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Sozio F, Schioppa T, Laffranchi M, Salvi V, Tamassia N, Bianchetto-Aguilera FM, Tiberio L, Bonecchi R, Bosisio D, Parmentier M, Bottazzi B, Leone R, Russo E, Bernardini G, Garofalo S, Limatola C, Gismondi A, Sciumè G, Mantovani A, Del Prete A, Sozzani S. CCRL2 Expression by Specialized Lung Capillary Endothelial Cells Controls NK-cell Homing in Lung Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:1280-1295. [PMID: 37343073 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of receptors for chemotactic factors regulate the homing of leukocytes to tissues. Here we report that the CCRL2/chemerin/CMKLR1 axis represents a selective pathway for the homing of natural killer (NK) cells to the lung. C-C motif chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) is a nonsignaling seven-transmembrane domain receptor able to control lung tumor growth. CCRL2 constitutive or conditional endothelial cell targeted ablation, or deletion of its ligand chemerin, were found to promote tumor progression in a Kras/p53Flox lung cancer cell model. This phenotype was dependent on the reduced recruitment of CD27- CD11b+ mature NK cells. Other chemotactic receptors identified in lung-infiltrating NK cells by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), such as Cxcr3, Cx3cr1, and S1pr5, were found to be dispensable in the regulation of NK-cell infiltration of the lung and lung tumor growth. scRNA-seq identified CCRL2 as the hallmark of general alveolar lung capillary endothelial cells. CCRL2 expression was epigenetically regulated in lung endothelium and it was upregulated by the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza). In vivo administration of low doses of 5-Aza induced CCRL2 upregulation, increased recruitment of NK cells, and reduced lung tumor growth. These results identify CCRL2 as an NK-cell lung homing molecule that has the potential to be exploited to promote NK cell-mediated lung immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sozio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur-Italia, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schioppa
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Laffranchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur-Italia, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Tamassia
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Italy
| | | | - Laura Tiberio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Raffaella Bonecchi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Bosisio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marc Parmentier
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M., Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Roberto Leone
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur-Italia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernardini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur-Italia, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Angela Gismondi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur-Italia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sciumè
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur-Italia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Del Prete
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur-Italia, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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2
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Su Z, Brooks J, Pelker J, Andreyeva T, Sobon H, Gifford R, Powers M, Wang J, Dower C, Hegen M, Messing D, Sheehan AD, Brennan JJ. Studies with neutralizing antibodies suggest CXCL8-mediated neutrophil activation is independent of C-C motif chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) ligand binding function. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280590. [PMID: 36662882 PMCID: PMC9858354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
C-C motif chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) is a non-signaling 7 transmembrane receptor that binds chemotactic ligands to shape leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation. However, there is a lack of consensus on the ligands that directly bind CCRL2 or their functional impact. Studies with CCRL2 knockout mice have demonstrated that neutrophils have impaired degranulation and migration in response to CXCL8, where the underlying molecular mechanism is proposed to be due to the formation of CCRL2 heterodimers with the chemokine receptor CXCR2. Herein, we characterized the ligands that bind directly to CCRL2 and interrogated the impact of CCRL2 neutralization on CXCL8 signaling in neutrophils using pharmacological antibody tools. Using flow cytometry and Surface Plasmon Resonance microscopy (SPRm) cell binding experiments, we confirmed that chemerin, but not previously reported C-C chemokines, binds CCRL2. Furthermore, we identified human and mouse CCRL2 antibodies that neutralized chemerin binding to CCRL2. Unexpectedly, we found that neutralization of CCRL2 with these antibodies did not attenuate CXCL8-induced human neutrophil degranulation nor CXCL8-induced murine neutrophil recruitment to the peritoneum. Based on the observed differences in modulating CCRL2 function with neutralizing antibodies compared to the reported CCRL2 deficient murine models, we hypothesize that the ligand binding function of CCRL2 is dispensable for CXCL8 signaling in neutrophils. Finally, extensive profiling of CCRL2 expression on peripheral blood leukocytes revealed monocytes, dendritic cells (DC), and subpopulations of natural killer T (NKT) cells as additional targets, highlighting potential roles for CCRL2 in human cell types beyond neutrophils that warrants future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Su
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Brooks
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Pelker
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tatyana Andreyeva
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hanna Sobon
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roger Gifford
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew Powers
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jing Wang
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Corey Dower
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin Hegen
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dean Messing
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Joseph J. Brennan
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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3
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Szpakowska M, D’Uonnolo G, Luís R, Alonso Bartolomé A, Thelen M, Legler DF, Chevigné A. New pairings and deorphanization among the atypical chemokine receptor family - physiological and clinical relevance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133394. [PMID: 37153591 PMCID: PMC10157204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) form a small subfamily of receptors (ACKR1-4) unable to trigger G protein-dependent signaling in response to their ligands. They do, however, play a crucial regulatory role in chemokine biology by capturing, scavenging or transporting chemokines, thereby regulating their availability and signaling through classical chemokine receptors. ACKRs add thus another layer of complexity to the intricate chemokine-receptor interaction network. Recently, targeted approaches and screening programs aiming at reassessing chemokine activity towards ACKRs identified several new pairings such as the dimeric CXCL12 with ACKR1, CXCL2, CXCL10 and CCL26 with ACKR2, the viral broad-spectrum chemokine vCCL2/vMIP-II, a range of opioid peptides and PAMP-12 with ACKR3 as well as CCL20 and CCL22 with ACKR4. Moreover, GPR182 (ACKR5) has been lately proposed as a new promiscuous atypical chemokine receptor with scavenging activity notably towards CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL12 and CXCL13. Altogether, these findings reveal new degrees of complexity of the chemokine network and expand the panel of ACKR ligands and regulatory functions. In this minireview, we present and discuss these new pairings, their physiological and clinical relevance as well as the opportunities they open for targeting ACKRs in innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Szpakowska
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics,Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giulia D’Uonnolo
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics,Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rafael Luís
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics,Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Ana Alonso Bartolomé
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics,Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F. Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics,Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- *Correspondence: Andy Chevigné,
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4
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Torphy RJ, Yee EJ, Schulick RD, Zhu Y. Atypical chemokine receptors: emerging therapeutic targets in cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:1085-1097. [PMID: 36307250 PMCID: PMC9669249 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) regulate the availability of chemokines via chemokine scavenging, while also having the capacity to elicit downstream function through β-arrestin coupling. This contrasts with conventional chemokine receptors that directly elicit immune cell migration through G protein-coupled signaling. The significance of ACKRs in cancer biology has previously been poorly understood, but recent findings have highlighted the multifaceted role of these receptors in tumorigenesis and immune response modulation within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, recent research has expanded our understanding of the function of several receptors including GPR182, CCRL2, GPR1, PITPNM3, and C5aR2 that share similarities with the ACKR family. In this review, we discuss these recent developments, and highlight the opportunities and challenges of pharmacologically targeting ACKRs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Torphy
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elliott J Yee
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Richard D Schulick
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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5
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Macvanin MT, Rizzo M, Radovanovic J, Sonmez A, Paneni F, Isenovic ER. Role of Chemerin in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112970. [PMID: 36428537 PMCID: PMC9687862 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Obesity is closely connected to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Excess fat accumulation is associated with metabolic malfunctions that disrupt cardiovascular homeostasis by activating inflammatory processes that recruit immune cells to the site of injury and reduce nitric oxide levels, resulting in increased blood pressure, endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Adipose tissue produces adipokines, such as chemerin, that may alter immune responses, lipid metabolism, vascular homeostasis, and angiogenesis. (2) Methods: We performed PubMed and MEDLINE searches for articles with English abstracts published between 1997 (when the first report on chemerin identification was published) and 2022. The search retrieved original peer-reviewed articles analyzed in the context of the role of chemerin in CVDs, explicitly focusing on the most recent findings published in the past five years. (3) Results: This review summarizes up-to-date findings related to mechanisms of chemerin action, its role in the development and progression of CVDs, and novel strategies for developing chemerin-targeting therapeutic agents for treating CVDs. (4) Conclusions: Extensive evidence points to chemerin's role in vascular inflammation, angiogenesis, and blood pressure modulation, which opens up exciting perspectives for developing chemerin-targeting therapeutic agents for the treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana T. Macvanin
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMIS), Università degli Studi di Palermo (UNIPA), 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Jelena Radovanovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alper Sonmez
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gulhane School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 34668, Turkey
| | - Francesco Paneni
- University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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6
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Bufano M, Laffranchi M, Sozzani S, Raimondo D, Silvestri R, Coluccia A. Exploring
CCRL2
chemerin binding using accelerated molecular dynamics. Proteins 2022; 90:1714-1720. [PMID: 35437825 PMCID: PMC9543397 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine (C–C motif) receptor‐like 2 (CCRL2), is a seven transmembrane receptor closely related to the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, and CCR5. Nevertheless, CCRL2 is unable to activate conventional G‐protein dependent signaling and to induce cell directional migration. The only commonly accepted CCRL2 ligand is the nonchemokine chemotactic protein chemerin (RARRES2). The chemerin binding to CCLR2 does induce leukocyte chemotaxis, yet, genetic targeting of CCRL2 was shown to modulate the inflammatory response in different experimental models. This mechanism was shown to be crucial for lung dendritic cell migration, neutrophil recruitment, and Natural Killer cell‐dependent immune surveillance in lung cancer. To gain more insight in the interactions involved in the CCRL2‐chemerin, the binding complexes were generated by protein–protein docking, then submitted to accelerated molecular dynamics. The obtained trajectories were inspected by principal component analyses followed by kernel density estimation to identify the ligand‐receptor regions most frequently involved in the binding. To conclude, the reported analyses led to the identification of the putative hot‐spot residues involved in CCRL2‐chemerin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Bufano
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti Rome
| | - Mattia Laffranchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti Rome Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Department of Molecular Medicine Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti Rome Italy
| | - Domenico Raimondo
- Department of Molecular Medicine Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti Rome Italy
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti Rome
| | - Antonio Coluccia
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti Rome
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7
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Xu M, Wang YM, Li WQ, Huang CL, Li J, Xie WH, Zeng HX, Tao LF, Li X. Ccrl2 deficiency deteriorates obesity and insulin resistance through increasing adipose tissue macrophages infiltration. Genes Dis 2022; 9:429-442. [PMID: 35224158 PMCID: PMC8843887 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced inflammation, characterized by augmented infiltration and altered balance of macrophages, is a critical component of systemic insulin resistance. Chemokine-chemokine receptor system plays a vital role in the macrophages accumulation. CC-Chemokine Receptor-like 2 (Ccrl2) is one of the receptors of Chemerin, which is a member of atypical chemokine receptors (ACKR) family, reported taking part in host immune responses and inflammation-related conditions. In our study, we found ccrl2 expression significantly elevated in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of high fat diet (HFD) induced obese mice and ob/ob mice. Systemic deletion of Ccrl2 gene aggravated HFD induced obesity and insulin resistance and ccrl2−/− mice showed aggravated VAT inflammation and increased M1/M2 macrophages ratio, which is due to the increase of macrophages chemotaxis in Ccrl2 deficiency mice. Cumulatively, these results indicate that Ccrl2 has a critical function in obesity and obesity-induced insulin resistance via mediating macrophages chemotaxis.
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8
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Fischer TF, Beck-Sickinger AG. Chemerin - exploring a versatile adipokine. Biol Chem 2022; 403:625-642. [PMID: 35040613 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemerin is a small chemotactic protein and a key player in initiating the early immune response. As an adipokine, chemerin is also involved in energy homeostasis and the regulation of reproductive functions. Secreted as inactive prochemerin, it relies on proteolytic activation by serine proteases to exert biological activity. Chemerin binds to three distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), namely chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1, recently named chemerin1), G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1, recently named chemerin2), and CC-motif chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2). Only CMKLR1 displays conventional G protein signaling, while GPR1 only recruits arrestin in response to ligand stimulation, and no CCRL2-mediated signaling events have been described to date. However, GPR1 undergoes constitutive endocytosis, making this receptor perfectly adapted as decoy receptor. Here, we discuss expression pattern, activation, and receptor binding of chemerin. Moreover, we review the current literature regarding the involvement of chemerin in cancer and several obesity-related diseases, as well as recent developments in therapeutic targeting of the chemerin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Ben Dhaou C, Del Prete A, Sozzani S, Parmentier M. CCRL2 Modulates Physiological and Pathological Angiogenesis During Retinal Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:808455. [PMID: 35004698 PMCID: PMC8733553 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.808455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a multifunctional protein involved in the regulation of inflammation, metabolism, and tumorigenesis. It binds to three receptors, CMKLR1, GPR1 and CCRL2. CMKLR1 is a fully functional receptor mediating most of the known activities of chemerin. CCRL2 does not seem to couple to any intracellular signaling pathway and is presently considered as an atypical receptor able to present the protein to cells expressing CMKLR1. CCRL2 is expressed by many cell types including leukocyte subsets and endothelial cells, and its expression is strongly upregulated by inflammatory stimuli. We recently reported that chemerin can negatively regulate the angiogenesis process, including during the development of the vascular network in mouse retina. The role of CCRL2 in angiogenesis was unexplored so far. In the present work, we demonstrate that mice lacking CCRL2 exhibit a lower density of vessels in the developing retina and this phenotype persists in adulthood, in a CMKLR1-dependent manner. Vascular sprouting was not affected, while vessel pruning, and endothelial cell apoptosis were increased. Pathological angiogenesis was also reduced in CCRL2-/- mice in a model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. The phenotype closely mimics that of mice overexpressing chemerin, and the concentration of chemerin was found elevated in the blood of newborn mice, when the retinal vasculature develops. CCRL2 appears therefore to regulate the distribution and concentration of chemerin in organs, regulating thereby its bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ben Dhaou
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M., Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Physiologie de La Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA Val-de-Loire UMR-85, CNRS UMR-1247, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Annalisa Del Prete
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia and Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Marc Parmentier
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M., Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Al Delbany D, Robert V, Dubois-Vedrenne I, Del Prete A, Vernimmen M, Radi A, Lefort A, Libert F, Wittamer V, Sozzani S, Parmentier M. Expression of CCRL2 Inhibits Tumor Growth by Concentrating Chemerin and Inhibiting Neoangiogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13195000. [PMID: 34638484 PMCID: PMC8508266 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13195000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chemerin is a multifunctional protein regulating inflammation, immune responses, and metabolism. It was also shown to display anti-tumoral properties in various cancer models. CMKLR1 is the main functional receptor of chemerin. C-C motif chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) is another receptor binding chemerin with high affinity but failing to signal through any known signaling pathway. CCRL2 is strongly upregulated by inflammatory signals and was shown to regulate inflammatory reactions in diverse pathological conditions. Expression of CCRL2 was described in many types of human tumors such as melanoma, neuroblastoma, prostate, breast, and gastric cancer. However, its functional role in cancer has not been studied much so far. We investigate in this study how CCRL2 expression can influence the distribution of chemerin and thereby its biological activity in different tumoral contexts. Abstract CCRL2 belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family and is one of the three chemerin receptors. It is considered as a non-signaling receptor, presenting chemerin to cells expressing the functional chemerin receptor ChemR23/CMKLR1 and possibly GPR1. In the present work, we investigate the role played by CCRL2 in mouse cancer models. Loss of function of Ccrl2 accelerated the development of papillomas in a chemical model of skin carcinogenesis (DMBA/TPA), whereas the growth of B16 and LLC tumor cell grafts was delayed. Delayed tumor growth was also observed when B16 and LLC cells overexpress CCRL2, while knockout of Ccrl2 in tumor cells reversed the consequences of Ccrl2 knockout in the host. The phenotypes associated with CCRL2 gain or loss of function were largely abrogated by knocking out the chemerin or Cmklr1 genes. Cells harboring CCRL2 could concentrate bioactive chemerin and promote the activation of CMKLR1-expressing cells. A reduction of neoangiogenesis was observed in tumor grafts expressing CCRL2, mimicking the phenotype of chemerin-expressing tumors. This study demonstrates that CCRL2 shares functional similarities with the family of atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs). Its expression by tumor cells can significantly tune the effects of the chemerin/CMKLR1 system and act as a negative regulator of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Al Delbany
- I.R.I.B.H.M and Welbio, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium; (D.A.D.); (V.R.); (I.D.-V.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.L.); (F.L.); (V.W.)
| | - Virginie Robert
- I.R.I.B.H.M and Welbio, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium; (D.A.D.); (V.R.); (I.D.-V.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.L.); (F.L.); (V.W.)
- Evotec SAS, 195 Route d’Espagne, 31036 Toulouse, France
| | - Ingrid Dubois-Vedrenne
- I.R.I.B.H.M and Welbio, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium; (D.A.D.); (V.R.); (I.D.-V.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.L.); (F.L.); (V.W.)
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Annalisa Del Prete
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Maxime Vernimmen
- I.R.I.B.H.M and Welbio, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium; (D.A.D.); (V.R.); (I.D.-V.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.L.); (F.L.); (V.W.)
| | - Ayoub Radi
- I.R.I.B.H.M and Welbio, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium; (D.A.D.); (V.R.); (I.D.-V.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.L.); (F.L.); (V.W.)
| | - Anne Lefort
- I.R.I.B.H.M and Welbio, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium; (D.A.D.); (V.R.); (I.D.-V.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.L.); (F.L.); (V.W.)
| | - Frédérick Libert
- I.R.I.B.H.M and Welbio, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium; (D.A.D.); (V.R.); (I.D.-V.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.L.); (F.L.); (V.W.)
| | - Valérie Wittamer
- I.R.I.B.H.M and Welbio, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium; (D.A.D.); (V.R.); (I.D.-V.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.L.); (F.L.); (V.W.)
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Marc Parmentier
- I.R.I.B.H.M and Welbio, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium; (D.A.D.); (V.R.); (I.D.-V.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.L.); (F.L.); (V.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-55541-71
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11
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Atalis A, Dixon JB, Roy K. Soluble and Microparticle-Based Delivery of TLR4 and TLR9 Agonists Differentially Modulate 3D Chemotaxis of Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001899. [PMID: 33928762 PMCID: PMC9211062 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are commonly administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, and local immune cells, notably dendritic cells (DCs), play a significant role in transporting vaccine antigens and adjuvants to draining lymph nodes. Here, it is compared how soluble and biomaterial-mediated delivery of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-targeted adjuvants, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA, TLR4 ligand) and 5'-C-phosphate-G-3' DNA (CpG DNA, TLR9 ligand), modulate 3D chemotaxis of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) toward lymphatic chemokine gradients. Within microfluidic devices containing 3D collagen-based matrices to mimic tissue conditions, soluble MPLA increases BMDC chemotaxis toward gradients of CCL19 and CCL21, while soluble CpG has no effect. Delivering CpG on poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid microparticles (MPs) enhances BMDC chemotaxis compared to MPLA-encapsulated MPs, and when co-delivered, MPLA and CpG do not synergistically enhance BMDC migration. It is concluded that supplementing granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor-derived BMDC culture with interleukin-4 is necessary to induce CCR7 expression and chemotaxis of BMDCs. Different cell subsets in BMDC culture upregulate CCR7 in response to soluble versus biomaterial-loaded MPLA and CpG, and CCR7 expression does not consistently correlate with functional migration. The results show both adjuvant type and delivery method influence chemotaxis of DCs, and these findings uncover new directions for the rational design of vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Atalis
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing (MC3M), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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12
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Cuesta-Mateos C, Brown JR, Terrón F, Muñoz-Calleja C. Of Lymph Nodes and CLL Cells: Deciphering the Role of CCR7 in the Pathogenesis of CLL and Understanding Its Potential as Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662866. [PMID: 33841445 PMCID: PMC8024566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymph node (LN) is an essential tissue for achieving effective immune responses but it is also critical in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Within the multitude of signaling pathways aberrantly regulated in CLL the homeostatic axis composed by the chemokine receptor CCR7 and its ligands is the main driver for directing immune cells to home into the LN. In this literature review, we address the roles of CCR7 in the pathophysiology of CLL, and how this chemokine receptor is of critical importance to develop more rational and effective therapies for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cuesta-Mateos
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria- Instituto de La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,IMMED S.L., Immunological and Medicinal Products, Madrid, Spain.,Catapult Therapeutics BV, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fernando Terrón
- IMMED S.L., Immunological and Medicinal Products, Madrid, Spain.,Catapult Therapeutics BV, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria- Instituto de La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Hariharan A, Weir N, Robertson C, He L, Betsholtz C, Longden TA. The Ion Channel and GPCR Toolkit of Brain Capillary Pericytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:601324. [PMID: 33390906 PMCID: PMC7775489 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.601324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain pericytes reside on the abluminal surface of capillaries, and their processes cover ~90% of the length of the capillary bed. These cells were first described almost 150 years ago (Eberth, 1871; Rouget, 1873) and have been the subject of intense experimental scrutiny in recent years, but their physiological roles remain uncertain and little is known of the complement of signaling elements that they employ to carry out their functions. In this review, we synthesize functional data with single-cell RNAseq screens to explore the ion channel and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) toolkit of mesh and thin-strand pericytes of the brain, with the aim of providing a framework for deeper explorations of the molecular mechanisms that govern pericyte physiology. We argue that their complement of channels and receptors ideally positions capillary pericytes to play a central role in adapting blood flow to meet the challenge of satisfying neuronal energy requirements from deep within the capillary bed, by enabling dynamic regulation of their membrane potential to influence the electrical output of the cell. In particular, we outline how genetic and functional evidence suggest an important role for Gs-coupled GPCRs and ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in this context. We put forth a predictive model for long-range hyperpolarizing electrical signaling from pericytes to upstream arterioles, and detail the TRP and Ca2+ channels and Gq, Gi/o, and G12/13 signaling processes that counterbalance this. We underscore critical questions that need to be addressed to further advance our understanding of the signaling topology of capillary pericytes, and how this contributes to their physiological roles and their dysfunction in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Hariharan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nick Weir
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Colin Robertson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Liqun He
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Huddinge (MedH), Karolinska Institutet & Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Thomas A Longden
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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14
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Schioppa T, Sozio F, Barbazza I, Scutera S, Bosisio D, Sozzani S, Del Prete A. Molecular Basis for CCRL2 Regulation of Leukocyte Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:615031. [PMID: 33363177 PMCID: PMC7758318 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CCRL2 is a seven-transmembrane domain receptor that belongs to the chemokine receptor family. At difference from other members of this family, CCRL2 does not promote chemotaxis and shares structural features with atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs). However, CCRL2 also differs from ACKRs since it does not bind chemokines and is devoid of scavenging functions. The only commonly recognized CCRL2 ligand is chemerin, a non-chemokine chemotactic protein. CCRL2 is expressed both by leukocytes and non-hematopoietic cells. The genetic ablation of CCRL2 has been instrumental to elucidate the role of this receptor as positive or negative regulator of inflammation. CCRL2 modulates leukocyte migration by two main mechanisms. First, when CCRL2 is expressed by barrier cells, such endothelial, and epithelial cells, it acts as a presenting molecule, contributing to the formation of a non-soluble chemotactic gradient for leukocytes expressing CMKLR1, the functional chemerin receptor. This mechanism was shown to be crucial in the induction of NK cell-dependent immune surveillance in lung cancer progression and metastasis. Second, by forming heterocomplexes with other chemokine receptors. For instance, CCRL2/CXCR2 heterodimers were shown to regulate the activation of β2-integrins in mouse neutrophils. This mini-review summarizes the current understanding of CCRL2 biology, based on experimental evidence obtained by the genetic deletion of this receptor in in vivo experimental models. Further studies are required to highlight the complex functional role of CCRL2 in different organs and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Schioppa
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center Rozzano-Milano, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Sozio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center Rozzano-Milano, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbazza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Scutera
- Microbiology Section, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Bosisio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Del Prete
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center Rozzano-Milano, Rozzano, Italy
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15
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Islam S, Moni MA, Urmi UL, Tanaka A, Hoshino H. C-C Chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) acts as coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus-2. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:6012867. [PMID: 33253374 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most of the typical chemokine receptors (CKRs) have been identified as coreceptors for a variety of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs and SIVs). This study evaluated CCRL2 to examine if it was an HIV/SIV coreceptor. METHODS The Human glioma cell line, NP-2, is normally resistant to infection by HIV and SIV. The cell was transduced with amplified cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) as a receptor and CCR5, CXCR4 and CCRL2 as coreceptor candidates to produce NP-2/CD4/coreceptor cells (). The cells were infected with multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1.0. Infected cells were detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Multinucleated giant cells (MGC) in syncytia were quantified by Giemsa staining. Proviral DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity was measured. RESULTS IFA detected viral antigens of the primary isolates, HIV-1HAN2 and HIV-2MIR in infected NP-2/CD4/CCRL2 cells, indicated CCRL2 as a functional coreceptor. IFA results were confirmed by the detection of proviral DNA and measurement of RT-activity in the spent cell supernatants. Additionally, MGC was detected in HIV-2MIR-infected NP-2/CD4/CCCRL2 cells. HIV-2MIR were found more potent users of CCRL2 than HIV-1HAN2. Moreover, GWAS studies, gene ontology and cell signaling pathways of the HIV-associated genes show interaction of CCRL2 with HIV/SIV envelope protein. CONCLUSIONS In vitro experiments showed CCRL2 to function as a newly identified coreceptor for primary HIV-2 isolates conveniently. The findings contribute additional insights into HIV/SIV transmission and pathogenesis. However, its in vivo relevance still needs to be evaluated. Confirming in vivo relevance, ligands of CCRL2 can be investigated as potential targets for HIV entry-inhibitor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salequl Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University (JU), Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
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16
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Amodeo R, Convertino D, Calvello M, Ceccarelli L, Bonsignore F, Ravelli C, Cattaneo A, Martini C, Luin S, Mitola S, Signore G, Marchetti L. Fluorolabeling of the PPTase-Related Chemical Tags: Comparative Study of Different Membrane Receptors and Different Fluorophores in the Labeling Reactions. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:195. [PMID: 32850976 PMCID: PMC7426934 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The set-up of an advanced imaging experiment requires a careful selection of suitable labeling strategies and fluorophores for the tagging of the molecules of interest. Here we provide an experimental workflow to allow evaluation of fluorolabeling performance of the chemical tags target of phosphopantetheinyl transferase enzymes (PPTases), once inserted in the sequence of different proteins of interest. First, S6 peptide tag was fused to three different single-pass transmembrane proteins (the tyrosine receptor kinases TrkA and VEGFR2 and the tumor necrosis factor receptor p75NTR), providing evidence that all of them can be conveniently albeit differently labeled. Moreover, we chose the S6-tagged TrkA construct to test eight different organic fluorophores for the PPTase labeling of membrane receptors in living cells. We systematically compared their non-specific internalization when added to a S6-tag negative cell culture, the percentage of S6-TrkA expressing cells effectively labeled and the relative mean fluorescence intensity, their photostability upon conjugation, and ratio of specific (cellular) versus background (glass-adhered) signal. This allowed to identify which fluorophores are actually recommended for these labeling reactions. Finally, we compared the PPTase labeling of a purified, YBBR-tagged Nerve Growth Factor with two differently charged organic dyes. We detected some batch-to-batch variability in the labeling yield, regardless of the fluorophore used. However, upon purification of the fluorescent species and incubation with living primary DRG neurons, no significant difference could be appreciated in both internalization and axonal transport of the labeled neurotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosy Amodeo
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenica Convertino
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Ceccarelli
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Cosetta Ravelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Luin
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,CNR-NANO, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza Onlus, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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17
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Hanthazi A, Jespers P, Vegh G, Dubois C, Hubesch G, Springael JY, Dewachter L, Mc Entee K. Chemerin Added to Endothelin-1 Promotes Rat Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration. Front Physiol 2020; 11:926. [PMID: 32848866 PMCID: PMC7406802 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While chemerin has been shown to increase proliferation and migration of systemic vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) contributing therefore to the development of hypertension, this remains to be clarified for the pulmonary circulation. Methods Expression of chemerin and its three receptors (CMKRL1, CCRL2, GPR1) was examined by immunohistochemistry and RTq-PCR in lungs, pulmonary artery, and thoracic aorta from Wistar rats. Primary cultured rat pulmonary artery and thoracic aorta SMCs treated with recombinant chemerin (tested from 5.10–9 to 10–7 mol/L) were assessed for proliferation and migration (both with 10–7 mol/L endothelin-1), as well as for staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Results In pulmonary artery and thoracic aorta, CMKLR1 expression was detected in both endothelial cells and SMCs. In primary cultured pulmonary artery SMCs, chemerin and its three receptors were expressed, and CMKLR1 expression was higher than those of CCRL2 and GPR1. Chemerin added to endothelin-1 increased pulmonary artery SMC proliferation, while chemerin or endothelin-1 alone did not. This effect was less pronounced in thoracic aorta SMCs. Chemerin induced pulmonary artery and thoracic aorta SMC migration, which was exacerbated by endothelin-1 and more pronounced in thoracic aorta SMCs. Chemerin concentration-dependently reduced staurosporine-induced apoptosis in both pulmonary artery and thoracic aorta SMCs. In pulmonary artery SMCs, endothelin-1 treatment increased the expression of CMKLR1, CCRL2, and GPR1, while these expressions were not altered in thoracic aorta SMCs. Conclusion Chemerin/CMKRL1 signaling, in conjunction with a key mediator in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertensive diseases, endothelin-1, stimulated proliferation and migration, and increased resistance to apoptosis in rat primary cultured pulmonary artery SMCs. Our results suggest that this signaling could play a role in pulmonary artery remodeling observed in pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliénor Hanthazi
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascale Jespers
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Grégory Vegh
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Dubois
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Hubesch
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Springael
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Dewachter
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Mc Entee
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Rytelewska E, Kisielewska K, Kiezun M, Dobrzyn K, Gudelska M, Rak A, Dupont J, Kaminska B, Kaminski T, Smolinska N. Expression of chemerin and its receptors in the ovaries of prepubertal and mature gilts. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:739-762. [PMID: 32557981 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that chemerin participates in the regulation of female reproductive function at the level of the ovaries. Due to the lack of data concerning the presence of the chemerin system (chemerin and its receptors: CMKLR1, GPR1, CCRL2) in the ovaries of pigs, one of the most economically important livestock species, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression and localization of chemerin and its receptors in the ovaries of prepubertal and mature gilts. We also aimed to examine the concentrations of chemerin in the follicular fluid of prepubertal and mature animals. In the present study, we have demonstrated the expression patterns of chemerin system components in the porcine follicles of different sizes of prepubertal and mature animals, as well as in corpora lutea of mature gilts during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. The obtained results suggest that the expression of chemerin system components is influenced by the reproductive stage, cell type, and the hormonal status of gilts (the estrous cycle/pregnancy). We have also presented the localization of the chemerin system components in various ovarian structures, and also showed changes in the concentration of chemerin in the follicular fluid of pigs. The presented findings not only confirm that chemerin is produced locally in the porcine ovary but they also demonstrate that chemerin directly affects ovarian cells, as confirmed by the presence of chemerin receptors in all ovarian structures. Therefore, chemerin appears to be an important intra-ovarian factor that could regulate ovary function in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Rytelewska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kisielewska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Kiezun
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kamil Dobrzyn
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marlena Gudelska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joelle Dupont
- INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | - Barbara Kaminska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Kaminski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Nina Smolinska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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19
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Transcription Analysis of the Chemerin Impact on Gene Expression Profile in the Luteal Cells of Gilts. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060651. [PMID: 32545672 PMCID: PMC7349926 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a recently discovered adipokine that participates in the regulation of many physiological and disorder-related processes in mammals, including metabolism, inflammatory reactions, obesity, and reproduction. We investigated how chemerin affects the transcriptome profile of porcine luteal cells. The luteal cells were acquired from mature gilts. After the in vitro culturing with and without chemerin, the total RNAs were isolated and high-throughput sequencing was performed. Obtained datasets were processed using bioinformatic tools. The study revealed 509 differentially expressed genes under the chemerin influence. Their products take part in many processes, important for the functions of the corpus luteum, such as steroids and prostaglandins synthesis, NF-κB and JAK/STAT signal transducing pathways, and apoptosis. The expression of the CASP3, HSD3B7, IL1B, and PTGS2 genes, due to their important role in the physiology of the corpus luteum, was validated using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. The qPCR confirmed the changes of gene expression. Chemerin in physiological concentrations significantly affects the expression of many genes in luteal cells of pigs, which is likely to result in modification of physiological processes related to reproduction.
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20
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Groblewska M, Litman-Zawadzka A, Mroczko B. The Role of Selected Chemokines and Their Receptors in the Development of Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103704. [PMID: 32456359 PMCID: PMC7279280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among heterogeneous primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), gliomas are the most frequent type, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) characterized with the worst prognosis. In their development, certain chemokine/receptor axes play important roles and promote proliferation, survival, metastasis, and neoangiogenesis. However, little is known about the significance of atypical receptors for chemokines (ACKRs) in these tumors. The objective of the study was to present the role of chemokines and their conventional and atypical receptors in CNS tumors. Therefore, we performed a thorough search for literature concerning our investigation via the PubMed database. We describe biological functions of chemokines/chemokine receptors from various groups and their significance in carcinogenesis, cancer-related inflammation, neo-angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Furthermore, we discuss the role of chemokines in glioma development, with particular regard to their function in the transition from low-grade to high-grade tumors and angiogenic switch. We also depict various chemokine/receptor axes, such as CXCL8-CXCR1/2, CXCL12-CXCR4, CXCL16-CXCR6, CX3CL1-CX3CR1, CCL2-CCR2, and CCL5-CCR5 of special importance in gliomas, as well as atypical chemokine receptors ACKR1-4, CCRL2, and PITPMN3. Additionally, the diagnostic significance and usefulness of the measurement of some chemokines and their receptors in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of glioma patients is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Groblewska
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Ala Litman-Zawadzka
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-831-8785
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21
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More Than an Adipokine: The Complex Roles of Chemerin Signaling in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194778. [PMID: 31561459 PMCID: PMC6801800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is widely recognized as an adipokine, with diverse biological roles in cellular differentiation and metabolism, as well as a leukocyte chemoattractant. Research investigating the role of chemerin in the obesity-cancer relationship has provided evidence both for pro- and anti-cancer effects. The tumor-promoting effects of chemerin primarily involve direct effects on migration, invasion, and metastasis as well as growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Chemerin can also promote tumor growth via the recruitment of tumor-supporting mesenchymal stromal cells and stimulation of angiogenesis pathways in endothelial cells. In contrast, the majority of evidence supports that the tumor-suppressing effects of chemerin are immune-mediated and result in a shift from immunosuppressive to immunogenic cell populations within the tumor microenvironment. Systemic chemerin and chemerin produced within the tumor microenvironment may contribute to these effects via signaling through CMKLR1 (chemerin1), GPR1 (chemerin2), and CCLR2 on target cells. As such, inhibition or activation of chemerin signaling could be beneficial as a therapeutic approach depending on the type of cancer. Additional studies are required to determine if obesity influences cancer initiation or progression through increased adipose tissue production of chemerin and/or altered chemerin processing that leads to changes in chemerin signaling in the tumor microenvironment.
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22
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Del Prete A, Sozio F, Schioppa T, Ponzetta A, Vermi W, Calza S, Bugatti M, Salvi V, Bernardini G, Benvenuti F, Vecchi A, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A, Sozzani S. The Atypical Receptor CCRL2 Is Essential for Lung Cancer Immune Surveillance. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1775-1788. [PMID: 31484658 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CCRL2 is a nonsignaling seven-transmembrane domain receptor. CCRL2 binds chemerin, a protein that promotes chemotaxis of leukocytes, including macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. In addition, CCRL2 controls the inflammatory response in different pathologic settings, such as hypersensitivity, inflammatory arthritis, and experimental autoimmune encephalitis. Here, we investigated the role of CCRL2 in the regulation of lung cancer-related inflammation. The genetic deletion of Ccrl2 promoted tumor progression in urethane-induced and in Kras G12D/+/p53 LoxP lung tumor mouse models. Similarly, a Kras-mutant lung tumor displayed enhanced growth in Ccrl2-deficient mice. This phenotype was associated with a reduced inflammatory infiltrate characterized by the impaired recruitment of several leukocyte populations including NK cells. Bone marrow chimeras showed that CCRL2 expression by the nonhematopoietic cell compartment was responsible for the increased tumor formation observed in Kras-mutant Ccrl2-deficient mice. In human and mouse lungs, CCRL2 was expressed by a fraction of CD31+ endothelial cells, where it could control NK infiltration. Elevated CCRL2 expression in biopsies from human lung adenocarcinoma positively correlated with clinical outcome. These results provide evidence for a crucial role of CCRL2 in shaping an anti-lung tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Del Prete
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Sozio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schioppa
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Ponzetta
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Calza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernardini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur-Italia, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Federica Benvenuti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Humanitas University, Rozzano-Milano, Italy.,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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23
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Pachynski RK, Wang P, Salazar N, Zheng Y, Nease L, Rosalez J, Leong WI, Virdi G, Rennier K, Shin WJ, Nguyen V, Butcher EC, Zabel BA. Chemerin Suppresses Breast Cancer Growth by Recruiting Immune Effector Cells Into the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:983. [PMID: 31139180 PMCID: PMC6518384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of immune cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME) can regulate growth and survival of neoplastic cells, impacting tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Correlations between the number of effector immune cells present in a tumor and clinical outcomes in many human tumors, including breast, have been widely described. Current immunotherapies utilizing checkpoint inhibitors or co-stimulatory molecule agonists aim to activate effector immune cells. However, tumors often lack adequate effector cell numbers within the TME, resulting in suboptimal responses to these agents. Chemerin (RARRES2) is a leukocyte chemoattractant widely expressed in many tissues and is known to recruit innate leukocytes. CMKLR1 is a chemotactic cellular receptor for chemerin and is expressed on subsets of dendritic cells, NK cells, and macrophages. We have previously shown that chemerin acts as a tumor suppressive cytokine in mouse melanoma models by recruiting innate immune defenses into the TME. Chemerin/RARRES2 is down-regulated in many tumors, including breast, compared to normal tissue counterparts. Here, using a syngeneic orthotopic EMT6 breast carcinoma model, we show that forced overexpression of chemerin by tumor cells results in significant recruitment of NK cells and T cells within the TME. While chemerin secretion by EMT6 cells did not alter their phenotypic behavior in vitro, it did significantly suppress tumor growth in vivo. To define the cellular effectors required for this anti-tumor phenotype, we depleted NK cells or CD8+ T cells and found that either cell type is required for chemerin-dependent suppression of EMT6 tumor growth. Finally, we show significantly reduced levels of RARRES2 mRNA in human breast cancer samples compared to matched normal tissues. Thus, for the first time we have shown that increasing chemerin expression within the breast carcinoma TME can suppress growth by recruitment of NK and T cells, thereby supporting this approach as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell K Pachynski
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nicole Salazar
- Department of Research and Development, Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yayue Zheng
- Department of Research and Development, Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Leona Nease
- Department of Research and Development, Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jesse Rosalez
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, San José State University, San José, CA, United States
| | | | - Gurpal Virdi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Keith Rennier
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Woo Jae Shin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Viet Nguyen
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, VA Palo Alto Health Care Systems, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Brian A Zabel
- Department of Research and Development, Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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24
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Borroni EM, Savino B, Bonecchi R, Locati M. Chemokines sound the alarmin: The role of atypical chemokine in inflammation and cancer. Semin Immunol 2018; 38:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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