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Hu W, Xu K. Research progress on genetic control of host susceptibility to tuberculosis. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 51:679-690. [PMID: 36915969 PMCID: PMC10262011 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2022-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The "Lübeck disaster", twins studies, adoptees studies, and other epidemiological observational studies have shown that host genetic factors play a significant role in determining the host susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and pathogenesis of tuberculosis. From linkage analyses to genome-wide association studies, it has been discovered that human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes as well as non-HLA genes (such as SLC11A1, VDR, ASAP1 as well as genes encoding cytokines and pattern recognition receptors) are associated with tuberculosis susceptibility. To provide ideas for subsequent studies about risk prediction of MTB infection and the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, we review the research progress on tuberculosis susceptibility related genes in recent years, focusing on the correlation of HLA genes and non-HLA genes with the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. We also report the results of an enrichment analysis of the genes mentioned in the article. Most of these genes appear to be involved in the regulation of immune system and inflammation, and are also closely related to autoimmune diseases.
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TLRs in Mycobacterial Pathogenesis: Black and White or Shades of Gray. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2183-2193. [PMID: 33844035 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical role in the innate recognition of pathogens besides orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. These receptors exhibit exquisite specificity for different pathogens or their products and, through a complex network of signalling, generate appropriate immune responses. TLRs induce both pro- and anti-inflammatory signals depending on interactions with the adapter molecules thereby impacting the outcome of infection. Hence, TLR signalling ought to be stringently regulated to avoid harmful effects on the host. Mycobacteria express antigens which are sensed by TLRs leading to activation of various signalling molecules important for initiating the death of infected cells and containment of pathogens. Conversely, it also utilizes TLRs for immune evasion and persistence. Due to the enormous diversity in the repertoire of virulence traits expressed by mycobacteria, genetic variations in TLRs often impair the host's ability to respond to mycobacterial-stress, affecting health and disease manifestations. Thus, understanding TLR signalling is of great importance for insights into host-mycobacterial interactions and designing effective measures for controlling the spread and persistence of the bacterium.
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Figueira MBDA, de Lima DS, Boechat AL, Filho MGDN, Antunes IA, Matsuda JDS, Ribeiro TRDA, Felix LS, Gonçalves ASF, da Costa AG, Ramasawmy R, Pontillo A, Ogusku MM, Sadahiro A. Single-Nucleotide Variants in the AIM2 - Absent in Melanoma 2 Gene (rs1103577) Associated With Protection for Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:604975. [PMID: 33868225 PMCID: PMC8047195 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.604975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious public health burden worldwide. TB is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Innate immune response is critical for controlling mycobacterial infection. NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3/ absent in melanoma 2 (NLRP3/AIM2) inflammasomes are suggested to play an important role in TB. NLRP3/AIM2 mediate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 to control M. tuberculosis infection. Variants of genes involved in inflammasomes may contribute to elucidation of host immune responses to TB infection. The present study evaluated single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in inflammasome genes AIM2 (rs1103577), CARD8 (rs2009373), and CTSB (rs1692816) in 401 patients with pulmonary TB (PTB), 133 patients with extrapulmonary TB (EPTB), and 366 healthy control (HC) subjects with no history of TB residing in the Amazonas state. Quantitative Real Time PCR was performed for allelic discrimination. The SNV of AIM2 (rs1103577) is associated with protection for PTB (padj: 0.033, ORadj: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49-0.97). CTSB (rs1692816) is associated with reduced risk for EPTB when compared with PTB (padj: 0.034, ORadj: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.27-0.94). Serum IL-1β concentrations were higher in patients with PTB than those in HCs (p = 0,0003). The SNV rs1103577 of AIM2 appeared to influence IL-1β release. In a dominant model, individuals with the CC genotype (mean 3.78 ± SD 0.81) appeared to have a higher level of IL-1β compared to carriers of the T allele (mean 3.45 ± SD 0.84) among the patients with PTB (p = 0,0040). We found that SNVs of AIM2 and CTSB were associated with TB, and the mechanisms involved in this process require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Brasil de Andrade Figueira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Dhêmerson Souza de Lima
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Luiz Boechat
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luana Sousa Felix
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ariane Senna Fonseca Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pontillo
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Morishi Ogusku
- Laboratório de Micobacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Aya Sadahiro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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4
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Cubillos-Angulo JM, Arriaga MB, Silva EC, Müller BLA, Ramalho DMP, Fukutani KF, Miranda PFC, Moreira ASR, Ruffino-Netto A, Lapa E Silva JR, Sterling TR, Kritski AL, Oliveira MM, Andrade BB. Polymorphisms in TLR4 and TNFA and Risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Development of Active Disease in Contacts of Tuberculosis Cases in Brazil: A Prospective Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:1027-1035. [PMID: 30481307 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of genetic polymorphisms in latent tuberculosis (TB) infection and progression to active TB is not fully understood. METHODS We tested the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs5743708 (TLR2), rs4986791 (TLR4), rs361525 (TNFA), rs2430561 (IFNG) rs1143627 (IL1B) as risk factors for tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion or development of active TB in contacts of active TB cases. Contacts of microbiologically confirmed pulmonary TB cases were initially screened for longitudinal evaluation up to 24 months, with clinical examination and serial TST, between 1998 and 2004 at a referral center in Brazil. Data and biospecimens were collected from 526 individuals who were contacts of 177 active TB index cases. TST conversion was defined as induration ≥5 mm after a negative TST result (0 mm) at baseline or month 4 visit. Independent associations were tested using logistic regression models. RESULTS Among the 526 contacts, 60 had TST conversion and 44 developed active TB during follow-up. Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that male sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-4.6), as well as SNPs in TLR4 genes (OR: 62.8, 95% CI: 7.5-525.3) and TNFA (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.9-9.5) were independently associated with TST conversion. Moreover, a positive TST at baseline (OR: 4.7, 95% CI: 2.3-9.7) and SNPs in TLR4 (OR: 6.5, 95% CI: 1.1-36.7) and TNFA (OR: 12.4, 95% CI:5.1-30.1) were independently associated with incident TB. CONCLUSIONS SNPs in TLR4 and TNFA predicted both TST conversion and active TB among contacts of TB cases in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Cubillos-Angulo
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia
| | - María B Arriaga
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia
| | - Elisângela C Silva
- Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina e Complexo Hospitalar HUCFF-IDT, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.,Recognize the Biology Laboratory, Center of Bioscience and Biotechnology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
| | - Beatriz L A Müller
- Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina e Complexo Hospitalar HUCFF-IDT, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.,Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro
| | - Daniela M P Ramalho
- Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina e Complexo Hospitalar HUCFF-IDT, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Kiyoshi F Fukutani
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia
| | - Pryscila F C Miranda
- Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina e Complexo Hospitalar HUCFF-IDT, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Adriana S R Moreira
- Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina e Complexo Hospitalar HUCFF-IDT, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | | | - Jose R Lapa E Silva
- Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina e Complexo Hospitalar HUCFF-IDT, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Timothy R Sterling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Afrânio L Kritski
- Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina e Complexo Hospitalar HUCFF-IDT, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Martha M Oliveira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Laureate University, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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5
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Tarragô AM, da Silva Neto PV, Ramasawmy R, Pereira GL, Toro DM, de Amorim Xabregas L, Costa AG, Victória MB, da Silva Victória F, Malheiro A. Combination of genetic polymorphisms in TLR influence cytokine profile in HCV patients treated with DAAs in the State of Amazonas. Cytokine 2020; 130:155052. [PMID: 32179425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a public health problem and affects approximately 3% of the world's population. HCV infections have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes of the toll-like receptors are cited to influence the clinical outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Amazonas State, Brazil in which SNPs in TLR4 and TLR9 genes were genotyped by PCR-RFLP in 151 HCV chronic liver disease patients and 206 healthy donors. The circulating cytokines IL-6, TNF, IL-10, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17A were measured by cytometric bead array (CBA) which revealed that the combined genotypes of TLR9 -1237T/T and -1486C/T seem to influence the cytokine profile under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of the Th17 profile, especially among patients with advanced chronic liver disease when treated with DAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Monteiro Tarragô
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Vieira da Silva Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Grenda Leite Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Diana Mota Toro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Lilyane de Amorim Xabregas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimaraes Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marilú Barbieri Victória
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Flamir da Silva Victória
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Adriana Malheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
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6
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Delgobo M, Mendes DA, Kozlova E, Rocha EL, Rodrigues-Luiz GF, Mascarin L, Dias G, Patrício DO, Dierckx T, Bicca MA, Bretton G, Tenório de Menezes YK, Starick MR, Rovaris D, Del Moral J, Mansur DS, Van Weyenbergh J, Báfica A. An evolutionary recent IFN/IL-6/CEBP axis is linked to monocyte expansion and tuberculosis severity in humans. eLife 2019; 8:47013. [PMID: 31637998 PMCID: PMC6819084 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte counts are increased during human tuberculosis (TB) but it has not been determined whether Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) directly regulates myeloid commitment. We demonstrated that exposure to Mtb directs primary human CD34+ cells to differentiate into monocytes/macrophages. In vitro myeloid conversion did not require type I or type II IFN signaling. In contrast, Mtb enhanced IL-6 responses by CD34+ cell cultures and IL-6R neutralization inhibited myeloid differentiation and decreased mycobacterial growth in vitro. Integrated systems biology analysis of transcriptomic, proteomic and genomic data of large data sets of healthy controls and TB patients established the existence of a myeloid IL-6/IL6R/CEBP gene module associated with disease severity. Furthermore, genetic and functional analysis revealed the IL6/IL6R/CEBP gene module has undergone recent evolutionary selection, including Neanderthal introgression and human pathogen adaptation, connected to systemic monocyte counts. These results suggest Mtb co-opts an evolutionary recent IFN-IL6-CEBP feed-forward loop, increasing myeloid differentiation linked to severe TB in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Delgobo
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel Agb Mendes
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edgar Kozlova
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edroaldo Lummertz Rocha
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Gabriela F Rodrigues-Luiz
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lucas Mascarin
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Greicy Dias
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel O Patrício
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tim Dierckx
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maíra A Bicca
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gaëlle Bretton
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Yonne Karoline Tenório de Menezes
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Márick R Starick
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Darcita Rovaris
- Laboratório Central do Estado de Santa Catarina/LACEN, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Joanita Del Moral
- Serviço de Hematologia, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Mansur
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - André Báfica
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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