1
|
Nabi Khan RI, Praharaj MR, Malla WA, Hosamani N, Saxena S, Mishra B, Rajak KK, Dhanavelu M, Tiwari AK, Sajjanar B, Gandham RK, Mishra B. Changes in m 6A RNA methylation of goat lung following PPRV infection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19358. [PMID: 37681172 PMCID: PMC10480600 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of goats and sheep, caused by the Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Earlier studies suggest the involvement of diverse regulatory mechanisms in PPRV infection. Methylation at N6 of Adenosine called m6A is a type RNA modification that influences various physiological and pathological phenomena. As the lung tissue represents the primary target organ of PPRV, the present study explored the m6A changes and their functional significance in PPRV disease pathogenesis. m6A-seq analysis revealed 1289 m6A peaks to be significantly altered in PPRV infected lung in comparison to normal lung, out of which 975 m6A peaks were hypomethylated and 314 peaks were hypermethylated. Importantly, hypomethylated genes were enriched in Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 signaling and various processes associated with extracellular matrix organization. Further, of the 843 differentially m6A-containing cellular transcripts, 282 transcripts were also found to be differentially expressed. Functional analysis revealed that these 282 transcripts are significantly enriched in signaling by Interleukins, extracellular matrix organization, cytokine signaling in the immune system, signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases, and Toll-like Receptor Cascades. We also found m6A reader HNRNPC and the core component of methyltransferase complex METTL14 to be highly upregulated than the m6A readers - HNRNPA2B1 and YTHDF1 at the transcriptome level. These findings suggest that alteration in the m6A landscape following PPRV is implicated in diverse processes including Interleukin signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Ishaq Nabi Khan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, 08854-8021, New Jersey, USA
| | - Manas Ranjan Praharaj
- DBT- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
- DBT-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Waseem Akram Malla
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Neelima Hosamani
- DBT- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Bina Mishra
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
- ICAR – National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Kaushal Kishor Rajak
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | | | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- ICAR – Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Basavaraj Sajjanar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
- ICAR – National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - B.P. Mishra
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
- ICAR – National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wen B, Qi X, Lv D, Yang L, Tang P, Chang W, Han S, Yu S, Wei S, Xue Q, Wang J. Long noncoding RNA IRF1-AS is associated with peste des petits ruminants infection. Vet Res 2022; 53:89. [PMID: 36307867 PMCID: PMC9617334 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute and highly contagious disease and has long been a significant threat to small ruminant productivity worldwide. However, the molecular mechanism underlying host-PPRV interactions remains unclear and the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulation of PPR virus (PPRV) infection has rarely been reported so far. Here, we first demonstrated that PPRV infection can induce an obvious innate immune response in caprine endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) at 48 h post-infection (hpi) with an MOI of 3. Subsequently, we determined that PPRV infection is associated with 191 significantly differentially expressed (SDE) lncRNAs, namely, 137 upregulated and 54 downregulated lncRNAs, in caprine EECs compared with mock control cells at 48 hpi by using deep sequencing technology. Importantly, bioinformatics preliminarily analyses revealed that these DE lncRNAs were closely related to the immune response. Furthermore, we identified a system of lncRNAs related to the immune response and focused on the role of lncRNA 10636385 (IRF1-AS) in regulating the innate immune response. Interestingly, we found that IRF1-AS was a potent positive regulator of IFN-β and ISG production, which can significantly inhibit PPRV replication in host cells. In addition, our data revealed that IRF1-AS was positively correlated with its potential target gene, IRF1, which enhanced the activation of IRF3 and the expression of ISGs and interacted with IRF3. This study suggests that IRF1-AS could be a new host factor target for developing antiviral therapies against PPRV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuefeng Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daiyue Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenchi Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuizhong Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shengmeng Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaopeng Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinghong Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Islamuddin M, Mustfa SA, Ullah SNMN, Omer U, Kato K, Parveen S. Innate Immune Response and Inflammasome Activation During SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Inflammation 2022; 45:1849-1863. [PMID: 35953688 PMCID: PMC9371632 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 outbreak, has become a pandemic threatening millions of lives worldwide. Recently, several vaccine candidates and drugs have shown promising effects in preventing or treating COVID-19, but due to the development of mutant strains through rapid viral evolution, urgent investigations are warranted in order to develop preventive measures and further improve current vaccine candidates. Positive-sense-single-stranded RNA viruses comprise many (re)emerging human pathogens that pose a public health problem. Our innate immune system and, in particular, the interferon response form an important first line of defense against these viruses. Flexibility in the genome aids the virus to develop multiple strategies to evade the innate immune response and efficiently promotes their replication and infective capacity. This review will focus on the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the virus' evasion of the innate immune system by escaping recognition or inhibiting the production of an antiviral state. Since interferons have been implicated in inflammatory diseases and immunopathology along with their protective role in infection, antagonizing the immune response may have an ambiguous effect on the clinical outcome of the viral disease. This pathology is characterized by intense, rapid stimulation of the innate immune response that triggers activation of the Nod-like receptor family, pyrin-domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway, and release of its products including the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-18, and IL-1β. This predictive view may aid in designing an immune intervention or preventive vaccine for COVID-19 in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Islamuddin
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Salman Ahmad Mustfa
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Strand, London, UK
| | | | - Usmaan Omer
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shama Parveen
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A Morbillivirus Infection Shifts DC Maturation Toward a Tolerogenic Phenotype to Suppress T Cell Activation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0124022. [PMID: 36094317 PMCID: PMC9517701 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01240-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved numerous strategies to impair immunity so that they can replicate more efficiently. Among those, the immunosuppressive effects of morbillivirus infection can be particularly problematic, as they allow secondary infections to take hold in the host, worsening disease prognosis. In the present work, we hypothesized that the highly contagious morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) could target monocytes and dendritic cells (DC) to contribute to the immunosuppressive effects produced by the infection. Monocytes isolated from healthy sheep, a natural host of the disease, were able be infected by PPRV and this impaired the differentiation and phagocytic ability of immature monocyte-derived DC (MoDC). We also assessed PPRV capacity to infect differentiated MoDC. Ovine MoDC could be productively infected by PPRV, and this drastically reduced MoDC capacity to activate allogeneic T cell responses. Transcriptomic analysis of infected MoDC indicated that several tolerogenic DC signature genes were upregulated upon PPRV infection. Furthermore, PPRV-infected MoDC could impair the proliferative response of autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T cell to the mitogen concanavalin A (ConA), which indicated that DC targeting by the virus could promote immunosuppression. These results shed new light on the mechanisms employed by morbillivirus to suppress the host immune responses. IMPORTANCE Morbilliviruses pose a threat to global health given their high infectivity. The morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) severely affects small-ruminant-productivity and leads to important economic losses in communities that rely on these animals for subsistence. PPRV produces in the infected host a period of severe immunosuppression that opportunistic pathogens exploit, which worsens the course of the infection. The mechanisms of PPRV immunosuppression are not fully understood. In the present work, we demonstrate that PPRV can infect professional antigen-presenting cells called dendritic cells (DC) and disrupt their capacity to elicit an immune response. PPRV infection promoted a DC activation profile that favored the induction of tolerance instead of the activation of an antiviral immune response. These results shed new light on the mechanisms employed by morbilliviruses to suppress the immune responses.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sonowal J, Patel CL, Gandham RK, Khan RIN, Praharaj MR, Malla WA, Dev K, Barkathullah N, Bharali K, Dubey A, Singh N, Mishra BP, Mishra B. Temporal dysregulation of genes in Lamb testis cell during sheeppox virus infection. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1628-1638. [PMID: 36067038 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to elucidate the host-virus interactions using RNA-Seq analysis at 1h and 8h of post-infection of SPPV in LTC. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the underlying mechanisms linked to the host immune responses were obtained. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) illustrated the interaction between the DEGs and their involvement in cell signalling responses. Highly connected hubs viz. AURKA, CHEK1, CCNB2, CDC6, and MAPK14 were identified through PPI network analysis. IPA analysis showed that IL-6 and ERK5 mediated signalling pathways were highly enriched at both time points. The TP53 gene was identified to be the leading upstream regulator that directly responded to SPPV infection, resulting in downregulation at both time points. The study provides an overview of how the lamb testis genes and their underlying mechanisms link to growth and immune response during SPPV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyshikh Sonowal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Chhabi Lal Patel
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | | | | | - Waseem Akram Malla
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Kapil Dev
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - N Barkathullah
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Krishna Bharali
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Amitesh Dubey
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - B P Mishra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Bina Mishra
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tanuj GN, Khan O, Malla WA, Rajak KK, Chandrashekar S, Kumar A, Dhara S, Gupta PK, Mishra BP, Dutt T, Gandham R, Sajjanar B. Integrated analysis of long-noncoding RNA and circular RNA expression in Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants Virus (PPRV) infected marmoset B lymphocyte (B95a) cells. Microb Pathog 2022; 170:105702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
7
|
Tang J, Tang A, Du H, Jia N, Zhu J, Li C, Meng C, Liu G. Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Exhibits Cell-Dependent Interferon Active Response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:874936. [PMID: 35711660 PMCID: PMC9195304 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.874936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute and highly pathogenic infectious disease caused by peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), which can infect goats and sheep and poses a major threat to the small ruminants industry. The innate immune response plays an important role as a line of defense against the virus. The effect of PPRV on the active innate immune response has been described in several studies, with different conclusions. We infected three goat-derived cell lines with PPRV and tested their innate immune response. PPRV proliferated in caprine endometrial epithelial cells (EECs), caprine skin fibroblasts cells (GSFs), and goat fibroblast cells (GFs), and all cells expressed interferon (IFN) by poly (I: C) stimulation. PPRV infection stimulated expression of type I and type III IFN on EECs, and expression of the latter was significantly stronger, but IFN was not stimulated in fibroblasts (GSFs and GFs). Our results suggested that the effect of PPRV on IFN was cell-type specific. Nine IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were detected in EECs, but only ISG15 and RSAD2 were significantly upregulated. The effects of PPRV on IFN and IFN-induced ISGs were cell-type specific, which advances our understanding of the innate immune response induced by PPRV and creates new possibilities for the control of PPRV infection.
Collapse
|
8
|
Khan RIN, Sahu AR, Malla WA, Praharaj MR, Hosamani N, Kumar S, Gupta S, Sharma S, Saxena A, Varshney A, Singh P, Verma V, Kumar P, Singh G, Pandey A, Saxena S, Gandham RK, Tiwari AK. Systems biology under heat stress in Indian cattle. Gene 2021; 805:145908. [PMID: 34411649 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome profiling of Vrindavani and Tharparkar cattle (n = 5 each) revealed that more numbers of genes were dysregulated in Vrindavani than in Tharparkar. A contrast in gene expression was observed with 18.9 % of upregulated genes in Vrindavani downregulated in Tharparkar and 17.8% upregulated genes in Tharparkar downregulated in Vrindavani. Functional annotation of genes differentially expressed in Tharparkar and Vrindavani revealed that the systems biology in Tharparkar is moving towards counteracting the effects due to heat stress. Unlike Vrindavani, Tharparkar is not only endowed with higher expression of the scavengers (UBE2G1, UBE2S, and UBE2H) of misfolded proteins but also with protectors (VCP, Serp1, and CALR) of naïve unfolded proteins. Further, higher expression of the antioxidants in Tharparkar enables it to cope up with higher levels of free radicals generated as a result of heat stress. In this study, we found relevant genes dysregulated in Tharparkar in the direction that can counter heat stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Ishaq Nabi Khan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Amit Ranjan Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Waseem Akram Malla
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Praharaj
- Computational Biology and Genomics, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Neelima Hosamani
- Computational Biology and Genomics, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shakti Kumar
- Computational Biology and Genomics, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Smita Gupta
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Archana Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Anshul Varshney
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Pragya Singh
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Vinay Verma
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Gyanendra Singh
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Aruna Pandey
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Computational Biology and Genomics, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wani SA, Sahu AR, Khan RIN, Praharaj MR, Saxena S, Rajak KK, Muthuchelvan D, Sahoo A, Mishra B, Singh RK, Mishra BP, Gandham RK. Proteome Modulation in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Peste des Petits Ruminants Vaccinated Goats and Sheep. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:670968. [PMID: 34631844 PMCID: PMC8493254 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.670968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, healthy goats and sheep (n = 5) that were confirmed negative for peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antibodies by monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA and by serum neutralization test and for PPRV antigen by s-ELISA were vaccinated with Sungri/96. A quantitative study was carried out to compare the proteome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of vaccinated goat and sheep [5 days post-vaccination (dpv) and 14 dpv] vs. unvaccinated (0 day) to divulge the alteration in protein expression following vaccination. A total of 232 and 915 proteins were differentially expressed at 5 and 14 dpv, respectively, in goats. Similarly, 167 and 207 proteins were differentially expressed at 5 and 14 dpv, respectively, in sheep. Network generated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was “infectious diseases, antimicrobial response, and inflammatory response,” which includes the highest number of focus molecules. The bio functions, cell-mediated immune response, and humoral immune response were highly enriched in goats at 5 dpv and at 14 dpv. At the molecular level, the immune response produced by the PPRV vaccine virus in goats is effectively coordinated and stronger than that in sheep, though the vaccine provides protection from virulent virus challenge in both. The altered expression of certain PBMC proteins especially ISG15 and IRF7 induces marked changes in cellular signaling pathways to coordinate host immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ahmad Wani
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.,College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amit Ranjan Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Raja Ishaq Nabi Khan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Praharaj
- Systems Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology -National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kaushal Kishor Rajak
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Dhanavelu Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, India
| | - Aditya Sahoo
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Bina Mishra
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - R K Singh
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Mishra
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.,Systems Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology -National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Immune response is a highly coordinated cascade involving all the subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of PBMC subsets was done to delineate the systems biology behind immune protection of the vaccine in sheep and goats. The PBMC subsets studied were CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD21+, and CD335+ cells from day 0 and day 5 of sheep and goats vaccinated with Sungri/96 peste des petits ruminants virus. Assessment of the immune response processes enriched by the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in all the subsets suggested a strong dysregulation toward the development of early inflammatory microenvironment, which is very much required for differentiation of monocytes to macrophages, and activation as well as the migration of dendritic cells into the draining lymph nodes. The protein-protein interaction networks among the antiviral molecules (IFIT3, ISG15, MX1, MX2, RSAD2, ISG20, IFIT5, and IFIT1) and common DEGs across PBMC subsets in both species identified ISG15 to be a ubiquitous hub that helps in orchestrating antiviral host response against peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). IRF7 was found to be the key master regulator activated in most of the subsets in sheep and goats. Most of the pathways were found to be inactivated in B lymphocytes of both the species, indicating that 5 days postvaccination (dpv) is too early a time point for the B lymphocytes to react. The cell-mediated immune response and humoral immune response pathways were found more enriched in goats than in sheep. Although animals from both species survived the challenge, a contrast in pathway activation was observed in CD335+ cells. IMPORTANCE Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) by PPR virus (PPRV) is an World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)-listed acute, contagious transboundary viral disease of small ruminants. The attenuated Sungri/96 PPRV vaccine used all over India against this PPR provides long-lasting robust innate and adaptive immune response. The early antiviral response was found mediated through type I interferon-independent interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. However, systems biology behind this immune response is unknown. In this study, in vivo transcriptome profiling of PBMC subsets (CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD21+, and CD335+) in vaccinated goats and sheep (at 5 days postvaccination) was done to understand this systems biology. Though there are a few differences in the systems biology across cells (specially the NK cells) between sheep and goats, the coordinated response that is inclusive of all the cell subsets was found to be toward the induction of a strong innate immune response, which is needed for an appropriate adaptive immune response.
Collapse
|
11
|
Miao Q, Qi R, Meng C, Zhu J, Tang A, Dong D, Guo H, van Oers MM, Pijlman GP, Liu G. Caprine MAVS Is a RIG-I Interacting Type I Interferon Inducer Downregulated by Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030409. [PMID: 33807534 PMCID: PMC7998690 DOI: 10.3390/v13030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS, also known as VISA, IPS-1, or CARDIF) plays an essential role in the type I interferon (IFN) response and in retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) mediated antiviral innate immunity in mammals. In this study, the caprine MAVS gene (caMAVS, 1566 bp) was identified and cloned. The caMAVS shares the highest amino acid similarity (98.1%) with the predicted sheep MAVS. Confocal microscopy analysis of partial deletion mutants of caMAVS revealed that the transmembrane and the so-called Non-Characterized domains are indispensable for intracellular localization to mitochondria. Overexpression of caMAVS in caprine endometrial epithelial cells up-regulated the mRNA levels of caprine interferon-stimulated genes. We concluded that caprine MAVS mediates the activation of the type I IFN pathway. We further demonstrated that both the CARD-like domain and the transmembrane domain of caMAVS were essential for the activation of the IFN-β promotor. The interaction between caMAVS and caprine RIG-I and the vital role of the CARD and NC domain in this interaction was demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation. Upon infection with the Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV, genus Morbillivirus), the level of MAVS was greatly reduced. This reduction was prevented by the addition of the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Moreover, we found that viral protein V could interact and colocalize with MAVS. Together, we identified caMAVS as a RIG-I interactive protein involved in the activation of type I IFN pathways in caprine cells and as a target for PPRV immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Miao
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (Q.M.); (R.Q.); (C.M.); (J.Z.); (A.T.); (D.D.); (H.G.)
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Ruibing Qi
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (Q.M.); (R.Q.); (C.M.); (J.Z.); (A.T.); (D.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (Q.M.); (R.Q.); (C.M.); (J.Z.); (A.T.); (D.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Jie Zhu
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (Q.M.); (R.Q.); (C.M.); (J.Z.); (A.T.); (D.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Aoxing Tang
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (Q.M.); (R.Q.); (C.M.); (J.Z.); (A.T.); (D.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Dandan Dong
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (Q.M.); (R.Q.); (C.M.); (J.Z.); (A.T.); (D.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Hongyuan Guo
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (Q.M.); (R.Q.); (C.M.); (J.Z.); (A.T.); (D.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Monique M. van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Gorben P. Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (G.P.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (Q.M.); (R.Q.); (C.M.); (J.Z.); (A.T.); (D.D.); (H.G.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.P.); (G.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tirumurugaan KG, Pawar RM, Dhinakar Raj G, Thangavelu A, Hammond JA, Parida S. RNAseq Reveals the Contribution of Interferon Stimulated Genes to the Increased Host Defense and Decreased PPR Viral Replication in Cattle. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040463. [PMID: 32325933 PMCID: PMC7232496 DOI: 10.3390/v12040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is known to replicate in a wide variety of ruminants causing very species-specific clinical symptoms. Small ruminants (goats and sheep) are susceptible to disease while domesticated cattle and buffalo are dead-end hosts and do not display clinical symptoms. Understanding the host factors that influence differential pathogenesis and disease susceptibility could help the development of better diagnostics and control measures. To study this, we generated transcriptome data from goat and cattle peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) experimentally infected with PPRV in-vitro. After identifying differentially expressed genes, we further analyzed these immune related pathway genes using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) and selected candidate genes were validated using in-vitro experiments. Upon PPRV infection, we identified 12 and 22 immune related genes that were differentially expressed in goat and cattle respectively. In both species, this included the interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) IFI44, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, ISG15, Mx1, Mx2, OAS1X, RSAD2, IRF7, DDX58 and DHX58 that were transcribed significantly higher in cattle. PPRV replication in goat PBMCs significantly increased the expression of phosphodiesterase 12 (PDE12), a 2′,5′-oligoadenylate degrading enzyme that contributes to the reduced modulation of interferon-regulated gene targets. Finally, a model is proposed for the differential susceptibility between large and small ruminants based on the expression levels of type-I interferons, ISGs and effector molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaswamy Gopalan Tirumurugaan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600007, India; (K.G.T.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Rahul Mohanchandra Pawar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600007, India; (K.G.T.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Gopal Dhinakar Raj
- Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600051, India
- Correspondence: (G.D.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Arthanari Thangavelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600007, India;
| | - John A. Hammond
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
- Correspondence: (G.D.R.); (S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|