Association between OPG polymorphisms and osteoporosis risk: An updated meta-analysis

A comprehensive review and advanced biomolecule-based therapies for osteoporosis

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of osteoporosis (OP) on a global scale is significantly elevated that causes life threatening issues. The potential of groundbreaking biomolecular therapeutics in the field of OP is highly encouraging. The administration of biomolecular agents has the potential to mitigate the process of bone demineralization while concurrently augmenting the regenerative capacity of bone tissue, thereby facilitating a personalized therapeutic approach. Biomolecules-based therapies showed promising results in term of bone mass protection and restoration in OP.

AIM OF REVIEW

We summarized the recent biomolecular therapies with notable progress in clinical, demonstrating the potential to transform illness management. These treatments frequently utilize different biomolecule based strategies. Biomolecular therapeutics has a targeted character, which results in heightened specificity and less off-target effects, ultimately leading to increased patient outcomes. These aspects have the capacity to greatly enhance the management of OP, thus resulting in a major enhancement in the quality of life encountered by individuals affected by this condition.

Osteoprotegerin Gene as a Biomarker in the Development of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women

Osteoporosis is a multifactorial and polygenic disease caused by an imbalance between osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, leading to a decrease in bone mineral density and the occurrence of disorders in the microarchitecture and metabolism of bone tissue. In postmenopausal women, there is a significant decrease in the production of estrogens, which play a key role in maintaining proper bone mineral density. Estrogens have an inhibitory effect on the development and activity of osteoclasts by reducing the synthesis of pro-resorption cytokines and stimulating the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG). Osteoprotegerin is a cytokine that prevents bone loss by inhibiting the process of osteoclastogenesis, reducing bone resorption. The aim of our study was to determine the influence of the rs3102735 (-163A>G), rs3134070 (-245T>G), rs207361 (-950T>C), rs7844539 (6890A>C), and rs2073618 (1181G>C) polymorphisms of the OPG gene on the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia in postmenopausal Polish women. The study included 802 unrelated women (osteoporosis: n = 317, osteopenia: n = 110, controls: n = 375) at postmenopausal age (54.7 ± 8.6 years). Genetic analysis was performed using real-time PCR. BMD values as well as clinical and bone parameters with the tested polymorphisms were analyzed among the study population. Analysis of the PPARG rs1801282 variants did not show any association with the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia. However, for the OPG rs207361 polymorphism, we observed a statistically significant association with the risk of osteoporosis, suggesting that the OPG rs207361 variant may be one of the genetic markers associated with the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.

Association between the ESR1 and ESR2 polymorphisms and osteoporosis risk: An updated meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Gene polymorphisms of estrogen receptor (ESR) 1 PvuII (rs2234693), XbaI (rs9340799), G2014A (rs2228480), ESR2 AluI (rs4986938), and RsaI (rs1256049) had been reported to be associated with the risk of osteoporosis. However, these conclusions were inconsistent, therefore, an updated meta-analysis was conducted to further explore these issues.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association between gene polymorphisms of ESR1 PvuII (rs2234693), XbaI (rs9340799), G2014A (rs2228480), ESR2 AluI (rs4986938), RsaI (rs1256049), and osteoporosis risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PubMed, Medline, Ovid, Embase, CNKI, and China Wanfang databases were searched. Association was assessed using odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Moreover, the false-positive reporting probability, Bayesian false-finding probability, and Venetian criteria were used to assess the credibility of statistically significant associations.

RESULTS

Overall, ESR1 PvuII (rs2234693) and XbaI (rs9340799) were associated with the risk of osteoporosis in Indians. Moreover, ESR1 G2014A (rs2228480) was associated with the decreased risk of osteoporosis in East Asians. Moreover, ESR2 Alul (rs4986938) was associated with the increased risk of osteoporosis in East Asians and Caucasians. There was a significant association between ESR2 Rsal (rs1256049) and osteoporosis risk in overall population. When only high-quality and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium studies were included in the sensitivity analysis, all results did not change in the present study. When the credibility was evaluated applying false-positive reporting probability, Bayesian false-finding probability, and Venetian criteria, all significant associations were considered as false positive results.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, this study shows that all substantial associations between gene polymorphisms of ESR1 (PvuII, XbaI, and G2014A) and ESR 2 (AluI and RsaI) and osteoporosis risk are possibly false positive results instead of real associations or biological variables.