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Rathakrishnan P, McShan AC. In silico identification and characterization of small molecule binding to the CD1d immunoreceptor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-19. [PMID: 38109194 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2294388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
CD1 immunoreceptors are a non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that present antigens to T cells to elucidate immune responses against disease. The antigen repertoire of CD1 has been composed primarily of lipids until recently when CD1d-restricted T cells were shown to be activated by non-lipidic small molecules, such as phenyl pentamethyl dihydrobenzofuran sulfonate (PPBF) and related benzofuran sulfonates. To date structural insights into PPBF/CD1d interactions are lacking, so it is unknown whether small molecule and lipid antigens are presented and recognized through similar mechanisms. Furthermore, it is unknown whether CD1d can bind to and present a broader range of small molecule metabolites to T cells, acting out functions analogous to the MHC class I related protein MR1. Here, we perform in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulations to structurally characterize small molecule interactions with CD1d. PPBF was supported to be presented to T cell receptors through the CD1d F' pocket. Virtual screening of CD1d against more than 17,000 small molecules with diverse geometry and chemistry identified several novel scaffolds, including phytosterols, cholesterols, triterpenes, and carbazole alkaloids, that serve as candidate CD1d antigens. Protein-ligand interaction profiling revealed conserved residues in the CD1d F' pocket that similarly anchor small molecules and lipids. Our results suggest that CD1d could have the intrinsic ability to bind and present a broad range of small molecule metabolites to T cells to carry out its function beyond lipid antigen presentation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew C McShan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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Shen Y, Goparaju C, Yang Y, Babu BA, Gai W, Pass H, Jiang G. Recurrence prediction of lung adenocarcinoma using an immune gene expression and clinical data trained and validated support vector machine classifier. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2023; 12:2055-2067. [PMID: 38025809 PMCID: PMC10654435 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-23-473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Immune microenvironment plays a critical role in cancer from onset to relapse. Machine learning (ML) algorithm can facilitate the analysis of lab and clinical data to predict lung cancer recurrence. Prompt detection and intervention are crucial for long-term survival in lung cancer relapse. Our study aimed to evaluate the clinical and genomic prognosticators for lung cancer recurrence by comparing the predictive accuracy of four ML models. Methods A total of 41 early-stage lung cancer patients who underwent surgery between June 2007 and October 2014 at New York University Langone Medical Center were included (with recurrence, n=16; without recurrence, n=25). All patients had tumor tissue and buffy coat collected at the time of resection. The CIBERSORT algorithm quantified tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were conducted to unearth potential molecular drivers of tumor progression. The data was split into training (75%) and validation sets (25%). Ensemble linear kernel support vector machine (SVM) ML models were developed using optimized clinical and genomic features to predict tumor recurrence. Results Activated natural killer (NK) cells, M0 macrophages, and M1 macrophages showed a positive correlation with progression. Conversely, T CD4+ memory resting cells were negatively correlated. In the PPI network, TNF and IL6 emerged as prominent hub genes. Prediction models integrating clinicopathological prognostic factors, tumor gene expression (45 genes), and buffy coat gene expression (47 genes) yielded varying receiver operating characteristic (ROC)-area under the curves (AUCs): 62.7%, 65.4%, and 59.7% in the training set, 58.3%, 83.3%, and 75.0% in the validation set, respectively. Notably, merging gene expression with clinical data in a linear SVM model led to a significant accuracy boost, with an AUC of 92.0% in training and 91.7% in validation. Conclusions Using ML algorithm, immune gene expression data from tumor tissue and buffy coat may enhance the precision of lung cancer recurrence prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingran Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji University Affiliated Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chandra Goparaju
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji University Affiliated Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Benson A. Babu
- Good Samaritan Hospital, Westchester Medical Center Network, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Weiming Gai
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harvey Pass
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gening Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji University Affiliated Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China
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3
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Wang NI, Ninkov M, Haeryfar SMM. Classic costimulatory interactions in MAIT cell responses: from gene expression to immune regulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:50-66. [PMID: 37279566 PMCID: PMC10324557 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionarily conserved, innate-like T lymphocytes with enormous immunomodulatory potentials. Due to their strategic localization, their invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) specificity for major histocompatibility complex-related protein 1 (MR1) ligands of commensal and pathogenic bacterial origin, and their sensitivity to infection-elicited cytokines, MAIT cells are best known for their antimicrobial characteristics. However, they are thought to also play important parts in the contexts of cancer, autoimmunity, vaccine-induced immunity, and tissue repair. While cognate MR1 ligands and cytokine cues govern MAIT cell maturation, polarization, and peripheral activation, other signal transduction pathways, including those mediated by costimulatory interactions, regulate MAIT cell responses. Activated MAIT cells exhibit cytolytic activities and secrete potent inflammatory cytokines of their own, thus transregulating the biological behaviors of several other cell types, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, conventional T cells, and B cells, with significant implications in health and disease. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of how costimulatory pathways control MAIT cell responses may introduce new targets for optimized MR1/MAIT cell-based interventions. Herein, we compare and contrast MAIT cells and mainstream T cells for their expression of classic costimulatory molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF receptor superfamily, based not only on the available literature but also on our transcriptomic analyses. We discuss how these molecules participate in MAIT cells' development and activities. Finally, we introduce several pressing questions vis-à-vis MAIT cell costimulation and offer new directions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole I Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Ninkov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Jin H, Ladd NA, Peev AM, Swarbrick GM, Cansler M, Null M, Boughter CT, McMurtrey C, Nilsen A, Dobos KM, Hildebrand WH, Lewinsohn DA, Adams EJ, Lewinsohn DM, Harriff MJ. Deaza-modification of MR1 ligands modulates recognition by MR1-restricted T cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22539. [PMID: 36581641 PMCID: PMC9800373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells recognize microbial small molecule metabolites presented on the MHC Class I-like molecule MR1 and have been implicated in early effector responses to microbial infection. As a result, there is considerable interest in identifying chemical properties of metabolite ligands that permit recognition by MR1T cells, for consideration in therapeutic or vaccine applications. Here, we made chemical modifications to known MR1 ligands to evaluate the effect on MR1T cell activation. Specifically, we modified 6,7-dimethyl-8-D-ribityllumazine (DMRL) to generate 6,7-dimethyl-8-D-ribityldeazalumazine (DZ), and then further derivatized DZ to determine the requirements for retaining MR1 surface stabilization and agonistic properties. Interestingly, the IFN-γ response toward DZ varied widely across a panel of T cell receptor (TCR)-diverse MR1T cell clones; while one clone was agnostic toward the modification, most displayed either an enhancement or depletion of IFN-γ production when compared with its response to DMRL. To gain insight into a putative mechanism behind this phenomenon, we used in silico molecular docking techniques for DMRL and its derivatives and performed molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes. In assessing the dynamics of each ligand in the MR1 pocket, we found that DMRL and DZ exhibit differential dynamics of both the ribityl moiety and the aromatic backbone, which may contribute to ligand recognition. Together, our results support an emerging hypothesis for flexibility in MR1:ligand-MR1T TCR interactions and enable further exploration of the relationship between MR1:ligand structures and MR1T cell recognition for downstream applications targeting MR1T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Jin
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Nicole A Ladd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Andrew M Peev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Swarbrick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Meghan Cansler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Megan Null
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Christopher T Boughter
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Aaron Nilsen
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - William H Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Melanie J Harriff
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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5
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MAIT Cells: Partners or Enemies in Cancer Immunotherapy? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071502. [PMID: 33805904 PMCID: PMC8037823 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Unconventional T cells have recently come under intense scrutiny because of their innate-like effector functions and unique antigen specificity, suggesting their potential importance in antitumor immunity. MAIT cells, one such population of unconventional T cell, have been shown to significantly influence bacterial infections, parasitic and fungal infections, viral infections, autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases, and, as discussed thoroughly in this review, various cancers. This review aims to merge accumulating evidence, tease apart the complexities of MAIT cell biology in different malignancies, and discuss how these may impact clinical outcomes. While it is clear that MAIT cells can impact the tumor microenvironment, the nature of these interactions varies depending on the type of cancer, subset of MAIT cell, patient demographic, microbiome composition, and the type of therapy administered. This review examines the impact of these variables on MAIT cells and discusses outstanding questions within the field. Abstract A recent boom in mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell research has identified relationships between MAIT cell abundance, function, and clinical outcomes in various malignancies. As they express a variety of immune checkpoint receptors and ligands, and possess strong cytotoxic functions, MAIT cells are an attractive new subject in the field of tumor immunology. MAIT cells are a class of innate-like T cells that express a semi-invariant T cell antigen receptor (TCR) that recognizes microbially derived non-peptide antigens presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class-1 like molecule, MR1. In this review, we outline the current (and often contradictory) evidence exploring MAIT cell biology and how MAIT cells impact clinical outcomes in different human cancers, as well as what role they may have in cancer immunotherapy.
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6
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Gherardin NA, Loh L, Admojo L, Davenport AJ, Richardson K, Rogers A, Darcy PK, Jenkins MR, Prince HM, Harrison SJ, Quach H, Fairlie DP, Kedzierska K, McCluskey J, Uldrich AP, Neeson PJ, Ritchie DS, Godfrey DI. Enumeration, functional responses and cytotoxic capacity of MAIT cells in newly diagnosed and relapsed multiple myeloma. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29515123 PMCID: PMC5841305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are T cells that recognise vitamin-B derivative Ag presented by the MHC-related-protein 1 (MR1) antigen-presenting molecule. While MAIT cells are highly abundant in humans, their role in tumour immunity remains unknown. Here we have analysed the frequency and function of MAIT cells in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. We show that MAIT cell frequency in blood is reduced compared to healthy adult donors, but comparable to elderly healthy control donors. Furthermore, there was no evidence that MAIT cells accumulated at the disease site (bone marrow) of these patients. Newly diagnosed MM patient MAIT cells had reduced IFNγ production and CD27 expression, suggesting an exhausted phenotype, although IFNγ-producing capacity is restored in relapsed/refractory patient samples. Moreover, immunomodulatory drugs Lenalidomide and Pomalidomide, indirectly inhibited MAIT cell activation. We further show that cell lines can be pulsed with vitamin-B derivative Ags and that these can be presented via MR1 to MAIT cells in vitro, to induce cytotoxic activity comparable to that of natural killer (NK) cells. Thus, MAIT cells are reduced in MM patients, which may contribute to disease in these individuals, and moreover, MAIT cells may represent new immunotherapeutic targets for treatment of MM and other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Lorenztino Admojo
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Alexander J Davenport
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Kelden Richardson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Amy Rogers
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - H Miles Prince
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3002, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Simon J Harrison
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3002, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Hang Quach
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry & Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3002, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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7
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Clancy-Thompson E, Ali L, Bruck PT, Exley MA, Blumberg RS, Dranoff G, Dougan M, Dougan SK. IAP Antagonists Enhance Cytokine Production from Mouse and Human iNKT Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:25-35. [PMID: 29187357 PMCID: PMC5754232 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonists are in clinical trials for a variety of cancers, and mouse models show synergism between IAP antagonists and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Although IAP antagonists affect the intrinsic signaling of tumor cells, their most pronounced effects are on immune cells and the generation of antitumor immunity. Here, we examined the effects of IAP antagonism on T-cell development using mouse fetal thymic organ culture and observed a selective loss of iNKT cells, an effector cell type of potential importance for cancer immunotherapy. Thymic iNKT-cell development probably failed due to increased strength of TCR signal leading to negative selection, given that mature iNKT cells treated with IAP antagonists were not depleted, but had enhanced cytokine production in both mouse and human ex vivo cultures. Consistent with this, mature mouse primary iNKT cells and iNKT hybridomas increased production of effector cytokines in the presence of IAP antagonists. In vivo administration of IAP antagonists and α-GalCer resulted in increased IFNγ and IL-2 production from iNKT cells and decreased tumor burden in a mouse model of melanoma lung metastasis. Human iNKT cells also proliferated and increased IFNγ production dramatically in the presence of IAP antagonists, demonstrating the utility of these compounds in adoptive therapy of iNKT cells. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(1); 25-35. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Clancy-Thompson
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lestat Ali
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick T Bruck
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A Exley
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Dougan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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8
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Guo T, Koo MY, Kagoya Y, Anczurowski M, Wang CH, Saso K, Butler MO, Hirano N. A Subset of Human Autoreactive CD1c-Restricted T Cells Preferentially Expresses TRBV4-1 + TCRs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:500-511. [PMID: 29237773 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In humans, a substantial portion of T cells recognize lipids presented by the monomorphic CD1 proteins. Recent studies have revealed the molecular basis of mycobacterial lipid recognition by CD1c-restricted T cells. Subsets of CD1c-restricted T cells recognize self-lipids in addition to foreign lipids, which may have implications in human diseases involving autoimmunity and malignancy. However, the molecular identity of these self-reactive T cells remains largely elusive. In this study, using a novel CD1c+ artificial APC (aAPC)-based system, we isolated human CD1c-restricted autoreactive T cells and characterized them at the molecular level. By using the human cell line K562, which is deficient in MHC class I/II and CD1 expression, we generated an aAPC expressing CD1c as the sole Ag-presenting molecule. When stimulated with this CD1c+ aAPC presenting endogenous lipids, a subpopulation of primary CD4+ T cells from multiple donors was consistently activated, as measured by CD154 upregulation and cytokine production in a CD1c-specific manner. These activated CD4+ T cells preferentially expressed TRBV4-1+ TCRs. Clonotypic analyses of the reconstituted TRBV4-1+ TCR genes confirmed CD1c-restricted autoreactivity of this repertoire, and the strength of CD1c reactivity was influenced by the diversity of CDR3β sequences. Finally, alanine scanning of CDR1 and CDR2 sequences of TRBV4-1 revealed two unique residues, Arg30 and Tyr51, as critical in conferring CD1c-restricted autoreactivity, thus elucidating the molecular basis of the observed V gene bias. These data provide new insights into the molecular identity of human autoreactive CD1c-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxi Guo
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Ming Yin Koo
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Yuki Kagoya
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mark Anczurowski
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Chung-Hsi Wang
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Kayoko Saso
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Marcus O Butler
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Naoto Hirano
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
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9
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Shaler CR, Tun-Abraham ME, Skaro AI, Khazaie K, Corbett AJ, Mele T, Hernandez-Alejandro R, Haeryfar SMM. Mucosa-associated invariant T cells infiltrate hepatic metastases in patients with colorectal carcinoma but are rendered dysfunctional within and adjacent to tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1563-1575. [PMID: 28798979 PMCID: PMC11029177 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that are unusually abundant in the human liver, a common site of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) metastasis. However, whether they contribute to immune surveillance against colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) is essentially unexplored. In addition, whether MAIT cell functions can be impacted by chemotherapy is unclear. These are important questions given MAIT cells' potent immunomodulatory and inflammatory properties. Herein, we examined the frequencies and functions of peripheral blood, healthy liver tissue, tumor-margin and tumor-infiltrating MAIT cells in 21 CRLM patients who received no chemotherapy, FOLFOX, or a combination of FOLFOX and Avastin before they underwent liver resection. We found that MAIT cells, defined as CD3ε+Vα7.2+CD161++ or CD3ε+MR1 tetramer+ cells, were present within both healthy and tumor-afflicted hepatic tissues. Paired and grouped analyses of samples revealed the physical proximity of MAIT cells to metastatic lesions to drastically influence their functional competence. Accordingly, unlike those residing in the healthy liver compartment, tumor-infiltrating MAIT cells failed to produce IFN-γ in response to a panel of TCR and cytokine receptor ligands, and tumor-margin MAIT cells were only partially active. Furthermore, chemotherapy did not account for intratumoral MAIT cell insufficiencies. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that CRLM-penetrating MAIT cells exhibit wide-ranging functional impairments, which are dictated by their physical location but not by preoperative chemotherapy. Therefore, we propose that MAIT cells may provide an attractive therapeutic target in CRC and that their ligands may be combined with chemotherapeutic agents to treat CRLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Shaler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | | | - Anton I Skaro
- Department of Surgery, Western University, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Khashayarsha Khazaie
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tina Mele
- Department of Surgery, Western University, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Roberto Hernandez-Alejandro
- Department of Surgery, Western University, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada.
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2R5, Canada.
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10
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Xiao X, Cai J. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells: New Insights into Antigen Recognition and Activation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1540. [PMID: 29176983 PMCID: PMC5686390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a novel subpopulation of innate-like T cells that express an invariant T cell receptor (TCR)α chain and a diverse TCRβ chain, can recognize a distinct set of small molecules, vitamin B metabolites, derived from some bacteria, fungi but not viruses, in the context of an evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex-related molecule 1 (MR1). This implies that MAIT cells may play unique and important roles in host immunity. Although viral antigens are not recognized by this limited TCR repertoire, MAIT cells are known to be activated in a TCR-independent mechanism during some viral infections, such as hepatitis C virus and influenza virus. In this article, we will review recent works in MAIT cell antigen recognition, activation and the role MAIT cells may play in the process of bacterial and viral infections and pathogenesis of non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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11
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Villadangos JA. Antigen-specific impairment of adoptive T-cell therapy against cancer: players, mechanisms, solutions and a hypothesis. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:169-82. [PMID: 27319350 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) destroys tumors with infused cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Although successful in some settings, ACT is compromised due to impaired survival or functional inactivation of the CTL. To better understand the mechanisms involved, we have exploited a mouse model of leukemia expressing ovalbumin as a tumor neoantigen to address these questions: (i) Is CTL impairment during ACT antigen specific? (ii) If yes, which are the antigen-presenting cells responsible? (iii) Can this information assist the development of complementary therapies to improve ACT? Our results indicate that the target (tumor) cells, not cross-presenting cells, are the main culprits of antigen-specific CTL inactivation. We find that the affinity/avidity of the CTL-tumor cell interaction has little influence on ACT outcomes, while tumor density is a major determinant. Reduction of tumor burden with mild non-lymphoablative and non-inflammatory chemotherapy can dramatically improve the efficacy of ACT and may minimize side-effects. We propose a general mechanism for the inactivation of anti-self CTL in the same tissues where the activity of anti-foreign CTL is preserved, based on the density of target cells. This mechanism, which we tentatively call stunning, may have evolved to protect infected sites from self-destruction and is exploited by tumors to inactivate CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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12
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Chamoto K, Guo T, Scally SW, Kagoya Y, Anczurowski M, Wang CH, Rahman MA, Saso K, Butler MO, Chiu PPL, Julien JP, Hirano N. Key Residues at Third CDR3β Position Impact Structure and Antigen Recognition of Human Invariant NK TCRs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1056-1065. [PMID: 28003379 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The human invariant NK (iNK) TCR is largely composed of the invariant TCR Vα24-Jα18 chain and semivariant TCR Vβ11 chains with variable CDR3β sequences. The direct role of CDR3β in Ag recognition has been studied extensively. Although it was noted that CDR3β can interact with CDR3α, how this interaction might indirectly influence Ag recognition is not fully elucidated. We observed that the third position of Vβ11 CDR3 can encode an Arg or Ser residue as a result of somatic rearrangement. Clonotypic analysis of the two iNK TCR types with a single amino acid substitution revealed that the staining intensity by anti-Vα24 Abs depends on whether Ser or Arg is encoded. When stained with an anti-Vα24-Jα18 Ab, human primary invariant NKT cells could be divided into Vα24 low- and high-intensity subsets, and Arg-encoding TCR Vβ11 chains were more frequently isolated from the Vα24 low-intensity subpopulation compared with the Vα24 high-intensity subpopulation. The Arg/Ser substitution also influenced Ag recognition as determined by CD1d multimer staining and CD1d-restricted functional responses. Importantly, in silico modeling validated that this Ser-to-Arg mutation could alter the structure of the CDR3β loop, as well as the CDR3α loop. Collectively, these results indicate that the Arg/Ser encoded at the third CDR3β residue can effectively modulate the overall structure of, and Ag recognition by, human iNK TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Chamoto
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Tingxi Guo
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scally
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Yuki Kagoya
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mark Anczurowski
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Chung-Hsi Wang
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Muhammed A Rahman
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Kayoko Saso
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Marcus O Butler
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Priscilla P L Chiu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Naoto Hirano
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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13
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Guo T, Chamoto K, Nakatsugawa M, Ochi T, Yamashita Y, Anczurowski M, Butler MO, Hirano N. Mouse and Human CD1d-Self-Lipid Complexes Are Recognized Differently by Murine Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Receptors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156114. [PMID: 27213277 PMCID: PMC4877060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells recognize self-lipids presented by CD1d through characteristic TCRs, which mainly consist of the invariant Vα14-Jα18 TCRα chain and Vβ8.2, 7 or 2 TCRβ chains with hypervariable CDR3β sequences in mice. The iNKT cell-CD1d axis is conserved between humans and mice, and human CD1d reactivity of murine iNKT cells have been described. However, the detailed differences between the recognition of human and mouse CD1d bound to various self-lipids by mouse iNKT TCRs are largely unknown. In this study, we generated a de novo murine iNKT TCR repertoire with a wider range of autoreactivity compared with that of naturally occurring peripheral iNKT TCRs. Vβ8.2 mouse iNKT TCRs capable of recognizing the human CD1d-self-lipid tetramer were identified, although such clones were not detectable in the Vβ7 or Vβ2 iNKT TCR repertoire. In line with previously reports, clonotypic Vβ8.2 iNKT TCRs with unique CDR3β loops did not discriminate among lipids presented by mouse CD1d. Unexpectedly, however, these iNKT TCRs showed greater ligand selectivity toward human CD1d presenting the same lipids. Our findings demonstrated that the recognition of mouse and human CD1d-self-lipid complexes by murine iNKT TCRs is not conserved, thereby further elucidating the differences between cognate and cross-species reactivity of self-antigens by mouse iNKT TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxi Guo
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenji Chamoto
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Munehide Nakatsugawa
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Toshiki Ochi
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuki Yamashita
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Anczurowski
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus O. Butler
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naoto Hirano
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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14
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Haeryfar SMM, Mallevaey T. Editorial: CD1- and MR1-Restricted T Cells in Antimicrobial Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:611. [PMID: 26697007 PMCID: PMC4666986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Centre for Human Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
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