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Widdicombe M, Coff L, Nowak BF, Ramsland PA, Bott NJ. Understanding the host response of farmed fish to blood flukes (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae) for developing new treatment strategies. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109613. [PMID: 38710341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Aporocotylids (Trematoda: Digenea), also known as fish blood flukes infect the circulatory system of fish leading to serious health problems and mortality. Aporocotylids are a particular concern for farmed fish as infection intensity can increase within the farming environment and lead to mortalities. In the context of managing these infections, one of the most crucial aspects to consider is the host response of the infected fish against these blood flukes. Understanding the response is essential to improving current treatment strategies that are largely based on the use of anthelmintic praziquantel to manage infections in aquaculture. This review focuses on the current knowledge of farmed fish host responses against the different life stages of aporocotylids. New treatment strategies that are able to provide protection against reinfections should be a long-term goal and is not possible without understanding the fish response to infection and the interactions between host and parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maree Widdicombe
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Lachlan Coff
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, East Geelong, Victoria, 3219, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia
| | - Paul A Ramsland
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004. Australia; Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Nathan J Bott
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
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Marglous S, Brown CE, Padler-Karavani V, Cummings RD, Gildersleeve JC. Serum antibody screening using glycan arrays. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2603-2642. [PMID: 38305761 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Humans and other animals produce a diverse collection of antibodies, many of which bind to carbohydrate chains, referred to as glycans. These anti-glycan antibodies are a critical part of our immune systems' defenses. Whether induced by vaccination or natural exposure to a pathogen, anti-glycan antibodies can provide protection against infections and cancers. Alternatively, when an immune response goes awry, antibodies that recognize self-glycans can mediate autoimmune diseases. In any case, serum anti-glycan antibodies provide a rich source of information about a patient's overall health, vaccination history, and disease status. Glycan microarrays provide a high-throughput platform to rapidly interrogate serum anti-glycan antibodies and identify new biomarkers for a variety of conditions. In addition, glycan microarrays enable detailed analysis of the immune system's response to vaccines and other treatments. Herein we review applications of glycan microarray technology for serum anti-glycan antibody profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Marglous
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Claire E Brown
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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3
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Zwanenburg L, Borloo J, Decorte B, Bunte MJM, Mokhtari S, Serna S, Reichardt NC, Seys LJM, van Diepen A, Schots A, Wilbers RHP, Hokke CH, Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Plant-based production of a protective vaccine antigen against the bovine parasitic nematode Ostertagia ostertagi. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20488. [PMID: 37993516 PMCID: PMC10665551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective recombinant vaccines against parasitic nematodes has been challenging and so far mostly unsuccessful. This has also been the case for Ostertagia ostertagi, an economically important abomasal nematode in cattle, applying recombinant versions of the protective native activation-associated secreted proteins (ASP). To gain insight in key elements required to trigger a protective immune response, the protein structure and N-glycosylation of the native ASP and a non-protective Pichia pastoris recombinant ASP were compared. Both antigens had a highly comparable protein structure, but different N-glycan composition. After mimicking the native ASP N-glycosylation via the expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, immunisation of calves with these plant-produced recombinants resulted in a significant reduction of 39% in parasite egg output, comparable to the protective efficacy of the native antigen. This study provides a valuable workflow for the development of recombinant vaccines against other parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Zwanenburg
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Borloo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bregt Decorte
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Myrna J M Bunte
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanaz Mokhtari
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 194, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Niels-C Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 194, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Leen J M Seys
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Schots
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H P Wilbers
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Peddi NC, Vuppalapati S, Sreenivasulu H, Muppalla SK, Reddy Pulliahgaru A. Guardians of Immunity: Advances in Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders and Management. Cureus 2023; 15:e44865. [PMID: 37809154 PMCID: PMC10560124 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) are a heterogeneous group of genetic conditions profoundly impacting immune function. The investigation spans various PID categories, offering insights into their distinct pathogenic mechanisms and clinical manifestations. Within the adaptive immune system, B-cell, T-cell, and combined immunodeficiencies are dissected, emphasizing their critical roles in orchestrating effective immune responses. In the realm of the innate immune system, focus is directed toward phagocytes and complement deficiencies, underscoring the pivotal roles of these components in initial defense against infections. Furthermore, the review delves into disorders of immune dysregulation, encompassing hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked(IPEX), and autoimmunity polyendocrinopathy candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy(APECED), elucidating the intricate interplay between immune tolerance and autoimmunity prevention. Diagnostic strategies for PIDs are explored, highlighting advancements in genetic and molecular techniques that enable precise identification of underlying genetic mutations and alterations in immune function. We have also outlined treatment modalities for PIDs, which often entail a multidisciplinary approach involving immunoglobulin replacement, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and, in select cases, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Emerging therapies, including gene therapy, hold promise for targeted interventions. In essence, this review encapsulates the complexity of PIDs, emphasizing the critical importance of early diagnosis and tailored therapeutic interventions. As research advances, a clearer understanding of these disorders emerges, fostering optimism for enhanced patient care and management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sravya Vuppalapati
- General Physician, People's Education Society (PES) Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kuppam, IND
| | - Himabindu Sreenivasulu
- General Physician, People's Education Society (PES) Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kuppam, IND
| | - Sudheer Kumar Muppalla
- Pediatrics, People's Education Society (PES) Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, kuppam, IND
| | - Apeksha Reddy Pulliahgaru
- Pediatrics, People's Education Society (PES) Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kuppam, IND
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Cummings RD. Glycosphingolipids in human parasites. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:1625-1635. [PMID: 37335950 PMCID: PMC10476572 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are comprised of glycans (oligosaccharides) linked to a lipid containing a sphingosine moiety. They are major membrane components in cells of most animals, and importantly, they also occur in parasitic protozoans and worms that infect people. While the endogenous functions of the GSLs in most parasites are elusive, many of these GSLs are recognized by antibodies in infected human and animal hosts, and thus, their structures, biosynthesis, and functions are of great interest. Such knowledge of GSLs could lead to new drugs and diagnostics for treating infections, as well as novel vaccine strategies. The diversity of GSLs recently identified in such infectious organisms and aspects of their immune recognition are major topics of this review. It is not intended to be exhaustive but to highlight aspects of GSL glycans in human parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Cummings
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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Hu S, Jiang X, Yang L, Tang X, Yang G, Hu Y, Wang J, Lu N. A Miniature Biomedical Sensor for Rapid Detection of Schistosoma japonicum Antibodies. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:831. [PMID: 37622917 PMCID: PMC10452731 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, typically characterized by chronic infection in endemic regions, has the potential to affect liver tissue and pose a serious threat to human health. Detecting and screening for this disease early on is crucial for its prevention and control. However, existing methods encounter challenges such as low sensitivity, time-consuming processes, and complex sample handling. To address these challenges, we report a soluble egg antigen (SEA)-based functionalized gridless and meander-type AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) sensor for the highly sensitive detection of antibodies to Schistosoma japonicum. Immobilization of the self-assembled membrane on the gate surface was verified using a semiconductor parameter analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The developed biosensor demonstrates remarkable performance in detecting anti-SEA, exhibiting a linear concentration range of 10 ng/mL to 100 μg/mL and a sensitivity of 0.058 mA/log (ng/mL). It also exhibits similar excellent performance in serum systems. With advantages such as rapid detection, high sensitivity, miniaturization, and label-free operation, this biosensor can fulfill the requirements for blood defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Hu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.H.); (X.J.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xuecheng Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.H.); (X.J.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (G.Y.)
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.H.); (X.J.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xue Tang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.H.); (X.J.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (G.Y.)
| | - Guofeng Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.H.); (X.J.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (G.Y.)
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Changsha Semiconductor Technology and Application Innovation Research Institute, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Jie Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Naiyan Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.H.); (X.J.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (G.Y.)
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7
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Prasanphanich NS, Leon K, Secor WE, Shoemaker CB, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Anti-schistosomal immunity to core xylose/fucose in N-glycans. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1142620. [PMID: 37081851 PMCID: PMC10110957 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1142620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a globally prevalent, debilitating disease that is poorly controlled by chemotherapy and for which no vaccine exists. While partial resistance in people may develop over time with repeated infections and treatments, some animals, including the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), are only semi-permissive and have natural protection. To understand the basis of this protection, we explored the nature of the immune response in the brown rat to infection by Schistosoma mansoni. Infection leads to production of IgG to Infection leads to production of IgG to parasite glycoproteins parasite glycoproteins with complex-type N-glycans that contain a non-mammalian-type modification by core α2-Xylose and core α3-Fucose (core Xyl/Fuc). These epitopes are expressed on the surfaces of schistosomula and adult worms. Importantly, IgG to these epitopes can kill schistosomula by a complement-dependent process in vitro. Additionally, sera from both infected rhesus monkey and infected brown rat were capable of killing schistosomula in a manner inhibited by glycopeptides containing core Xyl/Fuc. These results demonstrate that protective antibodies to schistosome infections in brown rats and rhesus monkeys include IgG responses to the core Xyl/Fuc epitopes in surface-expressed N-glycans, and raise the potential of novel glyco-based vaccines that might be developed to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristoffer Leon
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - W. Evan Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Charles B. Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- National Center for Functional Glycomics, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- National Center for Functional Glycomics, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard D. Cummings,
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Petralia LMC, van Diepen A, Nguyen DL, Lokker LA, Sartono E, Bennuru S, Nutman TB, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Wanji S, Foster JM, Hokke CH. Unraveling cross-reactivity of anti-glycan IgG responses in filarial nematode infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102344. [PMID: 36949937 PMCID: PMC10026598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes responsible for filarial diseases cause chronic disablement in humans worldwide. Elimination programs have substantially reduced the rate of infection in certain areas, but limitations of current diagnostics for population surveillance have been pointed out and improved assays are needed to reach the elimination targets. While serological tests detecting antibodies to parasite antigens are convenient tools, those currently available are compromised by the occurrence of antibodies cross-reactive between nematodes, as well as by the presence of residual antibodies in sera years after treatment and clearance of the infection. We recently characterized the N-linked and glycosphingolipid derived glycans of the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi and revealed the presence of various antigenic structures that triggered immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses in infected individuals. To address the specificity of IgG binding to these glycan antigens, we screened microarrays containing Brugia malayi glycans with plasma from uninfected individuals and from individuals infected with Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Mansonella perstans and Wuchereria bancrofti, four closely related filarial nematodes. IgG to a restricted subset of cross-reactive glycans was observed in infection plasmas from all four species. In plasma from Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella perstans infected individuals, IgG binding to many more glycans was additionally detected, resulting in total IgG responses similar to the ones of Brugia malayi infected individuals. For these infection groups, Brugia malayi, Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella perstans, we further studied the different IgG subclasses to Brugia malayi glycans. In all three infections, IgG1 and IgG2 appeared to be the major subclasses involved in response to glycan antigens. Interestingly, in Brugia malayi infected individuals, we observed a marked reduction in particular in IgG2 to parasite glycans post-treatment with anthelminthic, suggesting a promising potential for diagnostic applications. Thus, we compared the IgG response to a broad repertoire of Brugia malayi glycans in individuals infected with various filarial nematodes. We identified broadly cross-reactive and more specific glycan targets, extending the currently scarce knowledge of filarial nematode glycosylation and host anti-glycan antibody response. We believe that our initial findings could be further exploited to develop disease-specific diagnostics as part of an integrated approach for filarial disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laudine M. C. Petralia
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University – Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Division of Protein Expression & Modification, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, United States
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University – Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dieu-Linh Nguyen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University – Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lena A. Lokker
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University – Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Erliyani Sartono
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University – Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sasisekhar Bennuru
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jeremy M. Foster
- Division of Protein Expression & Modification, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, United States
| | - Cornelis H. Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University – Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Draft genome of the bluefin tuna blood fluke, Cardicola forsteri. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276287. [PMID: 36240154 PMCID: PMC9565688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood fluke Cardicola forsteri (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae) is a pathogen of ranched bluefin tuna in Japan and Australia. Genomics of Cardicola spp. have thus far been limited to molecular phylogenetics of select gene sequences. In this study, sequencing of the C. forsteri genome was performed using Illumina short-read and Oxford Nanopore long-read technologies. The sequences were assembled de novo using a hybrid of short and long reads, which produced a high-quality contig-level assembly (N50 > 430 kb and L50 = 138). The assembly was also relatively complete and unfragmented, comprising 66% and 7.2% complete and fragmented metazoan Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCOs), respectively. A large portion (> 55%) of the genome was made up of intergenic repetitive elements, primarily long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), while protein-coding regions cover > 6%. Gene prediction identified 8,564 hypothetical polypeptides, > 77% of which are homologous to published sequences of other species. The identification of select putative proteins, including cathepsins, calpains, tetraspanins, and glycosyltransferases is discussed. This is the first genome assembly of any aporocotylid, a major step toward understanding of the biology of this family of fish blood flukes and their interactions within hosts.
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10
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Vengesai A, Naicker T, Midzi H, Kasambala M, Mduluza-Jokonya TL, Rusakaniko S, Mutapi F, Mduluza T. Multiplex peptide microarray profiling of antibody reactivity against neglected tropical diseases derived B-cell epitopes for serodiagnosis in Zimbabwe. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271916. [PMID: 35867689 PMCID: PMC9307155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Peptides (B-cell epitopes) have broad applications in disease diagnosis and surveillance of pathogen exposure. In this framework, we present a pilot study to design and produce a peptide microarray for the integrated surveillance of neglected tropical diseases. The peptide microarray was evaluated against peptides derived from Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, Trichuris trichiura, Bacillus anthracis, Mycobacterium leprae, Wuchereria bancrofti, Rabies lyssavirus, Chlamydia trachomatis and Trypanosoma brucei. Methods S. haematobium was diagnosed using the urine filtration technique. S. mansoni, A. lumbricoides, N. americanus and T. trichiura were diagnosed using the Kato Katz and formal ether concentration techniques. Immunogenic peptides were retrieved from the Tackling Infection to Benefit Africa infectious diseases epitope microarray. Further peptides were predicted using ABCpred. IgG and IgM reactivity against the derived peptides were evaluated using peptide microarray multiplex immunoassays. Positive response was defined as fluorescence intensity ≥ 500 fluorescence units. Immunodominant peptides were identified using color-coded heat maps and bar graphs reflecting the obtained fluorescence signal intensities. Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis and Mann-Whitney-U test were performed to determine the diagnostic validity of the peptides. Results Species-specific responses with at least one peptide derived from each NTD pathogen were observed. The reactive peptides included; for S. haematobium, XP_035588858.1-206-220 and XP_035588858.1-206-220 immunodominant for IgG and IgM respectively, for S. mansoni, P20287.1-58-72 immunodominant for both antibodies and for T. trichiura, CDW52482.1-326-340 immunodominant for IgG and CDW57769.1-2017-2031 and CDW57769.1-1518-1532 immunodominant for IgM. According to ROC analysis most of the peptides selected were inaccurate; with AUC < 0.5. Some peptides had AUC values ranging from 0.5 to 0.5875 for both IgM and IgG suggesting no discrimination. Conclusion Multiplex peptide microarrays are a valuable tool for integrated NTDs surveillance and for screening parasites exposure in endemic areas. Species sero-reactivity observed in the study maybe indicative of exposure to the different NTDs parasites. However, although peptides with the least cross reactivity were selected there is need to validate the sero-reactivity with recombinant antigens and immune-blotting techniques such as western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Vengesai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
- * E-mail:
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Department of Optics and Imaging, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Herald Midzi
- Department of Optics and Imaging, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Maritha Kasambala
- Department of Biological Sciences and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tariro L. Mduluza-Jokonya
- Department of Optics and Imaging, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Simbarashe Rusakaniko
- Family Medicine, Global and Public Health Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Takafira Mduluza
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
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11
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Huettner I, Krumm SA, Serna S, Brzezicka K, Monaco S, Walpole S, van Diepen A, Allan F, Hicks T, Kimuda S, Emery AM, Landais E, Hokke CH, Angulo J, Reichardt N, Doores KJ. Cross-reactivity of glycan-reactive HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies with parasite glycans. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110611. [PMID: 35354052 PMCID: PMC10073069 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole target for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Env is heavily glycosylated with host-derived N-glycans, and many bnAbs bind to, or are dependent upon, Env glycans for neutralization. Although glycan-binding bnAbs are frequently detected in HIV-infected individuals, attempts to elicit them have been unsuccessful because of the poor immunogenicity of Env N-glycans. Here, we report cross-reactivity of glycan-binding bnAbs with self- and non-self N-glycans and glycoprotein antigens from different life-stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Using the IAVI Protocol C HIV infection cohort, we examine the relationship between S. mansoni seropositivity and development of bnAbs targeting glycan-dependent epitopes. We show that the unmutated common ancestor of the N332/V3-specific bnAb lineage PCDN76, isolated from an HIV-infected donor with S. mansoni seropositivity, binds to S. mansoni cercariae while lacking reactivity to gp120. Overall, these results present a strategy for elicitation of glycan-reactive bnAbs which could be exploited in HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stefanie A Krumm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Brzezicka
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Serena Monaco
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Samuel Walpole
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona Allan
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Thomas Hicks
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Simon Kimuda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aidan M Emery
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Elise Landais
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jesus Angulo
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Niels Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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12
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Ruprecht C, Pfrengle F. Synthetic Plant Glycan Microarrays as Tools for Plant Biology. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2460:115-125. [PMID: 34972933 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2148-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemically synthesized plant oligosaccharides have recently evolved as powerful molecular tools for plant cell wall biology. Synthetic plant glycan microarrays equipped with these oligosaccharides enable high-throughput analyses of glycan-binding proteins and carbohydrate-active enzymes. To produce these glycan microarrays, small amounts of glycan solution are printed on suitable surfaces for covalent or non-covalent immobilization. Synthetic plant glycan microarrays have been used for example to map the epitopes of plant cell wall-directed antibodies, to characterize glycosyl hydrolases and glycosyl transferases, and to analyze lectin binding. In this chapter, detailed experimental procedures for the production of synthetic glycan microarrays and their use for the characterization of cell wall glycan-directed antibodies are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Harvey MR, Chiodo F, Noest W, Hokke CH, van der Marel GA, Codée JD. Synthesis and Antibody Binding Studies of Schistosome-Derived Oligo-α-(1-2)-l-Fucosides. Molecules 2021; 26:2246. [PMID: 33924587 PMCID: PMC8068878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is caused by blood-dwelling parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma and is classified by the WHO as the second most socioeconomically devastating parasitic disease, second only to malaria. Schistosoma expresses a complex array of glycans as part of glycoproteins and glycolipids that can be targeted by both the adaptive and the innate part of the immune system. Some of these glycans can be used for diagnostic purposes. A subgroup of schistosome glycans is decorated with unique α-(1-2)-fucosides and it has been shown that these often multi-fucosylated fragments are prime targets for antibodies generated during infection. Since these α-(1-2)-fucosides cannot be obtained in sufficient purity from biological sources, we set out to develop an effective route of synthesis towards α-(1-2)-oligofucosides of varying length. Here we describe the exploration of two different approaches, starting from either end of the fucose chains. The oligosaccharides have been attached to gold nanoparticles and used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA and a microarray format to probe antibody binding. We show that binding to the oligofucosides of antibodies in sera of infected people depends on the length of the oligofucose chains, with the largest glycans showing most binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Harvey
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.R.H.); (F.C.); (W.N.); (G.A.v.d.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.R.H.); (F.C.); (W.N.); (G.A.v.d.M.)
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Wouter Noest
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.R.H.); (F.C.); (W.N.); (G.A.v.d.M.)
| | - Cornelis H. Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.R.H.); (F.C.); (W.N.); (G.A.v.d.M.)
| | - Jeroen D.C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.R.H.); (F.C.); (W.N.); (G.A.v.d.M.)
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14
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Mambelli F, Figueiredo B, Morais S, Assis N, Fonseca C, Oliveira S. Recombinant micro-exon gene 3 (MEG-3) antigens from Schistosoma mansoni failed to induce protection against infection but show potential for serological diagnosis. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105356. [PMID: 32001249 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sequence databases on Schistosoma mansoni have revealed micro-exon gene (MEGs) families. Many of these genes are highly expressed in parasite life cycle stages associated with the mammalian host infection and appear to be involved in immune evasion by schistosomes. So, we believe that MEG-coding proteins would make potential candidates for vaccine development or diagnosis for schistosomiasis. Here, we study MEG-3.2 and MEG-3.4, members of the MEG-3 family. Recombinant (r) proteins were produced and formulated with Freund's adjuvant for vaccination of mice. Immunization with recombinant MEG-3.2 or MEG-3.4 formulation generated high levels of IgG1 antibodies. Additionally, vaccination also induced a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17-type of response, since IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-17 cytokines were detected in the supernatant of spleen cell cultures; however it failed to induce reduction in parasitic worm burden. Finally, the recombinant proteins were evaluated in a serological assay using human samples. Schistosome-infected individuals showed higher levels of both IgG and IgM against rMEG-3.2 compared to non-infected individuals, while only IgM anti-rMEG-3.4 antibodies were elevated in infected patients. Therefore, between both studied molecules, MEG-3.2 protein is the antigen that shows potential to compose a serological diagnosis test for schistosomiasis.
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15
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Ruprecht C, Geissner A, Seeberger PH, Pfrengle F. Practical considerations for printing high-density glycan microarrays to study weak carbohydrate-protein interactions. Carbohydr Res 2019; 481:31-35. [PMID: 31228654 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of carbohydrates and proteins are essential for many biological processes and glycan microarrays have emerged as powerful tools to rapidly assess these carbohydrate-protein interactions. Diverse platforms to immobilize glycans on glass slides for subsequent probing of the specificities of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) have evolved. It has been suggested that high local glycan density on microarrays is crucial for detecting low-affinity interactions. To determine the influence of printing efficacy on GBP binding, we compared N-hydroxyl succinimide (NHS)-ester activated glass slides from three different manufacturers and evaluated two different printing buffers. Large differences in binding efficacies of Concanavalin A, peanut agglutinin, and Ricinus communis agglutinin 120 were observed. On some slides, low affinity interactions were missed altogether. Addition of polyethylenglycol (PEG) 400 to the printing buffer significantly enhanced the sensitivity of the binding assays. After monitoring printing efficacy over prolonged printing times, substantial effects resulting from progressing hydrolysis of the NHS-esters during the printing run on one type of slides were found. Printing efficiency of glycans strongly depends on the type of NHS-ester activated slides, the printing buffer, and the printing time. We provide practical advice for selecting the right printing conditions for particular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Geissner
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Abstract
Many invertebrates are either parasites themselves or vectors involved in parasite transmission; thereby, the interactions of parasites with final or intermediate hosts are often mediated by glycans. Therefore, it is of interest to compare the glycan structures or motifs present across invertebrate species. While a typical vertebrate modification such as sialic acid is rare in lower animals, antennal and core modifications of N-glycans are highly varied and range from core fucose, galactosylated fucose, fucosylated galactose, methyl groups, glucuronic acid and sulphate through to addition of zwitterionic moieties (phosphorylcholine, phosphoethanolamine and aminoethylphosphonate). Only in some cases are the enzymatic bases and the biological function of these modifications known. We are indeed still in the phase of discovering invertebrate glycomes primarily using mass spectrometry, but molecular biology and microarraying techniques are complementary to the determination of novel glycan structures and their functions.
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17
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Nkurunungi G, van Diepen A, Nassuuna J, Sanya RE, Nampijja M, Nambuya I, Kabagenyi J, Serna S, Reichardt NC, van Ree R, Webb EL, Elliott AM, Yazdanbakhsh M, Hokke CH. Microarray assessment of N-glycan-specific IgE and IgG profiles associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection in rural and urban Uganda. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3522. [PMID: 30837526 PMCID: PMC6401159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Core β-1,2-xylose and α-1,3-fucose are antigenic motifs on schistosome N-glycans, as well as prominent IgE targets on some plant and insect glycoproteins. To map the association of schistosome infection with responses to these motifs, we assessed plasma IgE and IgG reactivity using microarray technology among Ugandans from rural Schistosoma mansoni (Sm)-endemic islands (n = 209), and from proximate urban communities with lower Sm exposure (n = 62). IgE and IgG responses to core β-1,2-xylose and α-1,3-fucose modified N-glycans were higher in rural versus urban participants. Among rural participants, IgE and IgG to core β-1,2-xylose were positively associated with Sm infection and concentration peaks coincided with the infection intensity peak in early adolescence. Responses to core α-1,3-fucose were elevated regardless of Sm infection status and peaked before the infection peak. Among urban participants, Sm infection intensity was predominantly light and positively associated with responses to both motifs. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis reduced the data to a set of variables that captured core β-1,2-xylose- and α-1,3-fucose-specific responses, and confirmed associations with Sm and the rural environment. Responses to core β-1,2-xylose and α-1,3-fucose have distinctive relationships with Sm infection and intensity that should further be explored for associations with protective immunity, and cross-reactivity with other exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyaviira Nkurunungi
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda. .,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacent Nassuuna
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Richard E Sanya
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret Nampijja
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Irene Nambuya
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joyce Kabagenyi
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biomateriales (CIC biomaGUNE), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Niels-Christian Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biomateriales (CIC biomaGUNE), San Sebastián, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Departments of Experimental Immunology and of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily L Webb
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M Elliott
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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