerschner JE. Establishment of novel immortalized middle ear cell lines as models for otitis media. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2023; 8:1428-1435. [PMID: 37899851 PMCID: PMC10601576 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Otitis media (OM) is among the most frequently diagnosed pediatric diseases in the US. Despite the significant public health burden of OM and the contribution research in culture models has made to understanding its pathobiology, a singular immortalized human middle ear epithelial (MEE) cell line exists (HMEEC-1, adult-derived). We previously developed MEE cultures from pediatric patients with non-inflamed MEE (PCI), recurrent OM (ROM), or OM with effusion (OME) and demonstrated differences in their baseline inflammatory cytokine expression and response to stimulation with an OM-relevant pathogen lysate and cytokines. Herein, we sought to immortalize these cultures and assess retention of their phenotypes. Methods MEE cultures were immortalized via lentivirus encoding temperature-sensitive SV40 T antigen. Immortalized MEE lines and HMEEC-1 grown in monolayer were stimulated with non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) lysate. Gene expression (TNFA, IL1B, IL6, IL8, MUC5AC, and MUC5B) was assessed by qPCR. Results Similar to parental cultures, baseline cytokine expressions were higher in pediatric OM lines than in HMEEC-1 and PCI, and HMEEC-1 cells were less responsive to stimulation than pediatric lines. Conclusion Immortalized MEE lines retained the inflammatory expression and responsiveness of their tissues of origin and differences between non-OM versus OM and pediatric versus adult cultures, supporting their value as novel in vitro culture models for OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Blaine‐Sauer
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Tina L. Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Pediatrics Quantitative Health SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Michael E. McCormick
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Children's WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Robert H. Chun
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Children's WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Steven A. Harvey
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Children's WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Froedtert HospitalMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - David R. Friedland
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Children's WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Froedtert HospitalMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Joseph E. Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Children's WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
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3
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Rohde R, Friedland DR. Clinical perspectives on nasopharyngeal morphology in humans. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:2065-2074. [PMID: 35388627 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nasopharynx is an integral component of the upper aerodigestive tract, whose morphologic features share an intimate relationship with a vast array of clinical, functional, and quality of life conditions related to contemporary humans. Its composite architecture and central location amidst the nasal cavity, pharyngotympanic tube, palate, and skull base bears implications for basic physiologic functions including breathing, vocalization, and alimentation. Over the course of evolution, morphological modifications of nasopharyngeal anatomy have occurred in genus Homo which serve to distinguish the human upper aerodigestive tract from that of other mammals. Understanding of these adaptive changes from both a comparative anatomy and clinical perspective offers insight into the unique blueprint which underpins many clinical pathologies currently encountered by anthropologists, scientists, and otorhinolaryngologists alike. This discussion intends to familiarize readers with the fundamental role that nasopharyngeal morphology plays in upper aerodigestive tract conditions, with consideration of its newfound clinical relevance in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rohde
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David R Friedland
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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4
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Zheng T, Huang W, Yu H, Hu BH, Song P, McCarty CM, Lu L, Jaster J, Jin G, Zhang Y, Zheng QY. gom1 Mutant Mice as a Model of Otitis Media. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2022; 23:213-223. [PMID: 35118601 PMCID: PMC8964886 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-022-00838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) disease is a common cause of hearing loss that is primarily the result of middle ear infection. At present, our understanding of the mechanisms leading to OM is limited due to the lack of animal models of OM with effusion (OME). Here, we report that the mice with genetic otitis media one (gom1) mutants are prone to OM. gom1 Mice were produced by the N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis program as an animal model to study OM. These mice demonstrate many common features of OM, such as middle ear effusion and hearing impairment. We revealed that gom1 mice display various signs of middle ear and inner ear dysfunctions, including elevated thresholds of auditory-evoked brainstem response (ABR) and lack of cochlear microphonic responses. Decreased compliance in tympanometry measurements indicates tympanic membrane and ossicular chain malfunction. We confirmed through histological examinations of middle ear structures that 34/34 (100 %) of the mutant mice suffered from severe OME. While individual ears had different levels of effusion and inflammatory cells in the middle ear cavity, all had thickened middle ear mucosa and submucosa compared to control mice (B6). Moreover, the mutant mice displayed cochlear hair cell loss. These observations also suggested the craniofacial abnormalities in the gom1 mouse model. Together, these results indicate that gom1 mice could be valuable for investigating the genetic contribution to the development of middle ear disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihua Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenyi Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Heping Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Bo Hua Hu
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Peter Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joseph Jaster
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Qing Yin Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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5
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Okpechi SC, Yousefi H, Nguyen K, Cheng T, Alahari NV, Collins-Burow B, Burow ME, Alahari SK. Role of Nischarin in the pathology of diseases: a special emphasis on breast cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:1079-1086. [PMID: 35064214 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nischarin has been demonstrated to have tumor suppressor functions. In this review, we comprehensively discuss up to date information about Nischarin. In addition, this paper aims to report the prognostic value, clinical relevance, and biological significance of the Nischarin gene (NISCH) in breast cancer (BCa) patients using the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. We evaluated NISCH gene expression and its correlation to patient survival, baseline expression, and expression variation based on age groups, tumor stage, tumor size, tumor grade, and lymph node status in different subtypes of BCa. Since NISCH has been extensively reported to inhibit EMT and cancer cell migration, we also checked for the correlation between NISCH and EMT genes in addition to the correlation between NISCH and cell migration genes. Our results indicate that NISCH is a tumor suppressor that plays a critical role in BCa initiation, progression, and tumor development. We find that there is a higher level of NISCH expression in normal breast tissues compared to breast cancer tissues. Also, aggressive subtypes of breast cancers, such as the triple negative/basal category, have decreased levels of NISCH as the disease progresses. Finally, we report that NISCH is inversely correlated with many EMT and cancer cell migration genes in BCa. Interestingly, we identified a significant negative correlation between NISCH expression and its methylation in breast cancer patients. Overall, the goal of this report is to establish a strong clinical basis for further investigation into the cellular, molecular, and physiological roles of NISCH in BCa. Ultimately, NISCH gene expression might be clinically harnessed as a biomarker or predictor of invasiveness and metastasis in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Okpechi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hassan Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Khoa Nguyen
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Thomas Cheng
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Bridgette Collins-Burow
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Matthew E Burow
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Suresh K Alahari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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6
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Massa HM, Spann KM, Cripps AW. Innate Immunity in the Middle Ear Mucosa. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:764772. [PMID: 34778109 PMCID: PMC8586084 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.764772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) encompasses a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from the readily identifiable Acute OM (AOM), which is characterised by otalgia and fever, to chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) where impaired hearing due to middle ear effusion may be the only clinical symptom. Chronic suppurative OM (CSOM) presents as a more severe form of OM, involving perforation of the tympanic membrane. The pathogenesis of OM in these varied clinical presentations is unclear but activation of the innate inflammatory responses to viral and/or bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract performs an integral role. This localised inflammatory response can persist even after pathogens are cleared from the middle ear, eustachian tubes and, in the case of respiratory viruses, even the nasal compartment. Children prone to OM may experience an over exuberant inflammatory response that underlies the development of chronic forms of OM and their sequelae, including hearing impairment. Treatments for chronic effusive forms of OM are limited, with current therapeutic guidelines recommending a "watch and wait" strategy rather than active treatment with antibiotics, corticosteroids or other anti-inflammatory drugs. Overall, there is a clear need for more targeted and effective treatments that either prevent or reduce the hyper-inflammatory response associated with chronic forms of OM. Improved treatment options rely upon an in-depth understanding of OM pathogenesis, particularly the role of the host innate immune response during acute OM. In this paper, we review the current literature regarding the innate immune response within the middle ear to bacterial and viral otopathogens alone, and as co-infections. This is an important consideration, as the role of respiratory viruses as primary pathogens in OM is not yet fully understood. Furthermore, increased reporting from PCR-based diagnostics, indicates that viral/bacterial co-infections in the middle ear are more common than bacterial infections alone. Increasingly, the mechanisms by which viral/bacterial co-infections may drive or maintain complex innate immune responses and inflammation during OM as a chronic response require investigation. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic OM, including host innate immune response within the middle ear is vital for development of improved diagnostic and treatment options for our children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Massa
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsten M Spann
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Allan W Cripps
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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7
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Jamieson SE, Fakiola M, Tang D, Scaman E, Syn G, Francis RW, Coates HL, Anderson D, Lassmann T, Cordell HJ, Blackwell JM. Common and Rare Genetic Variants That Could Contribute to Severe Otitis Media in an Australian Aboriginal Population. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:1860-1870. [PMID: 33693626 PMCID: PMC8599203 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our goal was to identify genetic risk factors for severe otitis media (OM) in Aboriginal Australians. METHODS Illumina® Omni2.5 BeadChip and imputed data were compared between 21 children with severe OM (multiple episodes chronic suppurative OM and/or perforations or tympanic sclerosis) and 370 individuals without this phenotype, followed by FUnctional Mapping and Annotation (FUMA). Exome data filtered for common (EXaC_all ≥ 0.1) putative deleterious variants influencing protein coding (CADD-scaled scores ≥15] were used to compare 15 severe OM cases with 9 mild cases (single episode of acute OM recorded over ≥3 consecutive years). Rare (ExAC_all ≤ 0.01) such variants were filtered for those present only in severe OM. Enrichr was used to determine enrichment of genes contributing to pathways/processes relevant to OM. RESULTS FUMA analysis identified 2 plausible genetic risk loci for severe OM: NR3C1 (Pimputed_1000G = 3.62 × 10-6) encoding the glucocorticoid receptor, and NREP (Pimputed_1000G = 3.67 × 10-6) encoding neuronal regeneration-related protein. Exome analysis showed: (i) association of severe OM with variants influencing protein coding (CADD-scaled ≥ 15) in a gene-set (GRXCR1, CDH23, LRP2, FAT4, ARSA, EYA4) enriched for Mammalian Phenotype Level 4 abnormal hair cell stereociliary bundle morphology and related phenotypes; (ii) rare variants influencing protein coding only seen in severe OM provided gene-sets enriched for "abnormal ear" (LMNA, CDH23, LRP2, MYO7A, FGFR1), integrin interactions, transforming growth factor signaling, and cell projection phenotypes including hair cell stereociliary bundles and cilium assembly. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights interacting genes and pathways related to cilium structure and function that may contribute to extreme susceptibility to OM in Aboriginal Australian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra E Jamieson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | | | - Dave Tang
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Elizabeth Scaman
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Genevieve Syn
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Richard W Francis
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Harvey L Coates
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Timo Lassmann
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Heather J Cordell
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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8
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Lin K, Zhang L, Wang Y, Li J, Xu Y, Che D, Mai H, Yu H, Fu L, Wei B, Jiang Z, Pi L, Gu X. FNDC1 Polymorphism (rs3003174 C > T) Increased the Incidence of Coronary Artery Aneurysm in Patients with Kawasaki Disease in a Southern Chinese Population. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2633-2640. [PMID: 34188513 PMCID: PMC8232870 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s311956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large number of studies demonstrated that the key to the occurrence and development of Kawasaki disease (KD) is the over-activation of immune cells and the generation of various inflammatory factors, leading to the imbalance of the immune system. Recently, mutations in the FNDC1 gene have been shown to be associated with inflammatory responses. However, there have been no reports on the relationship between FNDC1 gene and KD so far. Methods We enrolled 1611 controls and 1459 patients with KD, including 372 patients with coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) and 179 patients with coronary artery lesion (CAL). The relationship between FNDC1 rs3003174 polymorphism and KD with CAA or without CAA was investigated. Results This study showed no evidence that the association between FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T polymorphism and KD susceptibility was statistically significant (CT versus CC: adjusted odds ratio (OR) =0.897, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.769–1.045, P=0.162; TT versus CC: adjusted OR=0.995, 95% CI=0.786–1.260, P=0.968; dominant model: adjusted OR=0.916, 95% CI=0.792–1.059, P=0.235; and recessive model: adjusted OR=1.055, 95% CI=0.845–1.316, P=0.638). However, our further stratified analysis in the control and KD group bore out that the incidence of TT genotype of FNDC1 rs3003174 C > T polymorphism was higher than that of CC/CT genotype in KD patients stratified by CAA (adjusted OR=1.437, 95% CI=1.034–1.996, P=0.031). Moreover, a stratified analysis of age and gender in KD patients indicated that the rs3003174 TT genotype increased the risk of CAA formation in aged ≦60 months (CC/CT vs TT: adjusted OR=1.580, 95% CI=1.106–2.259, P=0.012) and male (CC/CT vs TT: adjusted OR=1.653, 95% CI=1.101–2.481, P=0.015) KD patients. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrated that the FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T polymorphism may be a hazard factor in the formation of CAA in KD patients that was not disclosed before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lin
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China.,Department of Blood Transfusion and Clinical Lab, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China.,Department of Blood Transfusion and Clinical Lab, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Yishuai Wang
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China.,Department of Blood Transfusion and Clinical Lab, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinqing Li
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufen Xu
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Che
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanran Mai
- Department of Andrology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center. Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanyan Fu
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Clinical Lab, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Clinical Lab, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Pi
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiong Gu
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China.,Department of Blood Transfusion and Clinical Lab, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
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9
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Ankamreddy H, Bok J, Groves AK. Uncovering the secreted signals and transcription factors regulating the development of mammalian middle ear ossicles. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1410-1424. [PMID: 33058336 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian middle ear comprises a chain of ossicles, the malleus, incus, and stapes that act as an impedance matching device during the transmission of sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. These ossicles are derived from cranial neural crest cells that undergo endochondral ossification and subsequently differentiate into their final functional forms. Defects that occur during middle ear development can result in conductive hearing loss. In this review, we summarize studies describing the crucial roles played by signaling molecules such as sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic proteins, fibroblast growth factors, notch ligands, and chemokines during the differentiation of neural crest into the middle ear ossicles. In addition to these cell-extrinsic signals, we also discuss studies on the function of transcription factor genes such as Foxi3, Tbx1, Bapx1, Pou3f4, and Gsc in regulating the development and morphology of the middle ear ossicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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