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Moorton M, Tng PYL, Inoue R, Netherton CL, Gerner W, Schmidt S. Investigation of activation-induced markers (AIM) in porcine T cells by flow cytometry. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1390486. [PMID: 38868498 PMCID: PMC11168203 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1390486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced markers (AIMs) are frequently analyzed to identify re-activated human memory T cells. However, in pigs the analysis of AIMs is still not very common. Based on available antibodies, we designed a multi-color flow cytometry panel comprising pig-specific or cross-reactive antibodies against CD25, CD69, CD40L (CD154), and ICOS (CD278) combined with lineage/surface markers against CD3, CD4, and CD8α. In addition, we included an antibody against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), to study the correlation of AIM expression with the production of this abundant T cell cytokine. The panel was tested on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin, Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) or PBMCs from African swine fever virus (ASFV) convalescent pigs, restimulated with homologous virus. PMA/ionomycin resulted in a massive increase of CD25/CD69 co-expressing T cells of which only a subset produced TNF-α, whereas CD40L expression was largely associated with TNF-α production. SEB stimulation triggered substantially less AIM expression than PMA/ionomycin but also here CD25/CD69 expressing T cells were identified which did not produce TNF-α. In addition, CD40L-single positive and CD25+CD69+CD40L+TNF-α- T cells were identified. In ASFV restimulated T cells TNF-α production was associated with a substantial proportion of AIM expressing T cells but also here ASFV-reactive CD25+CD69+TNF-α- T cells were identified. Within CD8α+ CD4 T cells, several CD25/CD40L/CD69/ICOS defined phenotypes expanded significantly after ASFV restimulation. Hence, the combination of AIMs tested will allow the identification of primed T cells beyond the commonly used cytokine panels, improving capabilities to identify the full breadth of antigen-specific T cells in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Moorton
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
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Pedrera M, Soler A, Simón A, Casado N, Pérez C, García-Casado MA, Fernández-Pacheco P, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Arias M, Gallardo C. Characterization of the Protective Cellular Immune Response in Pigs Immunized Intradermally with the Live Attenuated African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Lv17/WB/Rie1. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:443. [PMID: 38675825 PMCID: PMC11054368 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Candidate vaccines against African swine fever virus (ASFV) based on naturally attenuated or genetically modified viruses have the potential to generate protective immune responses, although there is no consensus on what defines a protective immune response against ASFV. Studies, especially in sensitive host species and focused on unravelling protective mechanisms, will contribute to the development of safer and more effective vaccines. The present study provides a detailed analysis of phenotypic and functional data on cellular responses induced by intradermal immunization and subsequent boosting of domestic pigs with the naturally attenuated field strain Lv17/WB/Rie1, as well as the mechanisms underlying protection against intramuscular challenge with the virulent genotype II Armenia/07 strain. The transient increase in IL-8 and IL-10 in serum observed after immunization might be correlated with survival. Protection was also associated with a robust ASFV-specific polyfunctional memory T-cell response, where CD4CD8 and CD8 T cells were identified as the main cellular sources of virus-specific IFNγ and TNFα. In parallel with the cytokine response, these T-cell subsets also showed specific cytotoxic activity as evidenced by the increased expression of the CD107a degranulation marker. Along with virus-specific multifunctional CD4CD8 and CD8 T-cell responses, the increased levels of antigen experienced in cytotoxic CD4 T cells observed after the challenge in immunized pigs might also contribute to controlling virulent infection by killing mechanisms targeting infected antigen-presenting cells. Future studies should elucidate whether the memory T-cell responses evidenced in the present study persist and provide long-term protection against further ASFV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pedrera
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Soler
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Simón
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Casado
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Pérez
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. García-Casado
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández-Pacheco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Sánchez-Cordón
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Arias
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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Calderon-Rico F, Bravo-Patiño A, Mendieta I, Perez-Duran F, Zamora-Aviles AG, Franco-Correa LE, Ortega-Flores R, Hernandez-Morales I, Nuñez-Anita RE. Glycoprotein 5-Derived Peptides Induce a Protective T-Cell Response in Swine against the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Viruses 2023; 16:14. [PMID: 38275949 PMCID: PMC10819526 DOI: 10.3390/v16010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the T-cell responses induced by lineal epitopes of glycoprotein 5 (GP5) from PRRSV to explore the role of this protein in the immunological protection mediated by T-cells. The GP5 peptides were conjugated with a carrier protein for primary immunization and booster doses. Twenty-one-day-old pigs were allocated into four groups (seven pigs per group): control (PBS), vehicle (carrier), PTC1, and PTC2. Cytokine levels were measured at 2 days post-immunization (DPI) from serum samples. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs, CD8+) from peripheral blood were quantified via flow cytometry at 42 DPI. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by co-culturing primed lymphocytes with PRRSV derived from an infectious clone. The PTC2 peptide increased the serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8) and cytokines that activate the adaptive cellular immunity associated with T-lymphocytes (i.e., IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12). The concentration of CTLs (CD8+) was significantly higher in groups immunized with the peptides, which suggests a proliferative response in this cell population. Primed CTLs from immunized pigs showed cytolytic activity in PRRSV-infected cells in vitro. PTC1 and PTC2 peptides induced a protective T-cell-mediated response in pigs immunized against PRRSV, due to the presence of T epitopes in their sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Calderon-Rico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
| | - Irasema Mendieta
- Posgrado en Ciencias Quimico-Biológicas, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro PC 76010, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Perez-Duran
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
| | - Alicia Gabriela Zamora-Aviles
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
| | - Luis Enrique Franco-Correa
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
| | - Roberto Ortega-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
| | - Ilane Hernandez-Morales
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Leon, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Blv. UNAM No. 2011, Leon PC 37684, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Rosa Elvira Nuñez-Anita
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
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Liu B, Luo L, Shi Z, Ju H, Yu L, Li G, Cui J. Research Progress of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus NSP2 Protein. Viruses 2023; 15:2310. [PMID: 38140551 PMCID: PMC10747760 DOI: 10.3390/v15122310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is globally prevalent and seriously harms the economic efficiency of pig farming. Because of its immunosuppression and high incidence of mutant recombination, PRRSV poses a great challenge for disease prevention and control. Nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2) is the most variable functional protein in the PRRSV genome and can generate NSP2N and NSP2TF variants due to programmed ribosomal frameshifts. These variants are broad and complex in function and play key roles in numerous aspects of viral protein maturation, viral particle assembly, regulation of immunity, autophagy, apoptosis, cell cycle and cell morphology. In this paper, we review the structural composition, programmed ribosomal frameshift and biological properties of NSP2 to facilitate basic research on PRRSV and to provide theoretical support for disease prevention and control and therapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (B.L.); (L.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Lingzhi Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (B.L.); (L.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Ziqi Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (B.L.); (L.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Houbin Ju
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai 201103, China;
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Guoxin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Jin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (B.L.); (L.L.); (Z.S.)
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de Brito RCF, Holtham K, Roser J, Saunders JE, Wezel Y, Henderson S, Mauch T, Sanz-Bernardo B, Frossard JP, Bernard M, Lean FZX, Nunez A, Gubbins S, Suárez NM, Davison AJ, Francis MJ, Huether M, Benchaoui H, Salt J, Fowler VL, Jarvis MA, Graham SP. An attenuated herpesvirus vectored vaccine candidate induces T-cell responses against highly conserved porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus M and NSP5 proteins that are unable to control infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1201973. [PMID: 37600784 PMCID: PMC10436000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1201973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a leading cause of economic loss in pig farming worldwide. Existing commercial vaccines, all based on modified live or inactivated PRRSV, fail to provide effective immunity against the highly diverse circulating strains of both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more effective and broadly active PRRSV vaccines. In the absence of neutralizing antibodies, T cells are thought to play a central role in controlling PRRSV infection. Herpesvirus-based vectors are novel vaccine platforms capable of inducing high levels of T cells against encoded heterologous antigens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the immunogenicity and efficacy of an attenuated herpesvirus-based vector (bovine herpesvirus-4; BoHV-4) expressing a fusion protein comprising two well-characterized PRRSV-1 T-cell antigens (M and NSP5). Prime-boost immunization of pigs with BoHV-4 expressing the M and NSP5 fusion protein (vector designated BoHV-4-M-NSP5) induced strong IFN-γ responses, as assessed by ELISpot assays of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with a pool of peptides representing PRRSV-1 M and NSP5. The responses were closely mirrored by spontaneous IFN-γ release from unstimulated cells, albeit at lower levels. A lower frequency of M and NSP5 specific IFN-γ responding cells was induced following a single dose of BoHV-4-M-NSP5 vector. Restimulation using M and NSP5 peptides from PRRSV-2 demonstrated a high level of cross-reactivity. Vaccination with BoHV-4-M-NSP5 did not affect viral loads in either the blood or lungs following challenge with the two heterologous PRRSV-1 strains. However, the BoHV-4-M-NSP5 prime-boost vaccination showed a marked trend toward reduced lung pathology following PRRSV-1 challenge. The limited effect of T cells on PRRSV-1 viral load was further examined by analyzing local and circulating T-cell responses using intracellular cytokine staining and proliferation assays. The results from this study suggest that vaccine-primed T-cell responses may have helped in the control of PRRSV-1 associated tissue damage, but had a minimal, if any, effect on controlling PRRSV-1 viral loads. Together, these results indicate that future efforts to develop effective PRRSV vaccines should focus on achieving a balanced T-cell and antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jack E. Saunders
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Wezel
- The Vaccine Group Ltd., Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thekla Mauch
- The Vaccine Group Ltd., Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Matthieu Bernard
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Z. X. Lean
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicolás M. Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jeremy Salt
- The Vaccine Group Ltd., Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael A. Jarvis
- The Vaccine Group Ltd., Plymouth, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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Li S, Li J, Tian Y, Liu J, Zhu J, Chen N, Shang S. A potent CD8 T-cell response may be associated with partial cross-protection conferred by an attenuated Chinese HP-PRRSV vaccine against NADC30-like PRRSV challenge. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37159409 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most devastating pathogens to the global swine industry. Many commercial PRRSV vaccines, originally designed to provide homologous protection, have shown partial protection against heterologous strains. However, the protective immune mechanisms mediated by these PRRSV vaccines are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the factors responsible for partial protection conferred by an attenuated Chinese HP-PRRSV vaccine (TJM-F92) against heterologous NADC30-like PRRSV. By analysing peripheral T-cell responses induced by the TJM-F92 vaccine and local and systemic memory responses following challenge with NADC30-like PRRSV (SD17-38 strains) as well as neutralizing antibody response, we found that the TJM-F92 vaccine induced a significant expansion of CD8 T cells but not CD4 T cells or γδ T cells. The expanded CD8 T cells exhibited a phenotype of effector memory T cells and secreted IFN-γ upon restimulation with SD17-38 strains in vitro. In addition, only CD8 T cells in the prior immunized pigs rapidly expanded in the blood and spleen after heterologous challenge, with higher magnitude, compared to the unvaccinated pigs, showing a remarkable memory response. In contrast, no obvious humoral immune response was enhanced in the vaccinated and challenged pigs, and no heterologous neutralizing antibodies were detected throughout the experiment. Our results suggested that CD8 T cells elicited by the TJM-F92 vaccine may be responsible for partial heterologous protection against NADC30-like PRRSV strains and potentially recognize the conserved antigens among PRRSV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
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Makau DN, Prieto C, Martínez-Lobo FJ, Paploski IAD, VanderWaal K. Predicting Antigenic Distance from Genetic Data for PRRSV-Type 1: Applications of Machine Learning. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0408522. [PMID: 36511691 PMCID: PMC9927307 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04085-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains a significant challenge due to the genetic and antigenic variability of the causative virus (PRRSV). Predominantly, PRRSV management includes using vaccines and live virus inoculations to confer immunity against PRRSV on farms. While understanding cross-protection among strains is crucial for the continued success of these interventions, understanding how genetic diversity translates to antigenic diversity remains elusive. We developed machine learning algorithms to estimate antigenic distance in silico, based on genetic sequence data, and identify differences in specific amino acid sites associated with antigenic differences between viruses. First, we obtained antigenic distance estimates derived from serum neutralization assays cross-reacting PRRSV monospecific antisera with virus isolates from 27 PRRSV1 viruses circulating in Europe. Antigenic distances were weakly to moderately associated with ectodomain amino acid distance for open reading frames (ORFs) 2 to 4 (ρ < 0.2) and ORF5 (ρ = 0.3), respectively. Dividing the antigenic distance values at the median, we then categorized the sera-virus pairs into two levels: low and high antigenic distance (dissimilarity). In the machine learning models, we used amino acid distances in the ectodomains of ORFs 2 to 5 and site-wise amino acid differences between the viruses as potential predictors of antigenic dissimilarity. Using mixed-effect gradient boosting models, we estimated the antigenic distance (high versus low) between serum-virus pairs with an accuracy of 81% (95% confidence interval, 76 to 85%); sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 75%, respectively. We demonstrate that using sequence data we can estimate antigenic distance and potential cross-protection between PRRSV1 strains. IMPORTANCE Understanding cross-protection between cocirculating PRRSV1 strains is crucial to reducing losses associated with PRRS outbreaks on farms. While experimental studies to determine cross-protection are instrumental, these in vivo studies are not always practical or timely for the many cocirculating and emerging PRRSV strains. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to rapidly estimate potential immunologic cross-reaction between different PRRSV1 strains in silico using sequence data routinely collected by production systems. These models can provide fast turn-around information crucial for improving PRRS management decisions such as selecting vaccines/live virus inoculation to be used on farms and assessing the risk of outbreaks by emerging strains on farms previously exposed to certain PRRSV strains and vaccine development among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis N. Makau
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Cinta Prieto
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - I. A. D. Paploski
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Tian Y, Hao Y, Dong M, Li S, Wang D, Jiang F, Wang Q, Hao X, Yang Y, Chen N, Zhu J, Guo J, Wu J, Shang S, Zhou J. Development of a Monoclonal Antibody to Pig CD69 Reveals Early Activation of T Cells in Pig after PRRSV and ASFV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061343. [PMID: 35746813 PMCID: PMC9231377 DOI: 10.3390/v14061343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD69 molecule, as an early activation marker of lymphocytes, is often used to assess the activation of cellular immunity. However, for pigs, an anti-pig CD69 antibody is not yet available for this purpose after infection or vaccination. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against pig CD69 was produced by peptide immunization and hybridoma technique. One mAb (5F12) showed good reactivity with pig CD69 that was expressed in transfected-HEK-293T cells and on mitogen-activated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by indirect immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometry. This mAb did not cross-react with activated lymphocytes from mouse, bovine, and chicken. Epitope mapping showed that the epitope recognized by this mAb was located at amino acid residues 147–161 of pig CD69. By conjugating with fluorochrome, this mAb was used to detect the early activation of lymphocytes in PRRSV- and ASFV-infected pigs by flow cytometry. The results showed that PRRSV infection induced the dominant activation of CD4 T cells in mediastinal lymph nodes and CD8 T cells in the spleen at 14 days post-infection, in terms of CD69 expression. In an experiment on ASFV infection, we found that ASFV infection resulted in the early activation of NK cells, B cells, and distinct T cell subsets with variable magnitude in PBMCs, spleen, and submandibular lymph nodes. Our study revealed an early event of lymphocyte and T cell activation after PRRSV and ASFV infections and provides an important immunological tool for the in-depth analysis of cellular immune response in pigs after infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Tian
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.T.); (M.D.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (N.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yuxin Hao
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102609, China; (Y.H.); (D.W.); (F.J.); (Q.W.)
| | - Maoli Dong
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.T.); (M.D.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (N.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shuai Li
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.T.); (M.D.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (N.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Dongyue Wang
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102609, China; (Y.H.); (D.W.); (F.J.); (Q.W.)
| | - Fei Jiang
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102609, China; (Y.H.); (D.W.); (F.J.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qingqing Wang
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102609, China; (Y.H.); (D.W.); (F.J.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.T.); (M.D.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (N.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.T.); (M.D.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (N.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Nanhua Chen
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.T.); (M.D.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (N.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.T.); (M.D.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (N.C.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Junqing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China;
| | - Jiajun Wu
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102609, China; (Y.H.); (D.W.); (F.J.); (Q.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Shaobin Shang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.T.); (M.D.); (S.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (N.C.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
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9
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Gerner W, Mair KH, Schmidt S. Local and Systemic T Cell Immunity in Fighting Pig Viral and Bacterial Infections. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 10:349-372. [PMID: 34724393 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-013120-044226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system. Over the last 15 years, a constantly growing toolbox with which to study T cell biology in pigs has allowed detailed investigations on these cells in various viral and bacterial infections. This review provides an overview on porcine CD4, CD8, and γδ T cells and the current knowledge on the differentiation of these cells following antigen encounter. Where available, the responses of these cells to viral infections like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, classical swine fever virus, swine influenza A virus, and African swine fever virus are outlined. In addition, knowledge on the porcine T cell response to bacterial infections like Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Salmonella Typhimurium is reviewed. For CD4 T cells, the response to the outlined infections is reflected toward the Th1/Th2/Th17/Tfh/Treg paradigm for functional differentiation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Gerner
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Selma Schmidt
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom; ,
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10
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Hammer SE, Duckova T, Groiss S, Stadler M, Jensen-Waern M, Golde WT, Gimsa U, Saalmueller A. Comparative analysis of swine leukocyte antigen gene diversity in European farmed pigs. Anim Genet 2021; 52:523-531. [PMID: 34028065 PMCID: PMC8362188 DOI: 10.1111/age.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, swine represent economically important farm animals and furthermore have become a preferred preclinical large animal model for biomedical studies, transplantation and regenerative medicine research. The need for typing of the swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) is increasing with the expanded use of pigs as models for human diseases and organ‐transplantation experiments and their use in infection studies and for design of veterinary vaccines. In this study, we characterised the SLA class I (SLA‐1, SLA‐2, SLA‐3) and class II (DRB1, DQB1, DQA) genes of 549 farmed pigs representing nine commercial pig lines by low‐resolution (Lr) SLA haplotyping. In total, 50 class I and 37 class II haplotypes were identified in the studied cohort. The most common SLA class I haplotypes Lr‐04.0 (SLA‐1*04XX‐SLA‐3*04XX(04:04)‐SLA‐2*04XX) and Lr‐32.0 (SLA‐1*07XX‐SLA‐3*04XX(04:04)‐SLA‐2*02XX) occurred at frequencies of 11.02 and 8.20% respectively. For SLA class II, the most prevalent haplotypes Lr‐0.15b (DRB1*04XX(04:05/04:06)‐DQB1*02XX(02:02)‐DQA*02XX) and Lr‐0.12 (DRB1*06XX‐DQB1*07XX‐DQA*01XX) occurred at frequencies of 14.37 and 12.46% respectively. Meanwhile, our laboratory has contributed to several vaccine correlation studies (e.g. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Classical Swine Fever Virus, Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Virus and Swine Influenza A Virus) elucidating the immunodominance in the T‐cell response with antigen specificity dependent on certain SLA‐I and SLA‐II haplotypes. Moreover, these SLA–immune response correlations could facilitate tailored vaccine development, as SLA‐I Lr‐04.0 and Lr‐32.0 as well as SLA‐II Lr‐0.15b and Lr‐0.12 are highly abundant haplotypes in European farmed pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Hammer
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - T Duckova
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - S Groiss
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - M Stadler
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - M Jensen-Waern
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - W T Golde
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH26 OPZ, UK
| | - U Gimsa
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, Dummerstorf, 18196, Germany
| | - A Saalmueller
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
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11
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Ma H, Li X, Li J, Zhao Z, Zhang H, Hao G, Chen H, Qian P. Immunization with a recombinant fusion of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus modified GP5 and ferritin elicits enhanced protective immunity in pigs. Virology 2020; 552:112-120. [PMID: 33152628 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has caused huge economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. Live and inactivated vaccines have only been partially successful in generating protective immune responses. The PRRS virus (PRRSV) glycoprotein 5 (GP5) is a major viral antigenic target and is thus suitable for development of genetically engineered PRRSV vaccines. Here, a modified GP5 and ferritin were fused and expressed using a baculovirus system to generate a GP5m-ferritin nanoparticle vaccine. We demonstrated that the GP5m-ferritin vaccine elicited higher serum antibody titers in pigs than inactivated PRRSV. Moreover, immunization with GP5m-Ft promoted a Th1-dominant cellular immune response and enhanced specific T-lymphocyte immune responses. GP5m-ferritin-vaccinated pigs had significantly lower mean rectal temperatures, respiratory scores, viremia, and macroscopic and microscopic lung lesion scores post-challenge compared with unvaccinated pigs. These results indicated that GP5m-ferritin subunit vaccines can elicit specific protective immune responses and represent promising vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jianglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zekai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Genxi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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12
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Pedrera M, Macchi F, McLean RK, Franceschi V, Thakur N, Russo L, Medfai L, Todd S, Tchilian EZ, Audonnet JC, Chappell K, Isaacs A, Watterson D, Young PR, Marsh GA, Bailey D, Graham SP, Donofrio G. Bovine Herpesvirus-4-Vectored Delivery of Nipah Virus Glycoproteins Enhances T Cell Immunogenicity in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010115. [PMID: 32131403 PMCID: PMC7157636 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emergent pathogen capable of causing acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis in pigs and humans. A high fatality rate and broad host tropism makes NiV a serious public and animal health concern. There is therefore an urgent need for a NiV vaccines to protect animals and humans. In this study we investigated the immunogenicity of bovine herpesvirus (BoHV-4) vectors expressing either NiV attachment (G) or fusion (F) glycoproteins, BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-GΔTK or BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-FΔTK, respectively in pigs. The vaccines were benchmarked against a canarypox (ALVAC) vector expressing NiV G, previously demonstrated to induce protective immunity in pigs. Both BoHV-4 vectors induced robust antigen-specific antibody responses. BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-GΔTK stimulated NiV-neutralizing antibody titers comparable to ALVAC NiV G and greater than those induced by BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-FΔTK. In contrast, only BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-FΔTK immunized pigs had antibodies capable of significantly neutralizing NiV G and F-mediated cell fusion. All three vectored vaccines evoked antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, which were particularly strong in BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-GΔTK immunized pigs and to a lesser extent BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-FΔTK. These findings emphasize the potential of BoHV-4 vectors for inducing antibody and cell-mediated immunity in pigs and provide a solid basis for the further evaluation of these vectored NiV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pedrera
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (M.P.); (R.K.M.); (N.T.); (L.M.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Francesca Macchi
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.M.); (V.F.); (L.R.)
| | - Rebecca K. McLean
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (M.P.); (R.K.M.); (N.T.); (L.M.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Valentina Franceschi
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.M.); (V.F.); (L.R.)
| | - Nazia Thakur
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (M.P.); (R.K.M.); (N.T.); (L.M.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Luca Russo
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.M.); (V.F.); (L.R.)
| | - Lobna Medfai
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (M.P.); (R.K.M.); (N.T.); (L.M.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.)
- UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Shawn Todd
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3219, Australia; (S.T.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Elma Z. Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (M.P.); (R.K.M.); (N.T.); (L.M.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Audonnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Bâtiment 700 R&D, 813 Cours du 3ème Millénaire, 69800 Saint Priest, France;
| | - Keith Chappell
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; (K.C.); (A.I.); (D.W.); (P.R.Y.)
| | - Ariel Isaacs
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; (K.C.); (A.I.); (D.W.); (P.R.Y.)
| | - Daniel Watterson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; (K.C.); (A.I.); (D.W.); (P.R.Y.)
| | - Paul R. Young
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; (K.C.); (A.I.); (D.W.); (P.R.Y.)
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3219, Australia; (S.T.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Dalan Bailey
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (M.P.); (R.K.M.); (N.T.); (L.M.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Simon P. Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (M.P.); (R.K.M.); (N.T.); (L.M.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.G.); (G.D.)
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.M.); (V.F.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.G.); (G.D.)
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13
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Hammer SE, Ho CS, Ando A, Rogel-Gaillard C, Charles M, Tector M, Tector AJ, Lunney JK. Importance of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (Swine Leukocyte Antigen) in Swine Health and Biomedical Research. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 8:171-198. [PMID: 31846353 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In pigs, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) complex, maps to Sus scrofa chromosome 7. It consists of three regions, the class I and class III regions mapping to 7p1.1 and the class II region mapping to 7q1.1. The swine MHC is divided by the centromere, which is unique among mammals studied to date. The SLA complexspans between 2.4 and 2.7 Mb, depending on haplotype, and encodes approximately 150 loci, with at least 120 genes predicted to be functional. Here we update the whole SLA complex based on the Sscrofa11.1 build and annotate the organization for all recognized SLA genes and their allelic sequences. We present SLA nomenclature and typing methods and discuss the expression of SLA proteins, as well as their role in antigen presentation and immune, disease, and vaccine responses. Finally, we explore the role of SLA genes in transplantation and xenotransplantation and their importance in swine biomedical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine E Hammer
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chak-Sum Ho
- Gift of Hope Organ & Tissue Donor Network, Itasca, Illinois 60143, USA
| | - Asako Ando
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | | | - Mathieu Charles
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Matthew Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.,Current address: Makana Therapeutics, Wilmington, Delaware 19801, USA
| | - A Joseph Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.,Current address: Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA;
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14
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Bernelin-Cottet C, Urien C, Fretaud M, Langevin C, Trus I, Jouneau L, Blanc F, Leplat JJ, Barc C, Boulesteix O, Riou M, Dysart M, Mahé S, Studsrub E, Nauwynck H, Bertho N, Bourry O, Schwartz-Cornil I. A DNA Prime Immuno-Potentiates a Modified Live Vaccine against the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus but Does Not Improve Heterologous Protection. Viruses 2019; 11:E576. [PMID: 31242645 PMCID: PMC6631340 DOI: 10.3390/v11060576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus inducing abortion in sows and respiratory disease in young pigs, is a leading infectious cause of economic losses in the swine industry. Modified live vaccines (MLVs) help in controlling the disease, but their efficacy is often compromised by the high genetic diversity of circulating viruses, leading to vaccine escape variants in the field. In this study, we hypothesized that a DNA prime with naked plasmids encoding PRRSV antigens containing conserved T-cell epitopes may improve the protection of MLV against a heterologous challenge. Plasmids were delivered with surface electroporation or needle-free jet injection and European strain-derived PRRSV antigens were targeted or not to the dendritic cell receptor XCR1. Compared to MLV-alone, the DNA-MLV prime- boost regimen slightly improved the IFNγ T-cell response, and substantially increased the antibody response against envelope motives and the nucleoprotein N. The XCR1-targeting of N significantly improved the anti-N specific antibody response. Despite this immuno-potentiation, the DNA-MLV regimen did not further decrease the serum viral load or the nasal viral shedding of the challenge strain over MLV-alone. Finally, the heterologous protection, achieved in absence of detectable effective neutralizing antibodies, was not correlated to the measured antibody or to the IFNγ T-cell response. Therefore, immune correlates of protection remain to be identified and represent an important gap of knowledge in PRRSV vaccinology. This study importantly shows that a naked DNA prime immuno-potentiates an MLV, more on the B than on the IFNγ T-cell response side, and has to be further improved to reach cross-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bernelin-Cottet
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Céline Urien
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Maxence Fretaud
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Christelle Langevin
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
- VIM, EMERG'IN-Plateforme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale IERP, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Luc Jouneau
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Fany Blanc
- GABI, INRA-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Leplat
- GABI, INRA-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Céline Barc
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, Centre Val de Loire, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, Centre Val de Loire, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Mickaël Riou
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, Centre Val de Loire, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Marilyn Dysart
- Pharmajet, 400 Corporate Circle Suite N, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - Sophie Mahé
- Unité Virologie et Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Anses, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
| | | | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Olivier Bourry
- Unité Virologie et Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Anses, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
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15
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Bernelin-Cottet C, Urien C, Stubsrud E, Jakob V, Bouguyon E, Bordet E, Barc C, Boulesteix O, Contreras V, Barnier-Quer C, Collin N, Trus I, Nauwynck H, Bertho N, Schwartz-Cornil I. A DNA-Modified Live Vaccine Prime-Boost Strategy Broadens the T-Cell Response and Enhances the Antibody Response against the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E551. [PMID: 31207934 PMCID: PMC6630347 DOI: 10.3390/v11060551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) induces reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory illnesses in growing pigs and is considered as one of the main pathogenic agents responsible for economic losses in the porcine industry worldwide. Modified live PRRSV vaccines (MLVs) are very effective vaccine types against homologous strains but they present only partial protection against heterologous viral variants. With the goal to induce broad and cross-protective immunity, we generated DNA vaccines encoding B and T antigens derived from a European subtype 1 strain that include T-cell epitope sequences known to be conserved across strains. These antigens were expressed either in a native form or in the form of vaccibodies targeted to the endocytic receptor XCR1 and CD11c expressed by different types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). When delivered in skin with cationic nanoparticles and surface electroporation, multiple DNA vaccinations as a stand-alone regimen induced substantial antibody and T-cell responses, which were not promoted by targeting antigens to APCs. Interestingly, a DNA-MLV prime-boost strategy strongly enhanced the antibody response and broadened the T-cell responses over the one induced by MLV or DNA-only. The anti-nucleoprotein antibody response induced by the DNA-MLV prime-boost was clearly promoted by targeting the antigen to CD11c and XCR1, indicating a benefit of APC-targeting on the B-cell response. In conclusion, a DNA-MLV prime-boost strategy, by enhancing the potency and breadth of MLV vaccines, stands as a promising vaccine strategy to improve the control of PRRSV in infected herds.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibody Formation
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization Schedule
- Organisms, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Organisms, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/genetics
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/immunology
- Swine
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bernelin-Cottet
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Céline Urien
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | | | - Virginie Jakob
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Elise Bordet
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Céline Barc
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale-PFIE-UE1277, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Immunology of viral infections and autoimmune diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, INSERM U1184-CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, 92260 Fontenay-Aux-Roses et 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Christophe Barnier-Quer
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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16
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Vreman S, McCaffrey J, Popma-de Graaf DJ, Nauwynck H, Savelkoul HFJ, Moore A, Rebel JMJ, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N. Toll-like receptor agonists as adjuvants for inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 212:27-37. [PMID: 31213249 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can effectively stimulate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and are anticipated to be promising adjuvants in combination with inactivated vaccines. In this study, the adjuvant potential of three different TLR-agonists were compared with an oil-in-water (O/W) adjuvant in combination with inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (iPRRSV) applied by different administration routes: intramuscular (i.m.) or into the skin using dissolving microneedle (DMN) patches. Pigs received a prime vaccination followed by a booster vaccination four weeks later. TLR1/2 (Pam3Cys), TLR7/8 (R848) or TLR9 (CpG ODN) agonists were used as adjuvant in combination with iPRRSV strain 07V063. O/W adjuvant (Montanide™) was used as reference control adjuvant and one group received a placebo vaccination containing diluent only. All animals received a homologous challenge with PRRSV three weeks after the booster vaccination. Antibody and IFN-γ production, serum cytokines and viremia were measured at several time-points after vaccination and/or challenge, and lung pathology at necropsy. Our results indicate that a TLR 1/2, 7/8 or 9 agonist as adjuvant with iPRRSV does not induce a detectable PRRSV-specific immune response, independent of the administration route. However, the i.m. TLR9 agonist group showed reduction of viremia upon challenge compared to the non-vaccinated animals, supported by a non-antigen-specific IFN-γ level after booster vaccination and an anamnestic antibody response after challenge. Montanide™-adjuvanted iPRRSV induced antigen-specific immunity after booster combined with reduction of vireamia. Skin application of TLR7/8 agonist, but not the other agonists, induced a local skin reaction. Further research is needed to explore the potential of TLR agonists as adjuvants for inactivated porcine vaccines with a preference for TLR9 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vreman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands; Cell Biology & Immunology group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology & Immunology group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Moore
- School of Pharmacy, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Johanna M J Rebel
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
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17
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Goldeck D, Perry DM, Hayes JWP, Johnson LPM, Young JE, Roychoudhury P, McLuskey EL, Moffat K, Bakker AQ, Kwakkenbos MJ, Frossard JP, Rowland RRR, Murtaugh MP, Graham SP. Establishment of Systems to Enable Isolation of Porcine Monoclonal Antibodies Broadly Neutralizing the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:572. [PMID: 30972067 PMCID: PMC6445960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid evolution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV) poses a major challenge to effective disease control since available vaccines show variable efficacy against divergent strains. Knowledge of the antigenic targets of virus-neutralizing antibodies that confer protection against heterologous PRRSV strains would be a catalyst for the development of next-generation vaccines. Key to discovering these epitopes is the isolation of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from immune pigs. To address this need, we sought to establish systems to enable the isolation of PRRSV neutralizing porcine mAbs. We experimentally produced a cohort of immune pigs by sequential challenge infection with four heterologous PRRSV strains spanning PRRSV-1 subtypes and PRRSV species. Whilst priming with PRRSV-1 subtype 1 did not confer full protection against a subsequent infection with a PRRSV-1 subtype 3 strain, animals were protected against a subsequent PRRSV-2 infection. The infection protocol resulted in high serum neutralizing antibody titers against PRRSV-1 Olot/91 and significant neutralization of heterologous PRRSV-1/-2 strains. Enriched memory B cells isolated at the termination of the study were genetically programmed by transduction with a retroviral vector expressing the Bcl-6 transcription factor and the anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL protein, a technology we demonstrated efficiently converts porcine memory B cells into proliferating antibody-secreting cells. Pools of transduced memory B cells were cultured and supernatants containing PRRSV-specific antibodies identified by flow cytometric staining of infected MARC-145 cells and in vitro neutralization of PRRSV-1. Collectively, these data suggest that this experimental system may be further exploited to produce a panel of PRRSV-specific mAbs, which will contribute both to our understanding of the antibody response to PRRSV and allow epitopes to be resolved that may ultimately guide the design of immunogens to induce cross-protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana M Perry
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jack W P Hayes
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Luke P M Johnson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan E Young
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Parimal Roychoudhury
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, India
| | - Elle L McLuskey
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Katy Moffat
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jean-Pierre Frossard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Simon P Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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18
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Matsuyama T, Sano N, Takano T, Sakai T, Yasuike M, Fujiwara A, Kawato Y, Kurita J, Yoshida K, Shimada Y, Nakayasu C. Antibody profiling using a recombinant protein–based multiplex ELISA array accelerates recombinant vaccine development: Case study on red sea bream iridovirus as a reverse vaccinology model. Vaccine 2018; 36:2643-2649. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Huang G, Liu X, Duszynski DW, Tang X, El-Ashram S, Liu Z, Suo X, Li Q. Improved Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses to Vaccination with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in 4-1BB Transgenic Pigs. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1846. [PMID: 29326720 PMCID: PMC5741594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most reliable measure to prevent infectious diseases in domestic animals. Development of novel vaccines demands extensive studies with new technologies, such as using novel adjuvants and immunomodulatory molecules. The co-stimulatory molecule 4-1BB provides a key signal that directs the fate of T cells during activation, and thus is important to their function in immune protection. To determine whether host immune responses to viral infection could be promoted by enhancing 4-1BB co-stimulation, in this study, we produced transgenic pig clones expressing an extra copy of the 4-1BB gene by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated gene 9-mediated homologous recombination at the Rosa26 locus. The immune responses of transgenic pigs to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine were determined on day 14. We show that peripheral blood lymphocytes of transgenic pigs expressed around twice the level of 4-1BB mRNA than those of control pigs. We also found IL-2, TNF-α, and granzyme B mRNA levels as well as PRRSV-specific IFN-γ response were significantly upregulated in 4-1BB transgenic pigs, leading to more efficient cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) killing, whereas the expressions of IL-4, IL-17, and Foxp3 were not affected. These results indicate that higher levels of 4-1BB expression involve in promoting Th1 differentiation and enhancing specific CTL responses to PRRSV, and provide a novel approach to increase the efficacy of current vaccines to control the infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Donal W Duszynski
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengzhu Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Xun Suo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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20
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Huang G, Liu X, Tang X, Du L, Feng W, Hu X, Zhu L, Li Q, Suo X. Increased Neutralizing Antibody Production and Interferon-γ Secretion in Response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Immunization in Genetically Modified Pigs. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1110. [PMID: 28955336 PMCID: PMC5600919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell-mediated immunity plays a prominent role in combating pathogens infection. Both the engagement of the T cell receptor with the peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex and a costimulatory signal are needed for the complete activation of the T cell. To determine whether host immune responses to vaccination could be improved by enhancing CD28-mediated costimulation and verify whether the boosted immune responses could protect the host against viral challenge, we produced a transgenic pig line expressing an extra copy of the CD28 gene controlled by its own promoter at the Rosa26 locus. As expected, in response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain vaccination, CD4+ T cells was remarkably increased in CD28 transgenic pigs and a similar response in CD8+ T cells was elicited after challenge. Importantly, because of increased T cell frequencies, the virus-neutralizing antibody against JXA-1 (a highly pathogenic Chinese PRRSV strain), as well as interferon-γ secretion, were enhanced in transgenic pigs. These findings in our translational study provide a novel concept for farm animal breeding in disease resistance, in which we may use the transgenic technology to force overexpression of confirmed immunity-promoting molecules like CD28 and produce an animal with enhanced immune responses to vaccination and broad-spectrum resistance to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Li Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangquan Zhu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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21
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Lu ZH, Wang X, Wilson AD, Dorey-Robinson DLW, Archibald AL, Ait-Ali T, Frossard JP. Quasispecies evolution of the prototypical genotype 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus early during in vivo infection is rapid and tissue specific. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2203-2210. [PMID: 28361286 PMCID: PMC5506507 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major infectious threat to the pig industry worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that microevolution within a quasispecies population can give rise to high sequence heterogeneity in PRRSV; potentially impacting the pathogenicity of the virus. Here, we report on micro-evolutionary events taking place within the viral quasispecies population in lung and lymph node 3 days post infection (dpi) following experimental in vivo infection with the prototypical Lelystad PRRSV (LV). Sequence analysis revealed 16 high frequency single nucleotide variants (SNV) or differences from the reference LV genome which are assumed to be representative of the consensus inoculum genome. Additionally, 49 other low frequency SNVs were also found in the inoculum population. At 3 dpi, a total of 9 and 10 SNVs of varying frequencies could already be detected in the LV population infecting the lung and lymph nodes, respectively. Interestingly, of these, three and four novel SNVs emerged independently in the two respective tissues when compared to the inoculum. The remaining variants, though already present at lower frequencies in the inoculum, were positively selected and their frequency increased within the quasispecies population. Hence, we were able to determine directly from tissues infected with PRRSV the repertoire of genetic variants within the viral quasispecies population. Our data also suggest that microevolution of these variants is rapid and some may be tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zen H Lu
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei.,The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xinglong Wang
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Alison D Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Alan L Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tahar Ait-Ali
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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22
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Mokhtar H, Biffar L, Somavarapu S, Frossard JP, McGowan S, Pedrera M, Strong R, Edwards JC, Garcia-Durán M, Rodriguez MJ, Stewart GR, Steinbach F, Graham SP. Evaluation of hydrophobic chitosan-based particulate formulations of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine candidate T cell antigens. Vet Microbiol 2017; 209:66-74. [PMID: 28228336 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PRRS control is hampered by the inadequacies of existing vaccines to combat the extreme diversity of circulating viruses. Since immune clearance of PRRSV infection may not be dependent on the development of neutralising antibodies and the identification of broadly-neutralising antibody epitopes have proven elusive, we hypothesised that conserved T cell antigens represent potential candidates for development of a novel PRRS vaccine. Previously we had identified the M and NSP5 proteins as well-conserved targets of polyfunctional CD8 and CD4 T cells. To assess their vaccine potential, peptides representing M and NSP5 were encapsulated in hydrophobically-modified chitosan particles adjuvanted by incorporation of a synthetic multi-TLR2/TLR7 agonist and coated with a model B cell PRRSV antigen. For comparison, empty particles and adjuvanted particles encapsulating inactivated PRRSV-1 were prepared. Vaccination with the particulate formulations induced antigen-specific antibody responses, which were most pronounced following booster immunisation. M and NSP5-specific CD4, but not CD8, T cell IFN-γ reactivity was measurable following the booster immunisation in a proportion of animals vaccinated with peptide-loaded particles. Upon challenge, CD4 and CD8 T cell reactivity was detected in all groups, with the greatest responses being detected in the peptide vaccinated group but with limited evidence of an enhanced control of viraemia. Analysis of the lungs during the resolution of infection showed significant M/NSP5 specific IFN-γ responses from CD8 rather than CD4 T cells. Vaccine primed CD8 T cell responses may therefore be required for protection and future work should focus on enhancing the cross-presentation of M/NSP5 to CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Mokhtar
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Biffar
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Satyanarayana Somavarapu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Frossard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah McGowan
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Pedrera
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Strong
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C Edwards
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Graham R Stewart
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Graham
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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23
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CD1 - and CD1 + porcine blood dendritic cells are enriched for the orthologues of the two major mammalian conventional subsets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40942. [PMID: 28106145 PMCID: PMC5247722 DOI: 10.1038/srep40942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) are professional antigen-presenting cells that induce immune activation or tolerance. Two functionally specialised populations, termed cDC1 and cDC2, have been described in humans, mice, ruminants and recently in pigs. Pigs are an important biomedical model species and a key source of animal protein; therefore further understanding of their immune system will help underpin the development of disease prevention strategies. To characterise cDC populations in porcine blood, DC were enriched from PBMC by CD14 depletion and CD172a enrichment then stained with lineage mAbs (Lin; CD3, CD8α, CD14 and CD21) and mAbs specific for CD172a, CD1 and CD4. Two distinct porcine cDC subpopulations were FACSorted CD1- cDC (Lin-CD172+ CD1-CD4-) and CD1+ cDC (Lin-CD172a+ CD1+ CD4-), and characterised by phenotypic and functional analyses. CD1+ cDC were distinct from CD1- cDC, expressing higher levels of CD172a, MHC class II and CD11b. Following TLR stimulation, CD1+ cDC produced IL-8 and IL-10 while CD1- cDC secreted IFN-α, IL-12 and TNF-α. CD1- cDC were superior in stimulating allogeneic T cell responses and in cross-presenting viral antigens to CD8 T cells. Comparison of transcriptional profiles further suggested that the CD1- and CD1+ populations were enriched for the orthologues of cDC1 and cDC2 subsets respectively.
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24
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Wang X, Yang X, Zhou R, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Yang H. Genomic characterization and pathogenicity of a strain of type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res 2016; 225:40-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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