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Shen Y, Aly RSS, Chen T, Jiang H, Liu Y, Wang Y, Chen X. Short time-series expression transcriptome data reveal the gene expression patterns and potential biomarkers of blood infection with LPS and poly (I:C) in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:109806. [PMID: 39102971 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Blood transcriptomics has emerged as a vital tool for tracking the immune system and supporting disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and research. The present study was conducted to analyze the gene expression profile and potential biomarker candidates using the whole blood of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) infected with LPS or poly (I:C) at 0h, 3h, 6h, and 12h. Our data suggest that 310 shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among each comparison group after LPS infection, and 137 shared DEGs were identified after poly (I:C) infection. A total of 62 shared DEGs were differentially expressed in all compared groups after LPS or poly (I:C) infection. Pathways analysis for DEGs in all different compared groups showed that cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction was the most enrichment pathway. The expression levels of genes C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2-like (cxcr2), chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 9a (ccr9a), chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 9b (ccr9b), chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4b (cxcr4b), and interleukin 10 receptor alpha (il10ra) were significantly different in all compared groups and most enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway. The protein-protein interactions analysis among all shared DEGs showed that cxcr4 was the hub gene with the highest degree. The biomarker candidates discovered in this study may, following validation, prove effective as diagnostic tools in monitoring mandarin fish diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Shen
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Observation and Research Station on Water Ecosystem in Danjiangkou Reservoir of Henan Province, Nanyang 474450, China
| | - Rahma Sakina Said Aly
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hewei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Huangshan Fisheries Station, Huangshan 245000, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Kim SJ, Cheon J, Cho MY, Jung SJ, Jung MH. Abnormalities in red blood cell production and pathogenesis of anemia in the progression of rock bream iridovirus (RBIV). Virus Res 2024; 339:199278. [PMID: 37984754 PMCID: PMC10709172 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV), belonging to Megalocytivirus, causes severe mortality in rock bream. Almost all deaths associated with RBIV are accompanied by splenic enlargement and anemia. Although red blood cells (RBCs) are involved in the immune response against viral infections, their involvement in rock bream has not yet been studied in terms of the immune response against RBIV. In this study, the viral replication patterns, blood characteristics and anemia-related factors were evaluated in rock bream post RBIV infection. The virus-infected RBCs of rock bream demonstrated similarities in the expression levels of hemoglobins (HGB) (α and β), cytokine-dependent hematopoietic cell linker (CLNK) and hematopoietic transcription factor GATA (GATA), with significantly decreasing levels from 4 days post infection (dpi) to 17 (dpi), when the viral replication was at its peak. This suggests that the expression of blood-related genes is inadequate for HGB synthesis and RBC production, thereby causing anemia leading to death. Moreover, the levels of complete blood cell count (CBC) indicators, such as RBCs, HGB and hematocrit (HCT), significantly decreased from 10 to 17 dpi. This phenomenon suggests that blood-related gene expression and/or RBC-, HGB- and HCT-related levels are critical factors in RBIV-induced anemia and disease progression. These results highlight the significance of blood-mediated immune responses against RBIV infection in rock bream. Understanding blood-related gene levels to identify blood-related immune response interactions in rock bream will be useful for development of future strategies in controlling RBIV diseases in rock bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Kim
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayeon Cheon
- Department of MarineBio and Medical Sciences, Hanseo University, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Cho
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ju Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hwa Jung
- Department of MarineBio and Medical Sciences, Hanseo University, Republic of Korea.
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Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Lorenzoni M, Carosi A, Giari L, Bosi G. Teleost innate immunity, an intricate game between immune cells and parasites of fish organs: who wins, who loses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250835. [PMID: 37908358 PMCID: PMC10613888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish, comprising over 27,000 species, represent the oldest vertebrate group and possess both innate and adaptive immune systems. The susceptibility of most wild fish to parasitic infections and related diseases is well-established. Among all vertebrates, the digestive tract creates a remarkably favorable and nutrient-rich environment, which, in turn, renders it susceptible to microparasites and macroparasites. Consequently, metazoan parasites emerge as important disease agents, impacting both wild and farmed fish and resulting in substantial economic losses. Given their status as pathogenic organisms, these parasites warrant considerable attention. Helminths, a general term encompassing worms, constitute one of the most important groups of metazoan parasites in fish. This group includes various species of platyhelminthes (digeneans, cestodes), nematodes, and acanthocephalans. In addition, myxozoans, microscopic metazoan endoparasites, are found in water-dwelling invertebrates and vertebrate hosts. It is worth noting that several innate immune cells within the fish alimentary canal and certain visceral organs (e.g., liver, spleen, and gonads) play active roles in the immune response against parasites. These immune cells include macrophages, neutrophils, rodlet cells, and mast cells also known as eosinophilic granular cells. At the site of intestinal infection, helminths often impact mucous cells number and alter mucus composition. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art on the occurrence and characteristics of innate immune cells in the digestive tract and other visceral organs in different fish-parasite systems. The data, coming especially from studies employed immunohistochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural analyses, provide evidence supporting the involvement of teleost innate immune cells in modulating inflammatory responses to metazoan and protozoan parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Lorenzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Carosi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Bosi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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Molecular Mechanism Exploration of Autologous Blood Transfusion with RBC Surface Membrane Protein pMHC/aCD28 Combined with CD8+T Cells to Promote the Proliferation of CD8+T Cells to Inhibit the Malignant Transformation of Liver Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:6102672. [PMID: 36213824 PMCID: PMC9534649 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6102672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Autologous blood transfusion is an important blood protection measure. Red blood cells have a certain degree of immunogenicity and their surface membrane proteins CD28 and MHC can participate in the immune response and interact with CD8+ T cells. We build a cell model with a transwell system. The binding characteristics of RBCs and CD8+ T cells were observed with a fluorescent confocal microscope. The content of the inflammatory factor TNF-α and IFN-γ produced was analyzed by ELISA. The proliferation characteristics of CD8+ T cells were analyzed by CFSE staining, and the content of CD3+CD8+ T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell migration and invasion experiments were used to analyze the malignant metastasis ability of liver cancer cells. The expression of vimentin, E-cadherin, and β-catenin was analyzed by Western blot. We establish a liver cancer model in rats and group them for autologous blood transfusion. The content of CD3+CD8+T cells in the blood of each group of rats was analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to analyze the expression of vimentin, E-cadherin, and β-catenin in the liver tissues of rats in each group. The red blood cells in the autologous reinfusion blood and CD8+ T cells have an obvious combination. The degree of combination of the two is related to the expression of CD28 and MHC. If CD28 and MHC are expressed at the same time, the combination of the two cells will be high, the proliferation of CD8+ T cells will increase, and the expression of inflammatory factors will also increase, while the expression of the three proteins that are positively correlated with the activity of cancer cells will decrease. If only one of CD28 and MHC is normally expressed, the result is contrary to the situation where both membrane proteins are normally expressed. Our project has proved that autologous infusion of red blood cell surface membrane proteins CD28 and MHC combined with CD8+ T cells can promote the proliferation of CD8+ T cells to inhibit the malignant transformation of liver cancer.
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Jung MH, Nikapitiya C, Kim SJ, Han HJ, Kim MS, Choi HS, Jung SJ. Protective immunity induced by ankyrin repeat-containing protein-based DNA vaccine against rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Virus Res 2022; 318:198827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Isolation and Characterization of Plasma-Derived Exosomes from the Marine Fish Rock Bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) by Two Isolation Techniques. FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are important mediators of intercellular communication and modulate many physiological and pathological processes. Knowledge of secretion, content, and biological functions of fish exosomes during pathological infection is still scarce due to lack of suitable standardized isolation techniques. In this study, we aimed to isolate exosomes from the plasma of marine fish, rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus), by two isolation methods: differential ultracentrifugation (UC) and a commercial membrane affinity spin column technique (kit). Morphological and physicochemical characteristics of the isolated exosomes were determined by these two methods, and the efficiencies of the two methods were compared. Exosomes isolated by both methods were in the expected size range (30–200 nm) and had a characteristic cup-shape in transmission electron microscopy observation. Moreover, more intact exosomes were identified using the kit-based method than UC. Nanoparticle tracking analysis demonstrated a heterogeneous population of exosomes with a mean particle diameter of 114.6 ± 4.6 and 111.2 ± 2.2 nm by UC and a kit-based method, respectively. The particle concentration obtained by the kit method (1.05 × 1011 ± 1.23 × 1010 particles/mL) was 10-fold higher than that obtained by UC (4.90 × 1010 ± 2.91 × 109 particles/mL). The kit method had a comparatively higher total protein yield (1.86 mg) and exosome protein recovery (0.55 mg/mL plasma). Immunoblotting analysis showed the presence of exosome marker proteins (CD81, CD63, and HSP90) in the exosomes isolated by both methods and suggests the existence of exosomes. However, the absence of cytotoxicity or adverse immune responses to fish and mammalian cells by the exosomes isolated by the UC procedure indicates its suitability for functional studies in vitro. Overall, our basic characterization results indicate that the kit-based method is more suitable for isolating high-purity exosomes from fish plasma, whereas UC has higher safety in terms of yielding exosomes with low toxicity. This study provides evidence for the existence of typical exosomes in rock beam plasma and facilitates the selection of an efficient exosome isolation procedure for future applications in disease diagnosis and exosome therapy as fish medicine.
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Jung MH, Kole S, Jung SJ. Efficacy of saponin-based inactivated rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) vaccine in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:12-22. [PMID: 34974155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes severe mortality in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) for last two decades. In view of this constant threat of RBIV to the rock bream industry, we conducted the present study with the aim to develop a safe and efficient remedial measure against the virus. In this study, we evaluated the safety and potentiality of squalene, aluminium hydroxide and saponin adjuvants, singly or in combinations, which can be used for developing an efficient inactivated (IV) vaccine to protect rock bream from RBIV infection. The evaluation results demonstrated that saponin (Sa) has the required potential in enacting the antiviral immune response in the host and in providing protection against virus mediated lethality, without causing any adverted side-effects. The study further, showed that a single primary dose of Sa-adjuvanted IV vaccine can confer moderate protections in short (60.04% relative percent mortality (RPS) at 4 wpv) and medium (53.38% RPS at 8 wpv) term post RBIV challenge; whereas, the same vaccine when administered in a prime-boost strategy, it resulted enhanced 93.34% RPS post virus challenge at 4 and 8 wpv. The moderate to high survivability demonstrated by the Sa-adjuvanted IV vaccine, was substantiated by the significant (p < 0.05) upregulation of IL-1β, Mx and PKR gene transcript. All surviving fish from the Sa-adjuvanted IV vaccine groups were strongly protected from re-infection with RBIV (1.1 × 107) at 70 days post infection (dpi). In conclusion, it can be inferred that, Sa-adjuvanted IV RBIV vaccine can be an efficient control measure to protect the rock bream aquaculture industry against the lethal RBIV virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hwa Jung
- Department of Marine Bio and Medical Sciences, Hanseo University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sajal Kole
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ju Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea.
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Blood Transcriptomics of Turbot Scophthalmus maximus: A Tool for Health Monitoring and Disease Studies. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051296. [PMID: 33946507 PMCID: PMC8147184 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The analysis of blood gene expression is emerging as a relevant source of information about the health status of an organism. While these investigations are increasingly performed in human and terrestrial animals, their potential is still underexplored in fish pathology. The aim of this work was to analyze the blood transcriptional profile of a commercially important flatfish species, turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), in healthy and diseased specimens. The analysis of the most expressed genes in healthy fish indicated that turbot red blood cells have important immunological functions. In diseased fish, parasitized by a myxozoan, the blood analysis reflected a broad inhibition of the immune response followed by intense inflammatory activation in heavy infections. The results showed that turbot response appears delayed, dysregulated and ineffective in stopping the infection. Particularly, a proper development of the adaptive immune response was lacking. This study points out that blood gene expression profiling is a reliable tool for health monitoring, as well as to advance in the knowledge of fish immunity and diseases. Abstract Blood transcriptomics is emerging as a relevant tool to monitor the status of the immune system and assist in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and pathogenesis studies of diseases. In fish pathology, the potential of transcriptome profiling of blood is still poorly explored. Here, RNA sequencing was applied to analyze the blood transcriptional profile of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), the most important farmed flatfish. The study was conducted in healthy specimens and specimens parasitized by the myxozoan Enteromyxum scophthalmi, which causes one of the most devastating diseases in turbot aquaculture. The blood of healthy turbot showed a transcriptomic profile mainly related to erythrocyte gas transportation function, but also to antigen processing and presentation. In moderately infected turbot, the blood reflected a broad inhibition of the immune response. Particularly, down-regulation of the B cell receptor signaling pathway was shared with heavily parasitized fish, which showed larger transcriptomic changes, including the activation of the inflammatory response. Turbot response to enteromyxosis proved to be delayed, dysregulated and ineffective in stopping the infection. The study evinces that blood transcriptomics can contribute to a better understanding of the teleost immune system and serve as a reliable tool to investigate the physiopathological status of fish.
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Fu S, Ding M, Wang J, Yin X, Zhou E, Kong L, Tu X, Guo Z, Wang A, Huang Y, Ye J. Identification and functional characterization of three caspases in Takifugu obscurus in response to bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:252-262. [PMID: 32735858 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are evolutionarily conserved proteases, which are inextricably linked with the apoptosis and immune system in mammals. However, the expression pattern and function of some caspases remain largely unknown in pufferfish. In this study, three different pufferfish caspases (caspase-2 (Pfcasp-2), caspase-3 (Pfcasp-3), and caspase-8 (Pfcasp-8)) were characterized, and their expression patterns and functions were determined following Aeromonas hydrophila infection. The open reading frames of Pfcasp-2, -3, and -8 are 1,320, 846, and 1455 bp, respectively. Analyses of sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree showed that casp-2, -3, and -8 share 52%-65%, 33%-40%, 63%-78% overall sequence identities with those of other vertebrates, respectively. 3D structures of Pfcasp-2, -3, and -8 enjoy conservation in core area together, while each owns a distinctive profile. Comparisons of deduced amino acid sequences indicated that Pfcaspases possessed the caspase domain and conserved active sites like 'HG' and 'QACXG' (X for R or G). qRT-PCR results revealed that Pfcasp-2, -3, and -8 were expressed constitutively in a wide range of organs, especially in immune-related organs including whole blood and kidney. In vitro, the expressions of the three caspases (Pfcasp-2, 3, and -8) and immune-related genes (IgM and IL-8) were significantly up-regulated in kidney leukocytes after A. Hydrophila challenge and inhibitors treatment. The expressions of Pfcasp-2 and Pfcasp-3 were successfully inhibited in the kidney leukocytes by Ac-DEVD-CHO (an inhibitor to caspase-3), but the expression of Pfcasp-8 was not affected. Cellular localization analysis showed that the distribution of Pfcasp-2, -3, and -8 was in cytoplasm. Further, overexpression of Pfcasp-2, -3, or -8 was found to cause DNA damage and apoptosis, suggesting that three caspases may be related to apoptosis and mediate different apoptosis pathways in pufferfish. Moreover, the expressions of these caspases were also up-regulated in whole blood and kidney after A. hydrophila challenge, indicating their possible involvement in the immune response against A. hydrophia stimulation. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the caspase-2,-3, and -8 may play an important role in the apoptosis and immune response in pufferfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Fu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China; Guangdong South China Sea Key Laboratory of Aquaculture for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Mingmei Ding
- School of medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Junru Wang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Enxu Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Linghe Kong
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xiao Tu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Zheng Guo
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Anli Wang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Yu Huang
- Guangdong South China Sea Key Laboratory of Aquaculture for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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Stosik M, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła J, Deptuła W. Immune Functions of Erythrocytes in Osteichthyes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1914. [PMID: 33072066 PMCID: PMC7533606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs)—erythrocytes—of Osteichthyes are primarily known for their involvement in the process of gas exchange and respiration. Currently, physiological properties of RCBs in fish should also include their ability to participate in defense processes as part of the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. In response to viruses, bacteria, and fungi or recombinant nanoparticles, they can modulate expression of genes responsible for immune reactions, influence activity of leukocytes, and produce cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and paracrine intercellular signaling molecules. Via the complement system (CR1 receptor) and owing to their phagocytic properties (erythrophagocytosis), RBCs of Osteichthyes can eliminate pathogens. In addition, they are probably involved in the immune response as antigen-presenting cells via major histocompatibility complex class II antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Stosik
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra Góra, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Deptuła
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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Wu Q, Ning X, Jiang S, Sun L. Transcriptome analysis reveals seven key immune pathways of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) involved in megalocytivirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:150-158. [PMID: 32413472 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Megalocytivirus is a serious viral pathogen to many farmed fish including Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In this study, in order to systematically identify host immune genes induced by megalocytivirus infection, we examined the transcription profiles of flounder infected by megalocytivirus for 2, 6, and 8 days. Compared with uninfected fish, virus-infected fish exhibited 1242 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 225, 275, and 877 DEGs occurring at 2, 6, and 8 days post infection, respectively. Of these DEGs, 728 were upregulated and 659 were downregulated. The majority of DEGs were time-specific and formed four distinct expression profiles well correlated with the time of infection. The DEGs were classified into diverse Gene Ontology (GO) functional terms and enriched in 27 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, approximately one third of which were related to immunity. Weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify 16 key immune DEGs belonging to seven immune pathways (RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, TLR signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, phagosome, apoptosis, and p53 signaling pathway). These pathways interacted extensively and formed complicated networks. This study provided a global picture of megalocytivirus-induced gene expression profiles of flounder at the transcriptome level and uncovered a set of key immune genes and pathways closely linked to megalocytivirus infection. These results provided a set of targets for future delineation of the key factors implicated in the anti-megalocytivirus immunity of flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xianhui Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Li Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Transcriptome Analysis of Paralichthys olivaceus Erythrocytes Reveals Profound Immune Responses Induced by Edwardsiella tarda Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093094. [PMID: 32353932 PMCID: PMC7247156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammalian red blood cells (RBCs), fish RBCs are nucleated and thus capable of gene expression. Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is a species of marine fish with important economic values. Flounder are susceptible to Edwardsiella tarda, a severe bacterial pathogen that is able to infect and survive in flounder phagocytes. However, the infectivity of and the immune response induced by E. tarda in flounder RBCs are unclear. In the present research, we found that E. tarda was able to invade and replicate inside flounder RBCs in both in vitro and in vivo infections. To investigate the immune response induced by E. tarda in RBCs, transcriptome analysis of the spleen RBCs of flounder challenged with E. tarda was performed. Six sequencing libraries were constructed, and an average of 43 million clean reads per library were obtained, with 85% of the reads being successfully mapped to the genome of flounder. A total of 1720 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in E. tarda-infected fish. The DEGs were significantly enriched in diverse Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, especially those associated with immunity, disease, and infection. Ninety-one key DEGs involved in 12 immune-related pathways were found to form extensive interaction networks. Twenty-one genes that constituted the hub of the networks were further identified, which were highly regulated by E. tarda and involved in a number of immune processes, notably pathogen recognition and signal transduction, antigen processing and presentation, inflammation, and splicing. These results provide new insights into the immune role of flounder RBCs during bacterial infection.
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Kim A, Yoon D, Lim Y, Roh HJ, Kim S, Park CI, Kim HS, Cha HJ, Choi YH, Kim DH. Co-Expression Network Analysis of Spleen Transcriptome in Rock Bream ( Oplegnathus fasciatus) Naturally Infected with Rock Bream Iridovirus (RBIV). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051707. [PMID: 32131541 PMCID: PMC7084886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) is a notorious agent that causes high mortality in aquaculture of rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Despite severity of this virus, no transcriptomic studies on RBIV-infected rock bream that can provide fundamental information on protective mechanism against the virus have been reported so far. This study aimed to investigate physiological mechanisms between host and RBIV through transcriptomic changes in the spleen based on RNA-seq. Depending on infection intensity and sampling time point, fish were divided into five groups: uninfected healthy fish at week 0 as control (0C), heavy infected fish at week 0 (0H), heavy mixed RBIV and bacterial infected fish at week 0 (0MH), uninfected healthy fish at week 3 (3C), and light infected fish at week 3 (3L). We explored clusters from 35,861 genes with Fragments Per Kilo-base of exon per Million mapped fragments (FPKM) values of 0.01 or more through signed co-expression network analysis using WGCNA package. Nine of 22 modules were highly correlated with viral infection (|gene significance (GS) vs. module membership (MM) |> 0.5, p-value < 0.05). Expression patterns in selected modules were divided into two: heavy infected (0H and 0MH) and control and light-infected groups (0C, 3C, and 3L). In functional analysis, genes in two positive modules (5448 unigenes) were enriched in cell cycle, DNA replication, transcription, and translation, and increased glycolysis activity. Seven negative modules (3517 unigenes) built in this study showed significant decreases in the expression of genes in lymphocyte-mediated immune system, antigen presentation, and platelet activation, whereas there was significant increased expression of endogenous apoptosis-related genes. These changes lead to RBIV proliferation and failure of host defense, and suggests the importance of blood cells such as thrombocytes and B cells in rock bream in RBIV infection. Interestingly, a hub gene, pre-mRNA processing factor 19 (PRPF19) showing high connectivity (kME), and expression of this gene using qRT-PCR was increased in rock bream blood cells shortly after RBIV was added. It might be a potential biomarker for diagnosis and vaccine studies in rock bream against RBIV. This transcriptome approach and our findings provide new insight into the understanding of global rock bream-RBIV interactions including immune and pathogenesis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahran Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (A.K.); (D.Y.); (S.K.)
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.R.)
| | - Dahye Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (A.K.); (D.Y.); (S.K.)
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Yunjin Lim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.R.)
- Hazardous Substances Analysis Division, Gwangju Regional Office of Food and Drug Safety, Gwangju 61012, Korea
| | - Heyong Jin Roh
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.R.)
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (A.K.); (D.Y.); (S.K.)
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Korea;
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea;
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47227, Korea;
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-629-5945
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Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Red Blood Cells from Rainbow Trout Challenged with VHSV Point Towards Novel Immunomodulant Targets. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030063. [PMID: 31324030 PMCID: PMC6789484 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost red blood cells (RBCs) are nucleated and therefore can propagate cellular responses to exogenous stimuli. RBCs can mount an immune response against a variety of fish viruses, including the viral septicemia hemorrhagic virus (VHSV), which is one of the most prevalent fish viruses resulting in aquaculture losses. In this work, RBCs from blood and head kidney samples of rainbow trout challenged with VHSV were analyzed via transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. We detected an overrepresentation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the type I interferon response and signaling in RBCs from the head kidney and related to complement activation in RBCs from blood. Antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen was overrepresented in RBCs from both tissues. DEGs shared by both tissues showed an opposite expression profile. In summary, this work has demonstrated that teleost RBCs can modulate the immune response during an in vivo viral infection, thus implicating RBCs as cell targets for the development of novel immunomodulants.
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Puente-Marin S, Nombela I, Chico V, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Perez LG, Coll J, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Potential Role of Rainbow Trout Erythrocytes as Mediators in the Immune Response Induced by a DNA Vaccine in Fish. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E60. [PMID: 31277329 PMCID: PMC6789471 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fish nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) have been implicated in the response against viral infections. We have demonstrated that rainbow trout RBCs can express the antigen encoded by a DNA vaccine against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and mount an immune response to the antigen in vitro. In this manuscript, we show, for the first time, the role of RBCs in the immune response triggered by DNA immunization of rainbow trout with glycoprotein G of VHSV (GVHSV). Transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of RBCs revealed genes and proteins involved in antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, the Fc receptor signaling pathway, the autophagy pathway, and the activation of the innate immune response, among others. On the other hand, GVHSV-transfected RBCs induce specific antibodies against VHSV in the serum of rainbow trout which shows that RBCs expressing a DNA vaccine are able to elicit a humoral response. These results open a new direction in the research of vaccination strategies for fish since rainbow trout RBCs actively participate in the innate and adaptive immune response in DNA vaccination. Based on our findings, we suggest the use of RBCs as target cells or carriers for the future design of novel vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Puente-Marin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Ivan Nombela
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Veronica Chico
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Mena
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Garcia Perez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Biotecnología, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
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