1
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Ruiz-Pablos M, Paiva B, Zabaleta A. Epstein-Barr virus-acquired immunodeficiency in myalgic encephalomyelitis-Is it present in long COVID? J Transl Med 2023; 21:633. [PMID: 37718435 PMCID: PMC10506247 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Both myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and long COVID (LC) are characterized by similar immunological alterations, persistence of chronic viral infection, autoimmunity, chronic inflammatory state, viral reactivation, hypocortisolism, and microclot formation. They also present with similar symptoms such as asthenia, exercise intolerance, sleep disorders, cognitive dysfunction, and neurological and gastrointestinal complaints. In addition, both pathologies present Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation, indicating the possibility of this virus being the link between both pathologies. Therefore, we propose that latency and recurrent EBV reactivation could generate an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in three steps: first, an acquired EBV immunodeficiency develops in individuals with "weak" EBV HLA-II haplotypes, which prevents the control of latency I cells. Second, ectopic lymphoid structures with EBV latency form in different tissues (including the CNS), promoting inflammatory responses and further impairment of cell-mediated immunity. Finally, immune exhaustion occurs due to chronic exposure to viral antigens, with consolidation of the disease. In the case of LC, prior to the first step, there is the possibility of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with "weak" HLA-II haplotypes against this virus and/or EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Paiva
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aintzane Zabaleta
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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2
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Peter L, Wendering DJ, Schlickeiser S, Hoffmann H, Noster R, Wagner DL, Zarrinrad G, Münch S, Picht S, Schulenberg S, Moradian H, Mashreghi MF, Klein O, Gossen M, Roch T, Babel N, Reinke P, Volk HD, Amini L, Schmueck-Henneresse M. Tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products to prevent and treat severe COVID-19 in immunosuppressed patients. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 25:52-73. [PMID: 35252469 PMCID: PMC8882037 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients receive therapeutic immunosuppression that compromises their immune response to infections and vaccines. For this reason, SOT patients have a high risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and an increased risk of death from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Moreover, the efficiency of immunotherapies and vaccines is reduced due to the constant immunosuppression in this patient group. Here, we propose adoptive transfer of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells made resistant to a common immunosuppressant, tacrolimus, for optimized performance in the immunosuppressed patient. Using a ribonucleoprotein approach of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we have generated tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products from convalescent donors and demonstrate their specificity and function through characterizations at the single-cell level, including flow cytometry, single-cell RNA (scRNA) Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes (CITE), and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing analyses. Based on the promising results, we aim for clinical validation of this approach in transplant recipients. Additionally, we propose a combinatory approach with tacrolimus, to prevent an overshooting immune response manifested as bystander T cell activation in the setting of severe COVID-19 immunopathology, and tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products, allowing for efficient clearance of viral infection. Our strategy has the potential to prevent severe COVID-19 courses in SOT or autoimmunity settings and to prevent immunopathology while providing viral clearance in severe non-transplant COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Peter
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Regenerative Therapies at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Désirée Jacqueline Wendering
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Schlickeiser
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrike Hoffmann
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Noster
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Laurin Wagner
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ghazaleh Zarrinrad
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Regenerative Therapies at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Münch
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Samira Picht
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Schulenberg
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Regenerative Therapies at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanieh Moradian
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Klein
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Gossen
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Center for Translational Medicine, Immunology, and Transplantation, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Center for Translational Medicine, Immunology, and Transplantation, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne, Germany
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leila Amini
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schmueck-Henneresse
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Lyu M, Wang S, Gao K, Wang L, Zhu X, Liu Y, Wang M, Liu X, Li B, Tian L. Dissecting the Landscape of Activated CMV-Stimulated CD4+ T Cells in Humans by Linking Single-Cell RNA-Seq With T-Cell Receptor Sequencing. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779961. [PMID: 34950144 PMCID: PMC8691692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are crucial in cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, but their role in infection remains unclear. The heterogeneity and potential functions of CMVpp65-reactivated CD4+ T cell subsets isolated from human peripheral blood, as well as their potential interactions, were analyzed by single-cell RNA-seq and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing. Tregs comprised the largest population of these reactivated cells, and analysis of Treg gene expression showed transcripts associated with both inflammatory and inhibitory functions. The detailed phenotypes of CMV-reactivated CD4+ cytotoxic T1 (CD4+ CTL1), CD4+ cytotoxic T2 (CD4+ CTL2), and recently activated CD4+ T (Tra) cells were analyzed in single cells. Assessment of the TCR repertoire of CMV-reactivated CD4+ T cells confirmed the clonal expansion of stimulated CD4+ CTL1 and CD4+ CTL2 cells, which share a large number of TCR repertoires. This study provides clues for resolving the functions of CD4+ T cell subsets and their interactions during CMV infection. The specific cell groups defined in this study can provide resources for understanding T cell responses to CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Lyu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Gao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Longlong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Ya Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Xiao Liu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tian
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Shenzhen, China
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4
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Ouyang W, Wu Y, Lin X, Wang S, Yang Y, Tang L, Liu Z, Wu J, Huang C, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Hu J, Liu Z. Role of CD4+ T Helper Cells in the Development of BAC-Induced Dry Eye Syndrome in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:25. [PMID: 33492357 PMCID: PMC7838551 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the role of CD4+ T helper cells in benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced ocular surface disorder in C57BL/6 mice. Methods Topical 0.075% BAC was applied twice daily in C57BL/6 mice for 7 consecutive days; PBS-treated and untreated mice served as controls. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells isolated from the BAC-treated mice or PBS-treated mice into nude mice was conducted to identify the roles of CD4+ T cells, with untreated nude mice as controls. Oregon green dextran staining, PAS staining, and the phenol red cotton test were carried out in these two models. The gene and protein levels of T-bet, IFN-γ, RORγt, and IL-17 were detected by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The activation and subsets of CD4+ T cells were identified by double immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry. Results An increase in CD4+CD69+, CD4+IFN-γ+, and CD4+IL-17+ cells was induced by BAC in C57BL/6 mice. IFN-γ, IL-17, Th1, Th17, and the transcription factors T-bet and RORγt were increased in BAC-treated mice compared with control mice. In addition, ocular surface damage, including corneal barrier dysfunction, goblet cell loss, and decreased tear production, was induced by BAC. Interestingly, adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells isolated from BAC-treated mice into nude mice resulted in ocular surface manifestations similar to those of direct topical BAC treatment of C57BL/6 mice, including increased CD4+ T cells, IFN-γ, IL-17, and ocular surface disorders. Conclusions Topical application of BAC induced a dry-eye-like ocular surface disorder partly through the CD4+ T cell-mediated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Ouyang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shoubi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiran Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Liying Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhaolin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jieli Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Caihong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yueping Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiaoyue Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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5
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da Silva Antunes R, Pallikkuth S, Williams E, Yu ED, Mateus J, Quiambao L, Wang E, Rawlings SA, Stadlbauer D, Jiang K, Amanat F, Arnold D, Andrews D, Fuego I, Dan JM, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Krammer F, Crotty S, Hoffer ME, Pahwa SG, Sette A. Differential T cell reactivity to seasonal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in community and health care workers. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.01.12.21249683. [PMID: 33469594 PMCID: PMC7814840 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.12.21249683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein we measured CD4+ T cell responses against common cold corona (CCC) viruses and SARS-CoV-2 in high-risk health care workers (HCW) and community controls. We observed higher levels of CCC reactive T cells in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative HCW compared to community donors, consistent with potential higher occupational exposure of HCW to CCC. We further show that SARS-CoV-2 reactivity of seronegative HCW was higher than community controls and correlation between CCC and SARS-CoV-2 responses is consistent with cross-reactivity and not associated with recent in vivo activation. Surprisingly, CCC reactivity was decreased in SARS-CoV-2 infected HCW, suggesting that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 might interfere with CCC responses, either directly or indirectly. This result was unexpected, but consistently detected in independent cohorts derived from Miami and San Diego.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Erin Williams
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Esther Dawen Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jose Mateus
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lorenzo Quiambao
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen A. Rawlings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaijun Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Arnold
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David Andrews
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Irma Fuego
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Dan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael E. Hoffer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Savita G. Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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6
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Marcel N, Hedrick SM. A key control point in the T cell response to chronic infection and neoplasia: FOXO1. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 63:51-60. [PMID: 32135399 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
T cells able to control neoplasia or chronic infections display a signature gene expression profile similar or identical to that of central memory T cells. These cells have qualities of self-renewal and a plasticity that allow them to repeatedly undergo activation (growth, proliferation, and differentiation), followed by quiescence. It is these qualities that define the ability of T cells to establish an equilibrium with chronic infectious agents, and also preserve the ability of T cells to be re-activated (by checkpoint therapy) in response to malignant cancers. Here we describe distinctions between the forms of inhibition mediated by tumors and persistent viruses, we review the properties of T cells associated with long-term immunity, and we identify the transcription factor, FOXO1, as the control point for a program of gene expression that allows CD8+ T cells to undergo serial reactivation and self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimi Marcel
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, TATA Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, United States
| | - Stephen M Hedrick
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, TATA Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, United States.
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7
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Proliferation-competent Tcf1+ CD8 T cells in dysfunctional populations are CD4 T cell help independent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20070-20076. [PMID: 31530725 PMCID: PMC6778176 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902701116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell maintenance in chronic infection and cancer follows a hierarchical order. Short-lived effector CD8 T cells are constitutively replaced from a proliferation-competent Tcf1-expressing progenitor population. This occurs spontaneously at low levels and increases in magnitude upon blocking PD-1 signaling. We explore how CD4 T cell help controls transition and survival of the progenitors and their progeny by utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing. Unexpectedly, absence of CD4 help caused reductions in cell numbers only among terminally differentiated cells while proliferation-competent progenitor cells remained unaffected with regard to their numbers and their overall phenotype. In fact, upon restoration of a functional CD4 compartment, the progenitors began to regenerate the effector CD8 T cells. Thus, unlike memory T cells for which secondary expansion requires CD4 T cell help, this is not a necessity for proliferation-competent progenitor cells in dysfunctional populations. Our data therefore reveals that proliferation-competent cells in dysfunctional populations show a previously unrecognized uncoupling of CD4 T cell help that is otherwise required by conventional memory T cells.
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8
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Feng Y, Livingston-Rosanoff D, Roback L, Sundararajan A, Speck SH, Mocarski ES, Daley-Bauer LP. Remarkably Robust Antiviral Immune Response despite Combined Deficiency in Caspase-8 and RIPK3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2244-2255. [PMID: 30194111 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-8 (Casp8)-mediated signaling triggers extrinsic apoptosis while suppressing receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 3-dependent necroptosis. Although Casp8 is dispensable for the development of innate and adaptive immune compartments in mice, the importance of this proapoptotic protease in the orchestration of immune response to pathogens remains to be fully explored. In this study, Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- C57BL/6 mice show robust innate and adaptive immune responses to the natural mouse pathogen, murine CMV. When young, these mice lack lpr-like lymphoid hyperplasia and accumulation of either B220 + CD3+ or B220-CD3+CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with increased numbers of immature myeloid cells that are evident in older mice. Dendritic cell activation and cytokine production drive both NK and T cell responses to control viral infection in these mice, suggesting that Casp8 is dispensable to the generation of antiviral host defense. Curiously, NK and T cell expansion is amplified, with greater numbers observed by 7 d postinfection compared with either Casp8+/-Ripk3-/- or wild type (Casp8+/+Ripk3+/+ ) littermate controls. Casp8 and RIPK3 are natural targets of virus-encoded cell death suppressors that prevent infected cell apoptosis and necroptosis, respectively. It is clear from the current studies that the initiation of innate immunity and the execution of cytotoxic lymphocyte functions are all preserved despite the absence of Casp8 in responding cells. Thus, Casp8 and RIPK3 signaling is completely dispensable to the generation of immunity against this natural herpesvirus infection, although the pathways driven by these initiators serve as a crucial first line for host defense within virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Devon Livingston-Rosanoff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Linda Roback
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Aarthi Sundararajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Samuel H Speck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lisa P Daley-Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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9
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Kahan SM, Zajac AJ. Late arising T follicular helper cells cultivate the B cell crop during chronic infections. Sci Immunol 2018; 2:2/18/eaap9339. [PMID: 29196451 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aap9339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4+ T cells are essential for the development of neutralizing antibodies that contain chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Kahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA
| | - Allan J Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA.
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10
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Almanan M, Raynor J, Sholl A, Wang M, Chougnet C, Cardin RD, Hildeman DA. Tissue-specific control of latent CMV reactivation by regulatory T cells. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006507. [PMID: 28796839 PMCID: PMC5552023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes a persistent, lifelong infection. CMV persists in a latent state and undergoes intermittent subclinical viral reactivation that is quelled by ongoing T cell responses. While T cells are critical to maintain control of infection, the immunological factors that promote CMV persistence remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in a mouse model of latent CMV infection using Foxp3-diphtheria toxin receptor (Foxp3-DTR) mice. Eight months after infection, MCMV had established latency in the spleen, salivary gland, lung, and pancreas, which was accompanied by an increased frequency of Treg. Administration of diphtheria toxin (DT) after establishment of latency efficiently depleted Treg and drove a significant increase in the numbers of functional MCMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Strikingly, Treg depletion decreased the number of animals with reactivatable latent MCMV in the spleen. Unexpectedly, in the same animals, ablation of Treg drove a significant increase in viral reactivation in the salivary gland that was accompanied with augmented local IL-10 production by Foxp3-CD4+T cells. Further, neutralization of IL-10 after Treg depletion significantly decreased viral load in the salivary gland. Combined, these data show that Treg have divergent control of MCMV infection depending upon the tissue. In the spleen, Treg antagonize CD8+ effector function and promote viral persistence while in the salivary gland Treg prevent IL-10 production and limit viral reactivation and replication. These data provide new insights into the organ-specific roles of Treg in controlling the reactivation of latent MCMV infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in both mice and humans is normally initially contained by a vigorous adaptive immune response that drives the virus into latency in multiple tissues. However, the immunologic mechanisms that control latency are not well understood. In this report, we have examined the role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in a mouse model of CMV infection. Interestingly, depletion of regulatory T cells had profound consequences on MCMV latent infection, depending upon the tissue. In the spleen, Treg depletion enhanced CD8+ T cell responses and reduced reactivatable latent infection from the spleen. In striking contrast, in the salivary gland, Treg depletion enhanced the production of IL-10 from CD4+ T cells as well as viral reactivation. Thus, Treg play divergent and tissue specific roles in controlling MCMV reactivation from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Almanan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jana Raynor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Allyson Sholl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Claire Chougnet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Rhonda D Cardin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - David A Hildeman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
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11
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Kyaw T, Peter K, Li Y, Tipping P, Toh BH, Bobik A. Cytotoxic lymphocytes and atherosclerosis: significance, mechanisms and therapeutic challenges. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3956-3972. [PMID: 28471481 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes encompass natural killer lymphocytes (cells) and cytotoxic T cells that include CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) T cells, γ, δ (γδ)-T cells and human CD4 + CD28- T cells. These cells play critical roles in inflammatory diseases and in controlling cancers and infections. Cytotoxic lymphocytes can be activated via a number of mechanisms that may involve dendritic cells, macrophages, cytokines or surface proteins on stressed cells. Upon activation, they secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and cytotoxins to promote inflammation and the development of atherosclerotic lesions including vulnerable lesions, which are strongly implicated in myocardial infarctions and strokes. Here, we review the mechanisms that activate and regulate cytotoxic lymphocyte activity, including activating and inhibitory receptors, cytokines, chemokine receptors-chemokine systems utilized to home to inflamed lesions and cytotoxins and cytokines through which they affect other cells within lesions. We also examine their roles in human and mouse models of atherosclerosis and the mechanisms by which they exert their pathogenic effects. Finally, we discuss strategies for therapeutically targeting these cells to prevent the development of atherosclerotic lesions and vulnerable plaques and the challenge of developing highly targeted therapies that only minimally affect the body's immune system, avoiding the complications, such as increased susceptibility to infections, which are currently associated with many immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Yi Li
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Peter Tipping
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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12
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Erkes DA, Wilski NA, Snyder CM. Intratumoral infection by CMV may change the tumor environment by directly interacting with tumor-associated macrophages to promote cancer immunity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1778-1785. [PMID: 28604162 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1331795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpesvirus that induces an extremely robust and sustained immune response. For this reason, CMV has been proposed as a vaccine vector to promote immunity to both pathogens and cancer. However, exploration of CMV as a vaccine vector is at an early stage and there are many questions. Using a mouse melanoma model, we recently found that a CMV-based vaccine induced large populations of melanoma-specific T cells, but was not effective at slowing tumor growth unless it was injected directly into the tumor. These surprising results have led us to hypothesize that CMV may be adept at modulating the tumor micro-environment through its infection of macrophages. Importantly, injection of CMV into the growing tumor synergized with blockade of the PD-1 checkpoint to clear well-established tumors. Here, we discuss our results in the context of CMV-based vaccines for pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Erkes
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Nicole A Wilski
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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13
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Muraro E, Merlo A, Martorelli D, Cangemi M, Dalla Santa S, Dolcetti R, Rosato A. Fighting Viral Infections and Virus-Driven Tumors with Cytotoxic CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:197. [PMID: 28289418 PMCID: PMC5327441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have been and are still largely regarded as the orchestrators of immune responses, being able to differentiate into distinct T helper cell populations based on differentiation signals, transcription factor expression, cytokine secretion, and specific functions. Nonetheless, a growing body of evidence indicates that CD4+ T cells can also exert a direct effector activity, which depends on intrinsic cytotoxic properties acquired and carried out along with the evolution of several pathogenic infections. The relevant role of CD4+ T cell lytic features in the control of such infectious conditions also leads to their exploitation as a new immunotherapeutic approach. This review aims at summarizing currently available data about functional and therapeutic relevance of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in the context of viral infections and virus-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Muraro
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Traslational Research Department, IRCCS, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Anna Merlo
- Department of Immunology and Blood Transfusions, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Debora Martorelli
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Traslational Research Department, IRCCS, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Michela Cangemi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Traslational Research Department, IRCCS, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Traslational Research Department, IRCCS, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology and Immunology Section, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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14
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Nowakowska J, Stuehler C, Egli A, Battegay M, Rauser G, Bantug GR, Brander C, Hess C, Khanna N. T cells specific for different latent and lytic viral proteins efficiently control Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells. Cytotherapy 2016; 17:1280-91. [PMID: 26276009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) belong to the most dreaded complications of immunosuppression. The efficacy of EBV-specific T-cell transfer for PTLD has been previously shown, yet the optimal choice of EBV-derived antigens inducing polyclonal CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that cover a wide range of human leukocyte antigen types and efficiently control PTLD remains unclear. METHODS A pool of 125 T-cell epitopes from seven latent and nine lytic EBV-derived proteins (EBVmix) and peptide pools of EBNA1, EBNA3c, LMP2a and BZLF1 were used to determine T-cell frequencies and to isolate T cells through the use of the interferon (IFN)-γ cytokine capture system. We further evaluated the phenotype and functionality of the generated T-cell lines in vitro. RESULTS EBVmix induced significantly higher T-cell frequencies and allowed selecting more CD4(+)IFN-γ(+) and CD8(+)IFN-γ(+) cells than single peptide pools. T cells of all specificities expanded similarly in vitro, recognized cognate antigen, and, to a lower extent, EBV-infected cells, exerted moderate cytotoxicity and showed reduced alloreactivity. However, EBVmix-specific cells most efficiently controlled EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). This control was mainly mediated by EBV-specific CD8(+) cells with an oligoclonal epitope signature covering both latent and lytic viral proteins. Notably, EBV-specific CD4(+) cells unable to control LCLs produced significantly less perforin and granzyme B, probably because of limited LCL epitope presentation. CONCLUSIONS EBVmix induces a broader T-cell response, probably because of its coverage of latent and lytic EBV-derived proteins that may be important to control EBV-transformed B cells and might offer an improvement of T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Nowakowska
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Stuehler
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland; Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Research University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Rauser
- Research and Development, Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany
| | - Glenn Robert Bantug
- Immunobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Brander
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and AIDS Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain; University of Vic and Central Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | - Christoph Hess
- Immunobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Research University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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Jelcic I, Jelcic I, Kempf C, Largey F, Planas R, Schippling S, Budka H, Sospedra M, Martin R. Mechanisms of immune escape in central nervous system infection with neurotropic JC virus variant. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:404-18. [PMID: 26874214 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Symptomatic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) with JC polyomavirus (JCV) usually occur as a result of immunocompromise and manifest as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) or granule cell neuronopathy (GCN). After immune reconstitution, some of these cases may show long-term persistence of JCV and delayed clinical improvement despite inflammation. METHODS We followed 4 patients with multiple sclerosis, who developed natalizumab-associated PML or GCN with regard to JC viral load and JCV-specific T-cell responses in the CNS. All of them experienced immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), but in 2 cases JCV persisted > 21 months after IRIS accompanied by delayed clinical improvement. RESULTS Persistence of JCV was associated with a lack of JCV VP1-specific T-cell responses during immune reconstitution in 1 of the patients. Detailed analysis of the brain infiltrate in another patient with neuronal persistence of JCV revealed strong infiltration of CD8(+) T cells and clonal expansion of activated CD8(+) effector T cells with a CD4(dim) CD8(+) phenotype, both exhibiting exquisite specificity for conserved epitopes of JCV large T antigen. However, clearance of JCV was not efficient, because mutations in the major capsid protein VP1 caused reduced CD4(+) T-cell responses against the identified JCV variant and subsequently resulted in a decline of CD8(+) T-cell responses after IRIS. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that efficient CD4(+) T-cell recognition of neurotropic JCV variants is crucial to support CD8(+) T cells in combating JCV infection of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilijas Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Kempf
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Largey
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Planas
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Schippling
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Budka
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mireia Sospedra
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Becerra-Artiles A, Dominguez-Amorocho O, Stern LJ, Calvo-Calle JM. A Simple Proteomics-Based Approach to Identification of Immunodominant Antigens from a Complex Pathogen: Application to the CD4 T Cell Response against Human Herpesvirus 6B. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142871. [PMID: 26599878 PMCID: PMC4658110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of humanity is chronically infected with human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), with viral replication controlled at least in part by a poorly characterized CD4 T cell response. Identification of viral epitopes recognized by CD4 T cells is complicated by the large size of the herpesvirus genome and a low frequency of circulating T cells responding to the virus. Here, we present an alternative to classical epitope mapping approaches used to identify major targets of the T cell response to a complex pathogen like HHV-6B. In the approach presented here, extracellular virus preparations or virus-infected cells are fractionated by SDS-PAGE, and eluted fractions are used as source of antigens to study cytokine responses in direct ex vivo T cell activation studies. Fractions inducing significant cytokine responses are analyzed by mass spectrometry to identify viral proteins, and a subset of peptides from these proteins corresponding to predicted HLA-DR binders is tested for IFN-γ production in seropositive donors with diverse HLA haplotypes. Ten HHV-6B viral proteins were identified as immunodominant antigens. The epitope-specific response to HHV-6B virus was complex and variable between individuals. We identified 107 peptides, each recognized by at least one donor, with each donor having a distinctive footprint. Fourteen peptides showed responses in the majority of donors. Responses to these epitopes were validated using in vitro expanded cells and naturally expressed viral proteins. Predicted peptide binding affinities for the eight HLA-DRB1 alleles investigated here correlated only modestly with the observed CD4 T cell responses. Overall, the response to the virus was dominated by peptides from the major capsid protein U57 and major antigenic protein U11, but responses to other proteins including glycoprotein H (U48) and tegument proteins U54 and U14 also were observed. These results provide a means to follow and potentially modulate the CD4 T-cell immune response to HHV-6B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniuska Becerra-Artiles
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Omar Dominguez-Amorocho
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J. Stern
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - J. Mauricio Calvo-Calle
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
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17
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Human cytomegalovirus and autoimmune disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:472978. [PMID: 24967373 PMCID: PMC4022258 DOI: 10.1155/2014/472978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) represents a prototypic pathogenic member of the β-subgroup of the herpesvirus family. A range of HCMV features like its lytic replication in multiple tissues, the lifelong persistence through periods of latency and intermitting reactivation, the extraordinary large proteome, and extensive manipulation of adaptive and innate immunity make HCMV a high profile candidate for involvement in autoimmune disorders. We surveyed the available literature for reports on HCMV association with onset or exacerbation of autoimmune disease. A causative linkage between HCMV and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), diabetes mellitus type 1, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is suggested by the literature. However, a clear association of HCMV seroprevalence and disease could not be established, leaving the question open whether HCMV could play a coresponsible role for onset of disease. For convincing conclusions population-based prospective studies must be performed in the future. Specific immunopathogenic mechanisms by which HCMV could contribute to the course of autoimmune disease have been suggested, for example, molecular mimicry by UL94 in SSc and UL83/pp65 in SLE patients, as well as aggravation of joint inflammation by induction and expansion of CD4+/CD28− T-cells in RA patients. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and to lay the grounds for targeted therapeutic intervention.
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18
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Misumi I, Whitmire JK. B cell depletion curtails CD4+ T cell memory and reduces protection against disseminating virus infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:1597-608. [PMID: 24453250 PMCID: PMC3925510 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic interactions between CD4(+) T cells and B cells are needed for humoral immunity and CD4(+) T cell memory. It is not known whether B cells are needed early on to induce the formation of memory precursor cells or are needed later to sustain memory cells. In this study, primary and memory CD4(+) T cells responses were followed in wild-type mice that were depleted of mature B cells by anti-CD20 before or different times after acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. The Ab treatment led to a 1000-fold reduction in B cell number that lasted 6 wk. Primary virus-specific CD4(+) Th1 cells were generated in B cell-depleted mice; however, there was a decrease in the CD4(+)Ly6C(lo)Tbet(+) memory precursor population and a corresponding 4-fold reduction in CD4(+) memory cell number. Memory T cells showed impaired cytokine production when they formed without B cells. B cell depletion had no effect on established memory populations. During disseminating virus infection, B cell depletion led to sustained weight loss and functional exhaustion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and prevented mice from resolving the infection. Thus, B cells contribute to the establishment and survival of memory CD4(+) T cells post-acute infection and play an essential role in immune protection against disseminating virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Misumi
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jason K. Whitmire
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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19
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Ribeiro SP, de Souza Apostólico J, Almeida RR, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E, Rosa DS. Bupivacaine enhances the magnitude and longevity of HIV-specific immune response after immunization with a CD4 epitope-based DNA vaccine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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