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Gu Q, Qi A, Wang N, Zhou Z, Zhou X. Macrophage dynamics in prostate cancer: Molecular to therapeutic insights. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117002. [PMID: 38960836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This review provides an in-depth examination of the role that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa), with a particular focus on the factors influencing the polarization of M1 and M2 macrophages and the implications of targeting these cells for cancer progression. The development and prognosis of PCa are significantly influenced by the behavior of macrophages within the tumor microenvironment. M1 macrophages typically exhibit anti-tumor properties by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), thereby enhancing the immune response. Conversely, M2 macrophages contribute to tumor cell migration and invasion through the production of factors like arginase-1 (Arg1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). This review not only explores the diverse factors that affect macrophage polarization but also delves into the potential therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage polarization, including the critical roles of non-coding RNA and exosomes in regulating this process. The polarization state of macrophages is highlighted as a key determinant in PCa progression, offering a novel perspective for clinical treatment. Future research should concentrate on gaining a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage polarization and on developing effective targeted therapeutic strategies. The exploration of the potential of combination therapies to improve treatment efficacy is also emphasized. By emphasizing the importance of macrophages as a therapeutic target in PCa, this review aims to provide valuable insights and research directions for clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Gu
- China Pharmaceutical University, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Anning Qi
- Medical Laboratory, Liuhe People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211500, China
| | - Ne Wang
- Jiangning Hospital Tiandi New City Branch, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Zhenxian Zhou
- Nanjing Second People's Hospital, Jiangsu Province 211103, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- China Pharmaceutical University, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Jiangning Outpatient Department of China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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2
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Meng J, Gao X, Liu X, Zheng W, Wang Y, Wang Y, Sun Z, Yin X, Zhou X. Effects of xenogeneic transplantation of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with irbesartan on renal podocyte damage in diabetic rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:239. [PMID: 39080783 PMCID: PMC11289925 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is diabetic nephropathy (DN). Podocyte damage is an early event in the development of DN. Currently, there is no effective treatment strategy that can slow the progression of DN or reverse its onset. The role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation in diabetes and its complications has been extensively studied, and diabetic nephropathy has been a major focus. Irbesartan exerts reno-protective effects independent of lowering blood pressure, can reduce the incidence of proteinuria in rats, and is widely used clinically. However, it remains undetermined whether the combined utilization of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist irbesartan and MSCs could enhance efficacy in addressing DN. METHODS A commonly used method for modeling type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) was established using a high-fat diet and a single low-dose injection of STZ (35 mg/kg). The animals were divided into the following 5 groups: (1) the control group (CON), (2) the diabetic nephropathy group (DN), (3) the mesenchymal stem cells treatment group (MSCs), (4) the irbesartan treatment group (Irb), and (5) the combined administration group (MSC + Irb). MSCs (2 × 106 cells/rat) were injected every 10 days through the tail vein for a total of three injections; irbesartan (30 mg/kg/d) was administered by gavage. Additionally, the safety and homing of mesenchymal stem cells were verified using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. RESULTS The combination treatment significantly reduced the UACR, kidney index, IGPTT, HOMA-IR, BUN, serum creatine, and related inflammatory factor levels and significantly improved renal function parameters and the expression of proteins related to glomerular podocyte injury in rats. Moreover, MSCs can homing target to damaged kidneys. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the administration of MSCs or irbesartan alone, the combination of MSCs and irbesartan exerted better protective effects on glomerular podocyte injury, providing new ideas for the clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Zhenquan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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Chen F, Liu J, Liu K, Tian L, Li X, Zhu X, Chen X, Zhang X. Osteo-immunomodulatory effects of macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles treated with biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics on bone regeneration. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:045025. [PMID: 38815599 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad5242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Literature on osteoimmunology has demonstrated that macrophages have a great influence on biomaterial-induced bone formation. However, there are almost no reports clarifying the osteo-immunomodulatory capacity of macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). This study comprehensively investigated the effects of EVs derived from macrophages treated with biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics (BEVs) on vital events associated with BCP-induced bone formation such as immune response, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis. It was found that compared with EVs derived from macrophages alone (control, CEVs), BEVs preferentially promoted macrophage polarization towards a wound-healing M2 phenotype, enhanced migration, angiogenic differentiation, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Analysis of 15 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) related to immune, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis suggested that BEVs exhibited good immunomodulatory, pro-angiogenic, and pro-osteogenic abilities, which might be attributed to their specific miRNA cargos. These findings not only deepen our understanding of biomaterial-mediated osteoinduction, but also suggest that EVs derived from biomaterial-treated macrophages hold great promise as therapeutic agents with desired immunomodulatory capacity for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuying Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Keting Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Luoqiang Tian
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuening Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Peng YQ, Deng XH, Xu ZB, Wu ZC, Fu QL. Mesenchymal stromal cells and their small extracellular vesicles in allergic diseases: From immunomodulation to therapy. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2149510. [PMID: 37572379 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have long been considered a potential tool for treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases, owing to their immunomodulatory characteristics. In recent decades, the medical utility of MSCs has been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo, providing a foundation for therapeutic applications. However, the existing limitations of MSC therapy indicate the necessity for novel therapies. Notably, small extracellular vesicles (sEV) derived from MSCs have emerged rapidly as candidates instead of their parental cells. The acquisition of abundant and scalable MSC-sEV is an obstacle for clinical applications. The potential application of MSC-sEV in allergic diseases has attracted increasing attention from researchers. By carrying biological microRNAs or active proteins, MSC-sEV can modulate the function of various innate and adaptive immune cells. In this review, we summarise the recent advances in the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs in allergic diseases, the cellular sources of MSC-sEV, and the methods for obtaining high-quality human MSC-sEV. In addition, we discuss the immunoregulatory capacity of MSCs and MSC-sEV for the treatment of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis, with a special emphasis on their immunoregulatory effects and the underlying mechanisms of immune cell modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qi Peng
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Deng
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Xu
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Cong Wu
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Ling Fu
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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The Role of ncRNAs in Cardiac Infarction and Regeneration. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10030123. [PMID: 36975887 PMCID: PMC10052289 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease worldwide, and it is defined as cardiomyocyte cell death due to a lack of oxygen supply. Such a temporary absence of oxygen supply, or ischemia, leads to extensive cardiomyocyte cell death in the affected myocardium. Notably, reactive oxygen species are generated during the reperfusion process, driving a novel wave of cell death. Consequently, the inflammatory process starts, followed by fibrotic scar formation. Limiting inflammation and resolving the fibrotic scar are essential biological processes with respect to providing a favorable environment for cardiac regeneration that is only achieved in a limited number of species. Distinct inductive signals and transcriptional regulatory factors are key components that modulate cardiac injury and regeneration. Over the last decade, the impact of non-coding RNAs has begun to be addressed in many cellular and pathological processes including myocardial infarction and regeneration. Herein, we provide a state-of-the-art review of the current functional role of diverse non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), in different biological processes involved in cardiac injury as well as in distinct experimental models of cardiac regeneration.
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Ren Y, Zhang H. Emerging role of exosomes in vascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1090909. [PMID: 36937921 PMCID: PMC10017462 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1090909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are biological small spherical lipid bilayer vesicles secreted by most cells in the body. Their contents include nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes can transfer material molecules between cells and consequently have a variety of biological functions, participating in disease development while exhibiting potential value as biomarkers and therapeutics. Growing evidence suggests that exosomes are vital mediators of vascular remodeling. Endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), inflammatory cells, and adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) can communicate through exosomes; such communication is associated with inflammatory responses, cell migration and proliferation, and cell metabolism, leading to changes in vascular function and structure. Essential hypertension (EH), atherosclerosis (AS), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are the most common vascular diseases and are associated with significant vascular remodeling. This paper reviews the latest research progress on the involvement of exosomes in vascular remodeling through intercellular information exchange and provides new ideas for understanding related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Honggang Zhang,
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Song M, Cui X, Zhang J, Li Y, Li J, Zang Y, Li Q, Yang Q, Chen Y, Cai W, Weng X, Wang Y, Zhu X. Shenlian extract attenuates myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury via inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization by silencing miR-155. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:2011-2024. [PMID: 36239618 PMCID: PMC9578494 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2117828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Shenlian extract (SL) is a combination of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. (Labiatae) and Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees (Acanthaceae) extracts, which promote blood circulation and clear endogenous heat toxins. Myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury (MI/RI) is aggravated myocardial tissue damage induced by reperfusion therapy after myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVES This study explores the effect of SL on MI/RI and the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary peritoneal macrophages (pMACs) were treated with LPS and SL (5, 10 or 20 μg/mL) for 24 h. The myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (MI/R) model was established after administration of different doses of SL (90, 180 or 360 mg/kg). Myocardial tissue injury was assessed by methylthiazolyl tetrazolium (TTC) staining and levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mice. The double immunofluorescence staining of iNOS/F4/80 and CD86/F4/80 was used to detect macrophage M1 polarization. The levels of miR-155, inflammatory factors and chemokines were detected by qRT-PCR or ELISA. CD86, iNOS, SOCS3, JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3 and p-STAT3 proteins expressions in macrophages were analyzed by western blotting. Conditioned medium transfer systems were designed to unite M1 macrophages with H/R cardiomyocytes, and cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining, western blotting or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS SL reduced apoptosis, diminished CK and LDH levels, raised SOD concentration and decreased infarct size in the MI/R model. Meanwhile, SL decreased miR-155 level, inhibited M1 macrophage polarization and inflammation. Furthermore, SL promoted SOCS3 expression and blocked JAK2/STAT3 pathway in vitro. CONCLUSIONS SL may be a promising TCM candidate for MI/RI. The underlying mechanisms could be associated with inhibition of M1 macrophage polarization via down-regulating miR-155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xihe Cui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanlong Zang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyan Cai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogang Weng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
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Alcaraz MJ, Guillén MI. Cellular and Molecular Targets of Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:1177-1185. [PMID: 36318277 PMCID: PMC9801303 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes progressive joint destruction. Despite the advances in the treatment of this condition there remains a clinical need for safe therapies leading to clinical remission. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) play immunomodulatory and regenerative roles which can be partly mediated by their secretome. In recent years, the important contribution of extracellular vesicles (EVs) to MSC actions has received an increasing interest as a new therapeutic approach. We provide an extensive overview of the immunomodulatory properties of MSC EVs and their effects on articular cells such as fibroblast-like synoviocytes that play a central role in joint destruction. This review discusses the anti-arthritic effects of MSC EVs in vitro and in animal models of RA as well as their potential mechanisms. Recent preclinical data suggest that transfer of non-coding RNAs by MSC EVs regulates key signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of RA. We also examine a number of EV modifications for improving their anti-arthritic efficacy and carrier ability for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Alcaraz
- Corresponding author: María José Alcaraz, PhD, Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. E-mail:
| | - María Isabel Guillén
- Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
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Lu B, Ku J, Flojo R, Olson C, Bengford D, Marriott G. Exosome- and extracellular vesicle-based approaches for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114465. [PMID: 35878794 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell-generated extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being engineered as biologically-inspired vehicles for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to treat difficult-to-manage human diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Engineered EVs offer distinct advantages for targeted delivery of therapeutics compared to existing synthetic and semi-synthetic nanoscale systems, for example with regard to their biocompatibility, circulation lifetime, efficiencies in delivery of drugs and biologics to target cells, and clearance from the body. Here, we review literature related to the design and preparation of EVs as therapeutic carriers for targeted delivery and therapy of drugs and biologics with a focus on LSDs. First, we introduce the basic pathophysiology of LDSs and summarize current approaches to diagnose and treat LSDs. Second, we will provide specific details about EVs, including subtypes, biogenesis, biological properties and their potential to treat LSDs. Third, we review state-of-the-art approaches to engineer EVs for treatments of LSDs. Finally, we summarize explorative basic research and applied applications of engineered EVs for LSDs, and highlight current challenges, and new directions in developing EV-based therapies and their potential impact on clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Joy Ku
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Renceh Flojo
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Chris Olson
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - David Bengford
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Gerard Marriott
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Xu J, Ye Z, Han K, Zheng T, Zhang T, Dong S, Jiang J, Yan X, Cai J, Zhao J. Infrapatellar Fat Pad Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Exosomes Accelerate Tendon-Bone Healing and Intra-articular Graft Remodeling After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:662-673. [PMID: 35224997 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211072227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) reportedly enhance the healing process. However, no studies have investigated the effect of exosomes from infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) MSCs on tendon-bone healing and intra-articular graft remodeling after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). PURPOSE To evaluate the in vivo effect of exosomes from IPFP MSCs on tendon-bone healing and intra-articular graft remodeling in a rat model of ACLR. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 90 skeletally mature male Sprague Dawley rats underwent unilateral ACLR using an autograft. All rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham injection (SI) group (n = 30), control injection (CI) group (n = 30), and IPFP MSC-derived exosome injection (IMEI) group (n = 30). At 2, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively, tendon-bone healing and intra-articular graft remodeling were evaluated via biomechanical testing, micro-computed tomography, and histological analysis; macrophage polarization was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Biomechanical testing demonstrated a significantly higher failure load and stiffness in the IMEI group than in the SI and CI groups at 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. Moreover, a thinner graft-to-bone healing interface with more fibrocartilage was observed in the IMEI group at both time points. Micro-computed tomography revealed greater new bone ingrowth in the IMEI group than in the other groups, as demonstrated by smaller mean bone tunnel areas and a larger bone volume/total volume ratio. Additionally, more cellular infiltration was observed in the intra-articular graft in the IMEI group than in the other groups at 4 weeks, followed by more regularly organized fibers with mature collagen at 8 weeks. Notably, similar trends of macrophage polarization were found at both the graft-to-bone interface and the intra-articular graft in the IMEI group, with significantly fewer proinflammatory M1 macrophages and larger numbers of reparative M2 macrophages than in the SI and CI groups. CONCLUSION IPFP MSC-derived exosomes accelerated tendon-bone healing and intra-articular graft remodeling after ACLR, which may have resulted from the immunomodulation of macrophage polarization. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The IPFP can be easily harvested by most orthopaedic surgeons. Exosomes from IPFP MSCs, constituting a newly emerging cell-free approach, may represent a treatment option for improving tendon-bone healing and intra-articular graft remodeling after ACLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zipeng Ye
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Han
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianlun Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shikui Dong
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangyu Cai
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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11
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Endotoxin tolerance induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide alters macrophage polarization. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Santana KG, Righetti RF, Breda CNDS, Domínguez-Amorocho OA, Ramalho T, Dantas FEB, Nunes VS, Tibério IDFLC, Soriano FG, Câmara NOS, Quintão ECR, Cazita PM. Cholesterol-Ester Transfer Protein Alters M1 and M2 Macrophage Polarization and Worsens Experimental Elastase-Induced Pulmonary Emphysema. Front Immunol 2021; 12:684076. [PMID: 34367144 PMCID: PMC8334866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-ester transfer protein (CETP) plays a role in atherosclerosis, the inflammatory response to endotoxemia and in experimental and human sepsis. Functional alterations in lipoprotein (LP) metabolism and immune cell populations, including macrophages, occur during sepsis and may be related to comorbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Macrophages are significantly associated with pulmonary emphysema, and depending on the microenvironment, might exhibit an M1 or M2 phenotype. Macrophages derived from the peritoneum and bone marrow reveal CETP that contributes to its plasma concentration. Here, we evaluated the role of CETP in macrophage polarization and elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema (ELA) in human CETP-expressing transgenic (huCETP) (line 5203, C57BL6/J background) male mice and compared it to their wild type littermates. We showed that bone marrow-derived macrophages from huCETP mice reduce polarization toward the M1 phenotype, but with increased IL-10. Compared to WT, huCETP mice exposed to elastase showed worsened lung function with an increased mean linear intercept (Lm), reflecting airspace enlargement resulting from parenchymal destruction with increased expression of arginase-1 and IL-10, which are M2 markers. The cytokine profile revealed increased IL-6 in plasma and TNF, and IL-10 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), corroborating with the lung immunohistochemistry in the huCETP-ELA group compared to WT-ELA. Elastase treatment in the huCETP group increased VLDL-C and reduced HDL-C. Elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in huCETP mice promotes lung M2-like phenotype with a deleterious effect in experimental COPD, corroborating the in vitro result in which CETP promoted M2 macrophage polarization. Our results suggest that CETP is associated with inflammatory response and influences the role of macrophages in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Gomes Santana
- Laboratorio de Lipides, LIM-10, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- Laboratório de Terapêutica Experimental I (LIM-20), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Naffah de Souza Breda
- Transplantation Immunobiology Lab, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Omar Alberto Domínguez-Amorocho
- Transplantation Immunobiology Lab, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Theresa Ramalho
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Francisca Elda B Dantas
- Laboratorio de Lipides, LIM-10, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Sutti Nunes
- Laboratorio de Lipides, LIM-10, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Garcia Soriano
- Laboratório de Emergências Clínicas (LIM-51), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- Transplantation Immunobiology Lab, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eder Carlos Rocha Quintão
- Laboratorio de Lipides, LIM-10, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M Cazita
- Laboratorio de Lipides, LIM-10, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Yan YY, Zhou WM, Wang YQ, Guo QR, Zhao FX, Zhu ZY, Xing YX, Zhang HY, Aljofan M, Jarrahi AM, Makabel B, Zhang JY. The Potential Role of Extracellular Vesicles in COVID-19 Treatment: Opportunity and Challenge. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:699929. [PMID: 34368228 PMCID: PMC8345113 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.699929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection has become an urgent public health concern worldwide, severely affecting our society and economy due to the long incubation time and high prevalence. People spare no effort on the rapid development of vaccine and treatment all over the world. Amongst the numerous ways of tackling this pandemic, some approaches using extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging. In this review, we summarize current prevalence and pathogenesis of COVID-19, involving the combination of SARS-CoV-2 and virus receptor ACE2, endothelial dysfunction and micro thrombosis, together with cytokine storm. We also discuss the ongoing EVs-based strategies for the treatment of COVID-19, including mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-EVs, drug-EVs, vaccine-EVs, platelet-EVs, and others. This manuscript provides the foundation for the development of targeted drugs and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-yan Yan
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Wen-min Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-ru Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumqi, China
| | - Fu-xi Zhao
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Zhuang-yan Zhu
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Yan-xia Xing
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Hai-yan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Mohamad Aljofan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Jian-ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Anselmo A, Frank D, Papa L, Viviani Anselmi C, Di Pasquale E, Mazzola M, Panico C, Clemente F, Soldani C, Pagiatakis C, Hinkel R, Thalmann R, Kozlik-Feldmann R, Miragoli M, Carullo P, Vacchiano M, Chaves-Sanjuan A, Santo N, Losi MA, Ferrari MC, Puca AA, Christiansen V, Seoudy H, Freitag-Wolf S, Frey N, Dempfle A, Mercola M, Esposito G, Briguori C, Kupatt C, Condorelli G. Myocardial hypoxic stress mediates functional cardiac extracellular vesicle release. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:2780-2792. [PMID: 34104945 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Increased shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs)-small, lipid bilayer-delimited particles with a role in paracrine signalling-has been associated with human pathologies, e.g. atherosclerosis, but whether this is true for cardiac diseases is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we used the surface antigen CD172a as a specific marker of cardiomyocyte (CM)-derived EVs; the CM origin of CD172a+ EVs was supported by their content of cardiac-specific proteins and heart-enriched microRNAs. We found that patients with aortic stenosis, ischaemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy had higher circulating CD172a+ cardiac EV counts than did healthy subjects. Cellular stress was a major determinant of EV release from CMs, with hypoxia increasing shedding in in vitro and in vivo experiments. At the functional level, EVs isolated from the supernatant of CMs derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells and cultured in a hypoxic atmosphere elicited a positive inotropic response in unstressed CMs, an effect we found to be dependent on an increase in the number of EVs expressing ceramide on their surface. Of potential clinical relevance, aortic stenosis patients with the highest counts of circulating cardiac CD172a+ EVs had a more favourable prognosis for transcatheter aortic valve replacement than those with lower counts. CONCLUSION We identified circulating CD172a+ EVs as cardiac derived, showing their release and function and providing evidence for their prognostic potential in aortic stenosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Anselmo
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Derk Frank
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck Partner Site, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Laura Papa
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | | | - Elisa Di Pasquale
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, 24105 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Mazzola
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14,43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Panico
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Francesca Clemente
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Cristiana Soldani
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | | | - Rabea Hinkel
- DZHK, Munich Partner Site, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik l, University Clinic Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth Thalmann
- DZHK, Munich Partner Site, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik l, University Clinic Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Reiner Kozlik-Feldmann
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck Partner Site, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michele Miragoli
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14,43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Carullo
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, 24105 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vacchiano
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Antonio Chaves-Sanjuan
- Centro di Ricerche Pediatriche "R.E. Invernizzi", Università di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Santo
- Bio-imaging Facility Unitech Nolimits, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Losi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Annibale Alessandro Puca
- Ageing Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "ScuolaMedicaSalernitana" University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Vincent Christiansen
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hatim Seoudy
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck Partner Site, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Freitag-Wolf
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck Partner Site, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Astrid Dempfle
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mark Mercola
- Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 891 Campus Drive, 94305 Palo Alto (CA), USA
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Briguori
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Via Orazio 2, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Christian Kupatt
- DZHK, Munich Partner Site, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik l, University Clinic Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gianluigi Condorelli
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, Arnold-Heller-Str.3, 24105 Milan, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Wagoner
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Weian Zhao
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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16
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Cai J, Qi H, Yao K, Yao Y, Jing D, Liao W, Zhao Z. Non-Coding RNAs Steering the Senescence-Related Progress, Properties, and Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:650431. [PMID: 33816501 PMCID: PMC8017203 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.650431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The thirst to postpone and even reverse aging progress has never been quenched after all these decades. Unequivocally, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with extraordinary abilities such as self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation, deserve the limelight in this topic. Though having several affable clinical traits, MSCs going through senescence would, on one hand, contribute to age-related diseases and, on the other hand, lead to compromised or even counterproductive therapeutical outcomes. Notably, increasing evidence suggests that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) could invigorate various regulatory processes. With even a slight dip or an uptick of expression, ncRNAs would make a dent in or even overturn cellular fate. Thereby, a systematic illustration of ncRNAs identified so far to steer MSCs during senescence is axiomatically an urgent need. In this review, we introduce the general properties and mechanisms of senescence and its relationship with MSCs and illustrate the ncRNAs playing a role in the cellular senescence of MSCs. It is then followed by the elucidation of ncRNAs embodied in extracellular vesicles connecting senescent MSCs with other cells and diversified processes in and beyond the skeletal system. Last, we provide a glimpse into the clinical methodologies of ncRNA-based therapies in MSC-related fields. Hopefully, the intricate relationship between senescence and MSCs will be revealed one day and our work could be a crucial stepping-stone toward that future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hexu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dian Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Wu Y, Zhang C, Guo R, Wu D, Shi J, Li L, Chu Y, Yuan X, Gao J. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An Overview of Their Potential in Cell-Based Therapy for Diabetic Nephropathy. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6620811. [PMID: 33815509 PMCID: PMC7990550 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6620811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a devastating complication associated with diabetes mellitus, and it is the leading cause of end-stage renal diseases (ESRD). Over the last few decades, numerous studies have reported the beneficial effects of stem cell administration, specifically mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs), on tissue repair and regeneration. MSC therapy has been considered a promising strategy for ameliorating the progression of DN largely based on results obtained from several preclinical studies and recent Phase I/II clinical trials. This paper will review the recent literature on MSC treatment in DN. In addition, the roles and potential mechanisms involved in MSC treatment of DN will be summarized, which may present much needed new drug targets for this disease. Moreover, the potential benefits and related risks associated with the therapeutic action of MSCs are elucidated and may help in achieving a better understanding of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Antifibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Antifibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Ran Guo
- Department of Physiology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Antifibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Jiayi Shi
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Antifibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Luxin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Antifibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Yanhui Chu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Antifibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Xiaohuan Yuan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Antifibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Shkair L, Garanina EE, Stott RJ, Foster TL, Rizvanov AA, Khaiboullina SF. Membrane Microvesicles as Potential Vaccine Candidates. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1142. [PMID: 33498909 PMCID: PMC7865840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention and control of infectious diseases is crucial to the maintenance and protection of social and public healthcare. The global impact of SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated how outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging infections can lead to pandemics of significant public health and socio-economic burden. Vaccination is one of the most effective approaches to protect against infectious diseases, and to date, multiple vaccines have been successfully used to protect against and eradicate both viral and bacterial pathogens. The main criterion of vaccine efficacy is the induction of specific humoral and cellular immune responses, and it is well established that immunogenicity depends on the type of vaccine as well as the route of delivery. In addition, antigen delivery to immune organs and the site of injection can potentiate efficacy of the vaccine. In light of this, microvesicles have been suggested as potential vehicles for antigen delivery as they can carry various immunogenic molecules including proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides directly to target cells. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of microvesicle biogenesis and the role of microvesicles in infectious diseases. Further, we discuss the application of microvesicles as a novel and effective vaccine delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layaly Shkair
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (L.S.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Ekaterina E. Garanina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (L.S.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
- M.M. Shemyakin-Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Robert J. Stott
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (R.J.S.); (T.L.F.)
| | - Toshana L. Foster
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (R.J.S.); (T.L.F.)
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (L.S.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Svetlana F. Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (L.S.); (E.E.G.); (A.A.R.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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19
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Herrmann M, Diederichs S, Melnik S, Riegger J, Trivanović D, Li S, Jenei-Lanzl Z, Brenner RE, Huber-Lang M, Zaucke F, Schildberg FA, Grässel S. Extracellular Vesicles in Musculoskeletal Pathologies and Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:624096. [PMID: 33553127 PMCID: PMC7855463 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.624096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of musculoskeletal diseases is steadily increasing with aging of the population. In the past years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained attention in musculoskeletal research. EVs have been associated with various musculoskeletal pathologies as well as suggested as treatment option. EVs play a pivotal role in communication between cells and their environment. Thereby, the EV cargo is highly dependent on their cellular origin. In this review, we summarize putative mechanisms by which EVs can contribute to musculoskeletal tissue homeostasis, regeneration and disease, in particular matrix remodeling and mineralization, pro-angiogenic effects and immunomodulatory activities. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) present the most frequently used cell source for EV generation for musculoskeletal applications, and herein we discuss how the MSC phenotype can influence the cargo and thus the regenerative potential of EVs. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (iMPs) may overcome current limitations of MSCs, and iMP-derived EVs are discussed as an alternative strategy. In the last part of the article, we focus on therapeutic applications of EVs and discuss both practical considerations for EV production and the current state of EV-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Herrmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Bernhard-Heine-Centrum for Locomotion Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Solvig Diederichs
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Centre for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Svitlana Melnik
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Centre for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Riegger
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Drenka Trivanović
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Bernhard-Heine-Centrum for Locomotion Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shushan Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Experimental Orthopedics, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rolf E. Brenner
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Grässel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Experimental Orthopedics, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Exposed to an Inflammatory Environment Increase the Expression of ICAM-1 and Release Microvesicles Enriched in This Adhesive Molecule: Analysis of the Participation of TNF- α and IFN- γ. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8839625. [PMID: 33335929 PMCID: PMC7723491 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8839625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have immunoregulatory capacity; therefore, they have been used in different clinical protocols in which it is necessary to decrease the immune response. This capacity is mainly regulated by TNF-α and IFN-γ, and it has been observed that cell-cell contact, mainly mediated by ICAM-1, is important for MSCs to carry out efficient immunoregulation. Therefore, in the present work, we analyzed the effect of TNF-α alone or in combination with IFN-γ on the expression of ICAM-1. Besides, given the importance of cell contact in the immunoregulatory function of MSCs, we analyzed whether these cells release ICAM-1+ microvesicles (MVs). Our results show for the first time that TNF-α is capable of increasing the early expression of ICAM-1 in human BM-MSCs. Also, we observed that TNF-α and IFN-γ have a synergistic effect on the increase in the expression of ICAM-1. Furthermore, we found that BM-MSCs exposed to an inflammatory environment release MVs enriched in ICAM-1 (MVs-ICAM-1high). The knowledge generated in this study will contribute to the improvement of in vitro conditioning protocols that favor the therapeutic effect of these cells or their products.
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21
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Bazzoni R, Takam Kamga P, Tanasi I, Krampera M. Extracellular Vesicle-Dependent Communication Between Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Immune Effector Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:596079. [PMID: 33240892 PMCID: PMC7677193 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.596079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells residing in the stromal tissues of the body and capable of promoting tissue repair and attenuating inflammatory processes through their immunomodulatory properties. Preclinical and clinical observations revealed that not only direct intercellular communication mediates MSC properties; in fact, a pivotal role is also played by the release of soluble and bioactive factors, such as cytokines, growth factor and extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane-coated vesicles containing a large variety of bioactive molecules, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, such as RNA. EVs release their contents into target cells, thus influencing cell fate through the control of intracellular processes. In addition, MSC-derived EVs can mediate modulatory effects toward different effector cells belonging to both innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, we will discuss the literature data concerning MSC-derived EVs, including the current standardized methods for their isolation and characterization, the mechanisms supporting their immunoregulatory properties, and their potential clinical application as alternative to MSC-based therapy for inflammatory reactions, such as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Bazzoni
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paul Takam Kamga
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- EA4340-BCOH, Biomarker in Cancerology and Onco-Haematology, UVSQ, Université Paris Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Ilaria Tanasi
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Krampera
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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22
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Xie C, Guo Y, Lou S. LncRNA ANCR Promotes Invasion and Migration of Gastric Cancer by Regulating FoxO1 Expression to Inhibit Macrophage M1 Polarization. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:2863-2872. [PMID: 31894487 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-06019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are closely related to the occurrence of cancer, but its mechanism in gastric cancer (GC) is still largely unclear. AIMS This study aimed to reveal the underlying mechanism of LncRNA ANCR in GC. METHODS The expression of LncRNA ANCR was detected by qRT-PCR. ELISA was used to identify THP-1 cells into macrophage M1 type polarization. After macrophages overexpressing LncRNA ANCR were co-cultured with GC cell HGC-27, the invasion and metastasis of GC were analyzed by Transwell assay. The targeted regulation of FoxO1 by LncRNA ANCR was analyzed by RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and Western blot. The BALB/c nude mouse model of GC was established to analyze the effect of LncRNA ANCR on tumor growth. RESULTS LncRNA ANCR was highly expressed in GC. The overexpression of LncRNA ANCR in macrophages reduced the concentrations of M1 macrophage polarized marker molecules IL-1β and IL-6 in the supernatant of cells, and inhibited the polarization of macrophages to M1, while the knockdown of LncRNA ANCR produced the opposite effect. The co-culture of macrophages overexpressing LncRNA ANCR with GC cells promoted the invasion and migration of cells. LncRNA ANCR targeted FoxO1 and inhibited the expression of FoxO1 in THP-1 cells by promoting FoxO1 ubiquitination degradation. In addition, the overexpression of LncRNA ANCR promoted tumor growth in a BALB/c nude mouse model of GC, while the knockdown of LncRNA ANCR produced the opposite effect. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, the overexpression of LncRNA ANCR promoted the invasion and metastasis of GC cells via down-regulating FoxO1 to inhibit macrophage polarization to M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Xie
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanyan Guo
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Siyuan Lou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Min-De Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
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23
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Wang J, Xia J, Huang R, Hu Y, Fan J, Shu Q, Xu J. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles alter disease outcomes via endorsement of macrophage polarization. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:424. [PMID: 32993783 PMCID: PMC7522905 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stromal cells that reside in virtually all postnatal tissues. Due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory capacities, MSCs have attracted growing attention during the past two decades. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are able to duplicate the effects of their parental cells by transferring functional proteins and genetic materials to recipient cells without cell-to-cell contact. MSC-EVs also target macrophages, which play an essential role in innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and homeostasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that MSC-EVs reduce M1 polarization and/or promote M2 polarization in a variety of settings. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of macrophage polarization and roles of MSC-EV-induced macrophage polarization in the outcomes of cardiovascular, pulmonary, digestive, renal, and central nervous system diseases. In conclusion, MSC-EVs may become a viable alternative to MSCs for the treatment of diseases in which inflammation and immunity play a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Wang
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
| | - Jie Xia
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
| | - Ruoqiong Huang
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
| | - Yaoqin Hu
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
| | - Jiajie Fan
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
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24
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Losurdo M, Pedrazzoli M, D'Agostino C, Elia CA, Massenzio F, Lonati E, Mauri M, Rizzi L, Molteni L, Bresciani E, Dander E, D'Amico G, Bulbarelli A, Torsello A, Matteoli M, Buffelli M, Coco S. Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles exerts immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects in a 3xTg model of Alzheimer's disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1068-1084. [PMID: 32496649 PMCID: PMC7445021 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of neuroinflammation in favoring and accelerating the pathogenic process in Alzheimer's disease (AD) increased the need to target the cerebral innate immune cells as a potential therapeutic strategy to slow down the disease progression. In this scenario, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have risen considerable interest thanks to their immunomodulatory properties, which have been largely ascribed to the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), namely exosomes and microvesicles. Indeed, the beneficial effects of MSC-EVs in regulating the inflammatory response have been reported in different AD mouse models, upon chronic intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration. In this study, we use the triple-transgenic 3xTg mice showing for the first time that the intranasal route of administration of EVs, derived from cytokine-preconditioned MSCs, was able to induce immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects in AD. MSC-EVs reached the brain, where they dampened the activation of microglia cells and increased dendritic spine density. MSC-EVs polarized in vitro murine primary microglia toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype suggesting that the neuroprotective effects observed in transgenic mice could result from a positive modulation of the inflammatory status. The possibility to administer MSC-EVs through a noninvasive route and the demonstration of their anti-inflammatory efficacy might accelerate the chance of a translational exploitation of MSC-EVs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Losurdo
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Matteo Pedrazzoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | | | - Chiara A. Elia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neuro CenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
- CNR, Institute of NeuroscienceMilanoItaly
| | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Elena Lonati
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Mario Mauri
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Laura Molteni
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Elena Bresciani
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Erica Dander
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Pediatric DepartmentUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca, Fondazione MBBMMonzaItaly
| | - Giovanna D'Amico
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Pediatric DepartmentUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca, Fondazione MBBMMonzaItaly
| | - Alessandra Bulbarelli
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
- NeuroMI‐Milan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilano (MI)Italy
| | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neuro CenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityPieve Emanuele (MI)Italy
| | - Mario Buffelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Silvia Coco
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
- NeuroMI‐Milan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilano (MI)Italy
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25
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Klinger JR, Pereira M, Del Tatto M, Brodsky AS, Wu KQ, Dooner MS, Borgovan T, Wen S, Goldberg LR, Aliotta JM, Ventetuolo CE, Quesenberry PJ, Liang OD. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles Reverse Sugen/Hypoxia Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:577-587. [PMID: 31721618 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0154oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles attenuate pulmonary hypertension, but their ability to reverse established disease in larger animal models and the duration and mechanism(s) of their effect are unknown. We sought to determine the efficacy and mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells' extracellular vesicles in attenuating pulmonary hypertension in rats with Sugen/hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Male rats were treated with mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles or an equal volume of saline vehicle by tail vein injection before or after subcutaneous injection of Sugen 5416 and exposure to 3 weeks of hypoxia. Pulmonary hypertension was assessed by right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular weight to left ventricle + septum weight, and muscularization of peripheral pulmonary vessels. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure macrophage activation state and recruitment to lung. Mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles injected before or after induction of pulmonary hypertension normalized right ventricular pressure and reduced right ventricular hypertrophy and muscularization of peripheral pulmonary vessels. The effect was consistent over a range of doses and dosing intervals and was associated with lower numbers of lung macrophages, a higher ratio of alternatively to classically activated macrophages (M2/M1 = 2.00 ± 0.14 vs. 1.09 ± 0.11; P < 0.01), and increased numbers of peripheral blood vessels (11.8 ± 0.66 vs. 6.9 ± 0.57 vessels per field; P < 0.001). Mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles are effective at preventing and reversing pulmonary hypertension in Sugen/hypoxia pulmonary hypertension and may offer a new approach for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Klinger
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mandy Pereira
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Alexander S Brodsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and.,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Keith Q Wu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Mark S Dooner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Sicheng Wen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, and.,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Laura R Goldberg
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, and.,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jason M Aliotta
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Corey E Ventetuolo
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Peter J Quesenberry
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, and.,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Olin D Liang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, and.,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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26
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Terraza-Aguirre C, Campos-Mora M, Elizondo-Vega R, Contreras-López RA, Luz-Crawford P, Jorgensen C, Djouad F. Mechanisms behind the Immunoregulatory Dialogue between Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Th17 Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071660. [PMID: 32664207 PMCID: PMC7408034 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit potent immunoregulatory abilities by interacting with cells of the adaptive and innate immune system. In vitro, MSCs inhibit the differentiation of T cells into T helper 17 (Th17) cells and repress their proliferation. In vivo, the administration of MSCs to treat various experimental inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and bowel disease showed promising therapeutic results. These therapeutic properties mediated by MSCs are associated with an attenuated immune response characterized by a reduced frequency of Th17 cells and the generation of regulatory T cells. In this manuscript, we review how MSC and Th17 cells interact, communicate, and exchange information through different ways such as cell-to-cell contact, secretion of soluble factors, and organelle transfer. Moreover, we discuss the consequences of this dynamic dialogue between MSC and Th17 well described by their phenotypic and functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Terraza-Aguirre
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, F-34090 Montpellier, France; (C.T.-A.); (R.A.C.-L.)
| | | | - Roberto Elizondo-Vega
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular, Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | | | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, F-34090 Montpellier, France; (C.T.-A.); (R.A.C.-L.)
- CHU Montpellier, F-34295 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (C.J.); (F.D.); Tel.: +33-(0)-4-67-33-77-96 (C.J.); +33-(0)-4-67-33-04-75 (F.D.)
| | - Farida Djouad
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, F-34090 Montpellier, France; (C.T.-A.); (R.A.C.-L.)
- Correspondence: (C.J.); (F.D.); Tel.: +33-(0)-4-67-33-77-96 (C.J.); +33-(0)-4-67-33-04-75 (F.D.)
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27
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Muraca M, Pessina A, Pozzobon M, Dominici M, Galderisi U, Lazzari L, Parolini O, Lucarelli E, Perilongo G, Baraldi E. Mesenchymal stromal cells and their secreted extracellular vesicles as therapeutic tools for COVID-19 pneumonia? J Control Release 2020; 325:135-140. [PMID: 32622963 PMCID: PMC7332437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic represents an unprecedented global health emergency, further aggravated by the lack of effective therapies. For this reason, several clinical trials are testing different off-label drugs, already approved for other pathologies. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been tested during the last two decades for the treatment of various pathologic conditions, including acute and chronic lung diseases, both in animal models and in patients. In particular, promising results have been obtained in the experimental therapy of acute respiratory distress syndrome, which represents the most threatening complication of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, more recently, great interest has been devoted to the possible clinical applications of extracellular vesicles secreted by MSCs, nanoparticles that convey much of the biological effects and of the therapeutic efficacy of their cells of origin. This review summarizes the experimental evidence underlying the possible use of MSCs and of MSC-EVs in severe COVID-19 infection and underlines the need to evaluate the possible efficacy of these therapeutic approaches through controlled studies under the supervision of the Regulatory Authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Muraca
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Augusto Pessina
- CRC StaMeTec, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of MilanVia Pascal 3620133 Milano - Italy.
| | - Michela Pozzobon
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Umberto Galderisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli University, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Department of Trasfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, and Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Lucarelli
- Osteoarticolar Regeneration Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Perilongo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy
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28
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Deng M, Tan J, Hu C, Hou T, Peng W, Liu J, Yu B, Dai Q, Zhou J, Yang Y, Dong R, Ruan C, Dong S, Xu J. Modification of PLGA Scaffold by MSC-Derived Extracellular Matrix Combats Macrophage Inflammation to Initiate Bone Regeneration via TGF-β-Induced Protein. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000353. [PMID: 32424991 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The immunologic response toward chronic inflammation or bone regeneration via the accumulation of M1 or M2 macrophages after injury could determine the fate of biomaterial. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) have a pivotal immunomodulatory property on directing macrophage behaviors. Herein, for the first time, 3D-printed poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds modified with hUCMSC-derived extracellular matrix (PLGA-ECM) are prepared by a facile tissue engineering technique with physical decellularization and 2.44 ± 0.29 mg cm-3 proteins immobilized on the PLGA-ECM contain multiple soluble cytokines with a sustainable release profile. The PLGA-ECM not only attenuates the foreign body response, but also improves bone regeneration by increasing the accumulation of M2 macrophages in an improved heterotopic transplantation model of SCID mice. Furthermore, the PLGA-ECM scaffolds with the knockdown of transforming growth factor-β-induced protein (TGFβI/βig-H3) demonstrate that M2 macrophage accumulation improved by the PLGA-ECM could be attributed to increasing the migration of M2 macrophages and the repolarization of M1 macrophages to M2 phenotype, which are mediated by multiple integrin signaling pathways involving in integrin β7, integrin α9, and integrin β1 in a TGFβI-dependent manner. This study presents an effective surface modification strategy of polymeric scaffolds to initiate tissue regeneration and combat inflammatory response by increasing M2 macrophage accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyuan Deng
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiulin Tan
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chengshen Hu
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute Biomedical and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tianyong Hou
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wei Peng
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute Biomedical and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bo Yu
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qijie Dai
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiangling Zhou
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Changshun Ruan
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute Biomedical and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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29
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Wang F, Zhang C, Hou S, Geng X. Synergistic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Promoting Autophagy and Synaptic Plasticity in Vascular Dementia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1341-1350. [PMID: 30256913 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation both showed therapeutic effects on cognition impairment in vascular dementia (VD) model rats. However, whether these two therapies have synergistic effects and the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In our present study, rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, sham operation group, VD group, MSC group, rTMS group, and MSC+rTMS group. The VD model rats were prepared using a modified 2VO method. rTMS treatment was implemented at a frequency of 5 Hz, the stimulation intensity for 0.5 Tesla, 20 strings every day with 10 pulses per string and six treatment courses. The results of the Morris water maze test showed that the learning and memory abilities of the MSC group, rTMS group, and MSC+rTMS group were better than that of the VD group, and the MSC+rTMS group showed the most significant effect. The protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, NR1, LC3-II, and Beclin-1 were the highest and p62 protein was the lowest in the MSC+rTMS group. Our findings demonstrated that rTMS could further enhance the effect of MSC transplantation on VD rats and provided an important basis for the combined application of MSC transplantation and rTMS to treat VD or other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Siyuan Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Xin Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, China
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Franco da Cunha F, Andrade-Oliveira V, Candido de Almeida D, Borges da Silva T, Naffah de Souza Breda C, Costa Cruz M, Faquim-Mauro EL, Antonio Cenedeze M, Ioshie Hiyane M, Pacheco-Silva A, Aparecida Cavinato R, Torrecilhas AC, Olsen Saraiva Câmara N. Extracellular Vesicles isolated from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Modulate CD4 + T Lymphocytes Toward a Regulatory Profile. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041059. [PMID: 32340348 PMCID: PMC7226573 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can generate immunological tolerance due to their regulatory activity in many immune cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) release is a pivotal mechanism by which MSCs exert their actions. In this study, we evaluate whether mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can modulate T cell response. MSCs were expanded and EVs were obtained by differential ultracentrifugation of the supernatant. The incorporation of MSC-EVs by T cells was detected by confocal microscopy. Expression of surface markers was detected by flow cytometry or CytoFLEX and cytokines were detected by RT-PCR, FACS and confocal microscopy and a miRNA PCR array was performed. We demonstrated that MSC-EVs were incorporated by lymphocytes in vitro and decreased T cell proliferation and Th1 differentiation. Interestingly, in Th1 polarization, MSC-EVs increased Foxp3 expression and generated a subpopulation of IFN-γ+/Foxp3+T cells with suppressive capacity. A differential expression profile of miRNAs in MSC-EVs-treated Th1 cells was seen, and also a modulation of one of their target genes, TGFbR2. MSC-EVs altered the metabolism of Th1-differentiated T cells, suggesting the involvement of the TGF-β pathway in this metabolic modulation. The addition of MSC-EVs in vivo, in an OVA immunization model, generated cells Foxp3+. Thus, our findings suggest that MSC-EVs are able to specifically modulate activated T cells at an alternative regulatory profile by miRNAs and metabolism shifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Franco da Cunha
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
- Correspondence: (F.F.d.C.); (N.O.S.C.)
| | - Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Departamento de Imunologia, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, ICB IV, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (V.A.-O.); (C.N.d.S.B.); (M.C.C.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Danilo Candido de Almeida
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Tamiris Borges da Silva
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Cristiane Naffah de Souza Breda
- Departamento de Imunologia, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, ICB IV, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (V.A.-O.); (C.N.d.S.B.); (M.C.C.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Mario Costa Cruz
- Departamento de Imunologia, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, ICB IV, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (V.A.-O.); (C.N.d.S.B.); (M.C.C.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Eliana L. Faquim-Mauro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcos Antonio Cenedeze
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Meire Ioshie Hiyane
- Departamento de Imunologia, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, ICB IV, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (V.A.-O.); (C.N.d.S.B.); (M.C.C.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Alvaro Pacheco-Silva
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, São Paulo 627–05652-900, Brazil
| | - Regiane Aparecida Cavinato
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNIFESP, Rua São Nicolau 210, Diadema 09913-030, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
- Departamento de Imunologia, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, ICB IV, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (V.A.-O.); (C.N.d.S.B.); (M.C.C.); (M.I.H.)
- Correspondence: (F.F.d.C.); (N.O.S.C.)
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Extracellular Vesicles from Interferon-γ-primed Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Reduce Escherichia coli-induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats. Anesthesiology 2020; 130:778-790. [PMID: 30870158 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells possess considerable therapeutic promise for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells may exert therapeutic effects via extracellular vesicles, while priming umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells may further enhance their effect. The authors investigated whether interferon-γ-primed umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells would generate mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles with enhanced effects in Escherichia coli (E. coli) pneumonia. METHODS In a university laboratory, anesthetized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8 to 18 per group) underwent intrapulmonary E. coli instillation (5 × 10 colony forming units per kilogram), and were randomized to receive (a) primed mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles, (b) naïve mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (both 100 million mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles per kilogram), or (c) vehicle. Injury severity and bacterial load were assessed at 48 h. In vitro studies assessed the potential for primed and naïve mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles to enhance macrophage bacterial phagocytosis and killing. RESULTS Survival increased with primed (10 of 11 [91%]) and naïve (8 of 8 [100%]) mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles compared with vehicle (12 of 18 [66.7%], P = 0.038). Primed-but not naïve-mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles reduced alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (422 ± 104, 536 ± 58, 523 ± 68 mm Hg, respectively; P = 0.008), reduced alveolar protein leak (0.7 ± 0.3, 1.4 ± 0.4, 1.5 ± 0.7 mg/ml, respectively; P = 0.003), increased lung mononuclear phagocytes (23.2 ± 6.3, 21.7 ± 5, 16.7 ± 5 respectively; P = 0.025), and reduced alveolar tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations (29 ± 14.5, 35 ± 12.3, 47.2 ± 6.3 pg/ml, respectively; P = 0.026) compared with vehicle. Primed-but not naïve-mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles enhanced endothelial nitric oxide synthase production in the injured lung (endothelial nitric oxide synthase/β-actin = 0.77 ± 0.34, 0.25 ± 0.29, 0.21 ± 0.33, respectively; P = 0.005). Both primed and naïve mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles enhanced E. coli phagocytosis and bacterial killing in human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) in vitro (36.9 ± 4, 13.3 ± 8, 0.1 ± 0.01%, respectively; P = 0.0004) compared with vehicle. CONCLUSIONS Extracellular vesicles from interferon-γ-primed human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells more effectively attenuated E. coli-induced lung injury compared with extracellular vesicles from naïve mesenchymal stromal cells, potentially via enhanced macrophage phagocytosis and killing of E. coli.
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Xie M, Xiong W, She Z, Wen Z, Abdirahman AS, Wan W, Wen C. Immunoregulatory Effects of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:13. [PMID: 32117221 PMCID: PMC7026133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations on the regulatory action of extracellular vesicles (EVs) on immune cells in vitro and in vivo have sparked interest on the subject. As commonly known, EVs are subcellular components secreted by a paracellular mechanism and are essentially a group of nanoparticles containing exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. They are double-layer membrane-bound vesicles enriched with proteins, nucleic acids, and other active compounds. EVs are recognized as a novel apparatus for intercellular communication that acts through delivery of signal molecules. EVs are secreted by almost all cell types, including stem/progenitor cells. The EVs derived from stem/progenitor cells are analogous to the parental cells and inhibit or enhance immune response. This review aims to provide its readers a comprehensive overview of the possible mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects exerted by stem/progenitor cell-derived EVs upon natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes/macrophages, microglia, T cells, and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Division of Hematology and Tumor, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhou She
- Division of Hematology and Tumor, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zaichi Wen
- Division of Hematology and Tumor, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Amin Sheikh Abdirahman
- Division of Hematology and Tumor, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wuqing Wan
- Division of Hematology and Tumor, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuan Wen
- Division of Hematology and Tumor, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Yuan Y, Li L, Zhu L, Liu F, Tang X, Liao G, Liu J, Cheng J, Chen Y, Lu Y. Mesenchymal stem cells elicit macrophages into M2 phenotype via improving transcription factor EB-mediated autophagy to alleviate diabetic nephropathy. Stem Cells 2020; 38:639-652. [PMID: 31904160 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Chronic inflammation is recognized as a key causal factor in the development and progression of DN, and the imbalance of M1/M2 macrophages (Mφ) contributes to this process. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported to prevent renal injuries via immune regulation in diabetic models, but whether these benefits are owing to the regulation of Mφ, and the underlying signaling pathways are unknown. Here, we showed that MSCs elicited Mφ into M2 phenotype and prevented renal injuries in DN mice, but these effects were abolished when the Mφ were depleted by clodronate liposomes (Lipo-Clod), suggesting that Mφ were necessary for renal protection of MSCs in DN mice. Moreover, the MSCs promoted M2 polarization was attributable to the activation of transcription factor EB (TFEB) and subsequent restore of lysosomal function and autophagy activity in Mφ. Furthermore, in vivo adoptive transfer of Mφin vivo (Mφ from DN + MSCs mice) or MφMSCs (Mφ cocultured with MSCs in vitro) to DN mice improved renal function. While, TFEB knockdown in Mφ significantly abolished the protective role of MφMSCs . Altogether, these findings revealed that MSCs suppress inflammatory response and alleviate renal injuries in DN mice via TFEB-dependent Mφ switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Yuan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Nephrology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Nephrology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Nephrology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Nephrology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Tang
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangneng Liao
- Animal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingping Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Nephrology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Nephrology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Younan Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Nephrology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Nephrology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Alcaraz MJ, Compañ A, Guillén MI. Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Novel Treatments for Musculoskeletal Diseases. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010098. [PMID: 31906087 PMCID: PMC7017209 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) represent a promising therapy for musculoskeletal diseases. There is compelling evidence indicating that MSC effects are mainly mediated by paracrine mechanisms and in particular by the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Many studies have thus suggested that EVs may be an alternative to cell therapy with MSCs in tissue repair. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of MSC EVs actions in preclinical studies of (1) immune regulation and rheumatoid arthritis, (2) bone repair and bone diseases, (3) cartilage repair and osteoarthritis, (4) intervertebral disk degeneration and (5) skeletal muscle and tendon repair. We also discuss the mechanisms underlying these actions and the perspectives of MSC EVs-based strategies for future treatments of musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Alcaraz
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Alvaro Compañ
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Isabel Guillén
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, Ed. Ciencias de la Salud, 46115 Alfara, Valencia, Spain
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Suassuna PGDA, Cherem PM, de Castro BB, Maquigussa E, Cenedeze MA, Lovisi JCM, Custódio MR, Sanders-Pinheiro H, de Paula RB. αKlotho attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and increases myocardial fibroblast growth factor 21 expression in uremic rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 245:66-78. [PMID: 31847589 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219894302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), evidence suggests that soluble αKlotho (sKlotho) has cardioprotective effects. Contrariwise, high circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are related to uremic cardiomyopathy development. Recently, it has been demonstrated that sKlotho can act as a soluble FGF23 co-receptor, allowing sKlotho to modulate FGF23 actions in the myocardium, leading to the activation of cardioprotective pathways. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a cardiomyokine with sKlotho-like protective actions and has never been evaluated in uremic cardiomyopathy. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether recombinant αKlotho (rKlotho) replacement can attenuate cardiac remodeling in an established uremic cardiomyopathy, and to explore its impact on myocardial FGF21 expression. Forty-six male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, CKD-untreated, and CKD treated with rKlotho (CKD + KL). CKD was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy. From weeks 4–8, the control and CKD-untreated groups received vehicle, whereas the CKD + KL group received subcutaneous rKlotho replacement (0.01 mg/kg) every 48 h. Myocardial remodeling was evaluated by heart weight/tibia length (HW/TL) ratio, echocardiographic parameters, myocardial histomorphometry, and myocardial expression of β-myosin heavy chain (MHCβ), alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA), transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6), and FGF21. As expected, CKD animals had reduced levels of sKlotho and increased serum FGF23 levels. Compared to the control group, manifest myocardial remodeling was present in the CKD-untreated group, while it was attenuated in the CKD + KL group. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte diameter and interstitial fibrotic area were reduced in the CKD + KL group compared to the CKD-untreated group. Similarly, rKlotho replacement was associated with reduced myocardial expression of TRPC6, MHCβ, and αSMA and a higher expression of FGF21. rKlotho showed cardioprotective effects by attenuating myocardial remodeling and reducing TRPC6 expression. Interestingly, rKlotho replacement was also associated with increased myocardial FGF21 expression, suggesting that an interaction between the two cardioprotective pathways needs to be further explored. Impact statement This study aimed to evaluate whether rKlotho replacement can attenuate cardiac remodeling in a post-disease onset therapeutic reasoning and explore the impact on myocardial FGF21 expression. This study contributes significantly to the literature, as the therapeutic effects of rKlotho replacement and FGF21 myocardial expression have not been widely evaluated in a setting of uremic cardiomyopathy. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that subcutaneous rKlotho replacement may attenuate cardiac remodeling in established uremic cardiomyopathy and increase myocardial expression of FGF21, suggesting a correlation between αKlotho and myocardial FGF21 expression. The possibility of interaction between the αKlotho and FGF21 cardioprotective pathways needs to be further explored, but, if confirmed, would point to a therapeutic potential of FGF21 in uremic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Giovani de Albuquerque Suassuna
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX) and Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Center for Studies, Research and Treatment in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Marocolo Cherem
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX) and Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Bruna de Castro
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX) and Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Edgar Maquigussa
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Cenedeze
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cesar Moraes Lovisi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Studies, Research and Treatment in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Melani Ribeiro Custódio
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Helady Sanders-Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX) and Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Center for Studies, Research and Treatment in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Rogério Baumgratz de Paula
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX) and Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Center for Studies, Research and Treatment in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
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Jiang JQ, Chanseau C, Alves ID, Nlate S, Durrieu MC. Dendron-Functionalized Surface: Efficient Strategy for Enhancing the Capture of Microvesicles. iScience 2019; 21:110-123. [PMID: 31655252 PMCID: PMC6820240 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs) are used by various types of cells in the human body for intercellular communication, making them biomarkers of great potential for the early and non-evasive diagnosis of a spectrum of diseases. An integrated analysis including morphological, quantitative, and compositional studies is most desirable for the clinical application of MV detection; however, such integration is limited by the currently available analysis techniques. In this context, exploiting the phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure of MVs, we synthesized a series of dendritic molecules with PS-binding sites at the periphery. PS-dendron binding was studied at the molecular level using NMR approaches, whereas PS-containing membrane-dendron interaction was investigated in an aqueous environment using plasmon waveguide resonance spectroscopy. As a proof of concept, polyethylene terephthalate surface was functionalized with the synthetic dendrons, forming devices that can capture MVs to facilitate their subsequent analyses. Phosphatidylserine-dendron interaction studies with NMR techniques Lipid membrane binding enhancement using dendritic molecules Dendron-grafted material for effective MV capture
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiao Jiang
- Université de Bordeaux, Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-Objets (UMR5248 CBMN), Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France; CNRS, CBMN UMR5248, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France; Bordeaux INP, CBMN UMR5248, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Christel Chanseau
- Université de Bordeaux, Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-Objets (UMR5248 CBMN), Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France; CNRS, CBMN UMR5248, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France; Bordeaux INP, CBMN UMR5248, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Isabel D Alves
- Université de Bordeaux, Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-Objets (UMR5248 CBMN), Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France; CNRS, CBMN UMR5248, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France; Bordeaux INP, CBMN UMR5248, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Sylvain Nlate
- Université de Bordeaux, Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-Objets (UMR5248 CBMN), Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France; CNRS, CBMN UMR5248, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France; Bordeaux INP, CBMN UMR5248, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France.
| | - Marie-Christine Durrieu
- Université de Bordeaux, Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-Objets (UMR5248 CBMN), Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France; CNRS, CBMN UMR5248, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France; Bordeaux INP, CBMN UMR5248, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire - Bât 14, Pessac 33600, France.
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Shao J, Li S, Liu Y, Zheng M. Extracellular vesicles participate in macrophage-involved immune responses under liver diseases. Life Sci 2019; 240:117094. [PMID: 31760101 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver serves as a central participant in immune system owing to its particular blood supply and large amounts of immune cells, in which macrophages play a significant role in liver homeostasis and disorders. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-defined nanometer-sized vesicles released by cells in a tightly controlled manner, have attracted intensive research attention as a critical vehicle for cell-cell communication in the pathophysiology of liver. Accumulating evidence has proved that extracellular vesicles are frequently involved in macrophage-mediated biological behaviors. Not only can macrophages produce and secrete EVs containing multifarious cargo themselves to exert immunomodulatory functions, but also macrophages may serve as target cells of EVs from other cells eliciting the alteration of their phenotype and function. Since both macrophage as well as EVs show pleiotropic and central effects in the progression of liver diseases, their roles in adjusting innate immunity of liver often present a crossover. In this review we are dedicated to deciphering the complex immunological network constituted by macrophages and EVs in several common liver diseases, including acute liver injury or failure and a set of chronic liver diseases such as viral hepatitis B and C, metabolic and alcoholic liver diseases, as well as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). From the aspect of immunology, we integrate the mechanism of EVs and hepatic macrophages in the setting of liver diseases and show a promising significance of utilizing this association into clinical immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University. Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University. Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University. Hangzhou, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University. Hangzhou, China.
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38
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Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Ocular Hypertension-Induced Retinal Neuroinflammation via Toll-Like Receptor 4 Pathway. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:9274585. [PMID: 31737079 PMCID: PMC6815608 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9274585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by progressive, irreversible damage to the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Our previous study has shown that the intravitreal transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) reveals a neuroprotective role in microsphere injection-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) rat models. The protection is related to the modulation of glial cells, but the mechanisms are still unknown. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the potential neuroinflammatory mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective role of hUC-MSCs. OHT models were established with SD rats through intracameral injection of polystyrene microbeads. The animals were randomly divided into three groups: the normal group, the OHT+phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group, and the OHT+hUC-MSC group. Retinal morphology was evaluated by measuring the inner retinal thickness via optical coherence tomography (OCT). Retinal cell apoptosis was examined by TUNEL staining and Bax expression 14 days following hUC-MSC transplantation. The expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (iba-1), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were assessed via immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative PCR, and Western blot. RNA and proteins were extracted 14 days following transplantation, and the expression levels of the TLR4 signaling pathways and proinflammatory cytokines—myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α—were determined. OCT showed that the intravitreal transplantation of hUC-MSCs significantly increased the inner thickness of the retina. A TUNEL assay and the expression of Bax suggested that the apoptosis of retinal cells was decreased by hUC-MSCs 14 days following transplantation. Intravitreal hUC-MSC transplantation resulted in a decreased expression of GFAP, iba-1, TLR4, MyD88, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α 14 days following transplantation. In addition, via in vitro experiments, we found that the increased expression of the TLR4 signaling pathway induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was markedly decreased after hUC-MSCs were cocultured with rMC-1 and BV2 cells. These findings indicate that hUC-MSC transplantation attenuates OHT-induced retinal neuroinflammation via the TLR4 pathway.
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39
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Huang R, Qin C, Wang J, Hu Y, Zheng G, Qiu G, Ge M, Tao H, Shu Q, Xu J. Differential effects of extracellular vesicles from aging and young mesenchymal stem cells in acute lung injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:7996-8014. [PMID: 31575829 PMCID: PMC6781978 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Old age is a known risk factor for mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/acute lung injury. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess potent immunomodulatory properties, while aging MSCs have reduced capacity. Recent studies have demonstrated that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are able to mimic MSCs in alleviating acute lung injury. The goals of this study were to determine whether EVs from young and aging MSCs had differential effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury in young mice and unravel the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that both aging and young MSC-EVs had similar physical and phenotypical properties. As their parental cells, young MSC-EVs alleviated LPS-induced acute lung injury, while aging MSC-EVs did not exhibit the protective effects. In contrast to young MSC-EVs, aging MSC-EVs failed to alter macrophage phenotypes and reduce macrophage recruitment. In addition, the internalization of aging MSC-EVs by macrophages was significantly lower compared with that of young MSC-EVs. Furthermore, aging and young MSC-EVs differed in levels of several miRNAs relating macrophage polarization. In conclusion, aging and young MSC-EVs have differential effects in alleviating acute lung injury and macrophage polarization, which may be associated with internalization of EVs and their miRNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqiong Huang
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China
| | - Chaojin Qin
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China
| | - Jiangmei Wang
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China
| | - Yaoqin Hu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Guanguan Qiu
- Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Menghua Ge
- Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Huikang Tao
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China.,First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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40
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l-Arginine supplementation blunts resistance exercise improvement in rats with chronic kidney disease. Life Sci 2019; 232:116604. [PMID: 31260684 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients present L-arginine (L-arg) deficiency and L-arg supplementation has been used as a treatment. In addition, sarcopenia is another common problem in CKD population, resistance training (RT) is one of the conservative strategies developed to prevent CKD progression, and however there are no evidences of a combination of these two strategies to treat CKD outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral L-arg supplementation combined with RT in an experimental model of CKD. Twenty-five Munich-Wistar male rats, 8-week-old were divided in 5 groups: Sham (sedentary control), Nx (CKD sedentary), Nx L-arg (CKD sedentary supplemented with 2% of L-arg), Nx RT (CKD exercised) Nx RT + L-arg (CKD exercised and supplemented with 2% of L-arg). CKD model was obtained by a subtotal 5/6 nephrectomy. RT was performed on a ladder climbing, three weekly sessions on non-consecutive days, with an intensity of 70% maximum carrying capacity. They were submitted to RT and/or L-arg supplementation for 10 weeks. There was a significant improvement in muscle strength, renal function, anti-inflammatory cytokines, arginase metabolism and renal fibrosis after RT. However, the combination of RT and L-arg impaired all the improvements promoted by RT alone. The L-arg supplementation alone did not impair renal fibrosis and renal function. In conclusion, RT improved inflammatory balance, muscle strength, renal function and consequently decreased renal fibrosis. Nevertheless, the association with L-arg supplementation prevented all these effects promoted by RT.
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41
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Zhu G, Gui Z. Effect of silkworm peptide on inducting M1 type polarization and Th1 activation via TLR2-induced MyD88-dependent pathway. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1251-1260. [PMID: 31024698 PMCID: PMC6475741 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore immune activity and molecular mechanism of silkworm peptide. The cell subsets induced by silkworm peptides were detected by flow cytometry. The IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in CD4+ cells were measured by ELISA. TLR2 mRNA expression in mouse CD4+ T cells was detected by qRT-PCR. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of MyD88 and p-IκB. The growth rate of Lewis lung cancer xenografts in mice of the medium-dose group was significantly reduced, and the tumor volume was significantly smaller than that of the control group on the 14th day. The relative vitality values of spleen lymphocytes in the medium-dose and high-dose groups were higher than the control group. The IFN-γ levels in the medium-dose and high-dose groups were significantly higher than the control group. The levels of IL-4 were no significant change among different groups. Compared with the control group, different doses of silkworm peptide groups could increase the levels of NO, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-1β. Compared with the control group, the protein expression levels of MyD88 and p-IκB in 10 μg/ml group and 20 μg/ml groups were significantly increased compared with the control group. Silkworm peptide could induce Th1 activation and M1 type polarization, which was dose-dependent and was relative to the effect of silkworm peptide on inhibiting tumor growth. Silkworm peptide could directly induce M1 type polarization and Th1 activation via TLR2-induced MyD88-dependent pathway in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglai Zhu
- School of BiotechnologyJiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiangChina
- Department of Aquatic Science and TechnologyJiangsu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary CollegeTaizhouChina
| | - Zhongzheng Gui
- School of BiotechnologyJiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiangChina
- Sericultural Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhenjiangChina
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42
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Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for autoimmune diseases: emerging roles of extracellular vesicles. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1533-1549. [PMID: 30623280 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In autoimmune disease body's own immune system knows healthy cells as undesired and foreign cells. Over 80 types of autoimmune diseases have been recognized. Currently, at clinical practice, treatment strategies for autoimmune disorders are based on relieving symptoms and preventing difficulties. In other words, there is no effective and useful therapy up to now. It has been well-known that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory effects. This strongly suggests that MSCs might be as a novel modality for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Supporting this notion a few preclinical and clinical studies indicate that MSCs ameliorate autoimmune disorders. Interestingly, it has been found that the beneficial effects of MSCs in autoimmune disorders are not relying only on direct cell-to-cell communication but on their capability to produce a broad range of paracrine factors including growth factors, cytokines and extracellular vehicles (EVs). EVs are multi-signal messengers that play a serious role in intercellular signaling through carrying cargo such as mRNA, miRNA, and proteins. Numerous studies have shown that MSC-derived EVs are able to mimic the effects of the cell of origin on immune cells. In this review, we discuss the current studies dealing with MSC-based therapies in autoimmune diseases and provide a vision and highlight in order to introduce MSC-derived EVs as an alternative and emerging modality for autoimmune disorders.
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43
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Toh WS, Zhang B, Lai RC, Lim SK. Immune regulatory targets of mesenchymal stromal cell exosomes/small extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:1419-1426. [PMID: 30352735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapies have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in a wide-ranging array of tissue injury and disease indications. An important aspect of MSC-mediated therapeutic activities is immune modulation. Consistent with the concentration of MSC therapeutic potency in its secretion, a significant proportion of MSC immune potency resides in the small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted by MSCs. These sEVs, which also include exosomes, carry a large cargo enriched in proteins with potent immunomodulatory activities. They have been reported to exert potent effects on humoral and cellular components of the immune system in vitro and in vivo, and may have the potential to support the diametrically opposite pro- and anti-inflammatory functions necessary for tissue repair and regeneration following injury. Following injury, pro-inflammatory activities are necessary to neutralize injury and remove dead or injured tissue, while anti-inflammatory activities to facilitate migration and proliferation of reparative cell types and to increase vascularization and nutrient supply are necessary to repair and regenerate new tissue. Therefore, a critical immunomodulatory requisite of MSC sEVs in tissue regeneration is the capacity to support the appropriate immune activities at the appropriate time. Here, we review how some of the immune regulatory targets of MSC sEVs could support the dynamic immunomodulatory activities during tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Seong Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ruenn Chai Lai
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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44
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Morandi F, Marimpietri D, Horenstein AL, Bolzoni M, Toscani D, Costa F, Castella B, Faini AC, Massaia M, Pistoia V, Giuliani N, Malavasi F. Microvesicles released from multiple myeloma cells are equipped with ectoenzymes belonging to canonical and non-canonical adenosinergic pathways and produce adenosine from ATP and NAD . Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1458809. [PMID: 30221054 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1458809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) derives from malignant transformation of plasma cells (PC), which accumulate in the bone marrow (BM), where microenvironment supports tumor growth and inhibits anti-tumor immune responses. Adenosine (ADO), an immunosuppressive molecule, is produced within MM patients' BM by adenosinergic ectoenzymes, starting from ATP (CD39/CD73) or NAD+ [CD38/CD203a(PC-1)/CD73]. These ectoenzymes form a discontinuous network expressed by different BM cells. We investigated the expression and function of ectoenzymes on microvesicles (MVs) isolated from BM plasma samples of patients with MM, using asymptomatic forms of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering MM (SMM) as controls. The percentage of MVs expressing ectoenzymes at high levels was higher when derived from MM patients than controls. BM CD138+ PC from MM patients expressed high levels of all ectoenzymes. Paired MVs samples confirmed a higher percentage of MVs with high ectoenzymes expression in MM patients than controls. Pooled MVs from MM patients or controls were tested for ADO production. The catabolism of ATP, NAD+, ADPR and AMP to ADO was higher in MVs from MM patients than in those from controls. In conclusion, our results confirmed the hypothesis that MVs in MM niche are main contributor of ADO production. The ability of MVs to reach biological fluids strongly support the view that MVs may assume diagnostic and pathogenetic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Morandi
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - D Marimpietri
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - A L Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Bolzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - D Toscani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - F Costa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - B Castella
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - A C Faini
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Massaia
- CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,SC Ematologia AO S. Croce Carle, Cuneo, Italy
| | - V Pistoia
- Immunology Area, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - N Giuliani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - F Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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45
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Differential Interaction of Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles with Leukocyte Subsets in Human Whole Blood. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6598. [PMID: 29700367 PMCID: PMC5920058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion and exchange of biomolecules via extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mechanisms in intercellular communication, and the roles of EVs in infection, inflammation, or thrombosis have been increasingly recognized. EVs have emerged as central players in immune regulation and can enhance or suppress the immune response, depending on the state of donor and recipient cells. We investigated the interaction of blood cell-derived EVs with leukocyte subpopulations (monocytes and their subsets, granulocytes, B cells, T cells, and NK cells) directly in whole blood using a combination of flow cytometry, imaging flow cytometry, cell sorting, and high resolution confocal microscopy. Platelet-derived EVs constituted the majority of circulating EVs and were preferentially associated with granulocytes and monocytes, while they scarcely interacted with lymphocytes. Further flow cytometric differentiation of monocyte subsets provided clear indications for a preferential association of platelet-derived EVs with intermediate (CD14++CD16+) monocytes in whole blood.
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46
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Hidalgo-Garcia L, Galvez J, Rodriguez-Cabezas ME, Anderson PO. Can a Conversation Between Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Macrophages Solve the Crisis in the Inflamed Intestine? Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:179. [PMID: 29559912 PMCID: PMC5845680 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by an exacerbated mucosal immune response. Macrophages play pivotal roles in the maintenance of gut homeostasis but they are also implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. They are highly plastic cells and their activation state depends on the local environment. In the healthy intestine, resident macrophages display an M2 phenotype characterized by inflammatory energy, while inflammatory M1 macrophages dominate in the inflamed intestinal mucosa. In this regard, modifying the balance of macrophage populations into an M2 phenotype has emerged as a new therapeutic approach in IBD. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been proposed as a promising cell-therapy for the treatment of IBD, considering their immunomodulatory and tissue regenerative potential. Numerous preclinical studies have shown that MSCs can induce immunomodulatory macrophages and have demonstrated that their therapeutic efficacy in experimental colitis is mediated by macrophages with an M2-like phenotype. However, some issues have not been clarified yet, including the importance of MSC homing to the inflamed colon and/or lymphoid organs, their optimal route of administration or whether they are effective as living or dead cells. In contrast, the mechanisms behind the effect of MSCs in human IBD are not known and more data are needed regarding the effect of MSCs on macrophage polarization that would support the observation reported in the experimental models. Nevertheless, MSCs have emerged as a novel method to treat IBD that has already been proven safe and with clinical benefits that could be administered in combination with the currently used pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hidalgo-Garcia
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), CIBER-EHD, ibs.Granada, Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Julio Galvez
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), CIBER-EHD, ibs.Granada, Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Elena Rodriguez-Cabezas
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), CIBER-EHD, ibs.Granada, Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Per O Anderson
- Stromal Cells and Immunology Group, Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government Centre of Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
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47
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Extracellular vesicles: A new therapeutic strategy for joint conditions. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:134-146. [PMID: 29427625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attracting increasing interest since they might represent a more convenient therapeutic tool with respect to their cells of origin. In the last years much time and effort have been expended to determine the biological properties of EVs from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and other sources. The immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties of MSC EVs have been demonstrated in in vitro studies and animal models of rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. This cell-free approach has been proposed as a possible better alternative to MSC therapy in autoimmune conditions and tissue regeneration. In addition, EVs show great potential as biomarkers of disease or delivery systems for active molecules. The standardization of isolation and characterization methods is a key step for the development of EV research. A better understanding of EV mechanisms of action and efficacy is required to establish the potential therapeutic applications of this new approach in joint conditions.
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